From Public Service to Commodity: The Demunicipalization (or Remunicipalization) of Energy Provision in Germany, Italy, France, the UK and Norway

Author(s):  
Hellmut Wollmann ◽  
Harald Baldersheim ◽  
Giulio Citroni ◽  
John McEldowney ◽  
Gérard Marcou
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
pp. 016344372097290
Author(s):  
Alessandro D’Arma ◽  
Tim Raats ◽  
Jeanette Steemers

Netflix and other transnational online video streaming services are disrupting long-established arrangements in national television systems around the world. In this paper we analyse how public service media (PSM) organisations (key purveyors of societal goals in broadcasting) are responding to the fast-growing popularity of these new services. Drawing on Philip Napoli’s framework for analysing strategic responses by established media to threats of competitive displacement by new media, we find that the three PSM organisations in our study exhibit commonalities. Their responses have tended to follow a particular evolution starting with different levels of complacency and resistance before settling into more coherent strategies revolving around efforts to differentiate PSM offerings, while also diversifying into activities, primarily across new platforms, that mimic SVoD approaches and probe production collaborations. Beyond these similarities, however, we also find that a range of contextual factors (including path-dependency, the role and status of PSM in each country, the degree of additional government support, cultural factors and market size) help explain nuances in strategic responses between our three cases.


Author(s):  
Patrick Barwise

This chapter explores the assumption that public service television (PST), i.e. BBC TV, commercial public service broadcasters (PSBs), and non-PSBs, offers less consumer value for money than the rest of the market in the UK; that the only continuing rationale for PST rests on citizen concerns. It shows that PST does give citizens public service benefits over and above those provided by the non-PSBs and online-only TV players, and these ‘citizenship’ benefits are highly valued by the public. PST also offers consumers better value for money because the non-PSBs' significantly higher cost per viewer-hour seems unlikely to be compensated for by commensurately higher audience appreciation. The main policy implication is simple: there is no necessary trade-off between citizen and consumer benefits: pound for pound, PST appears to deliver both sets of benefits better than the rest of the market.


2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Roel Puijk

Abstract Production studies have become popular over the past decade. Recent studies have analysed, amongst other things, innovation, management strategies and the effects of convergence on editorial processes. There have only been a few studies that have analysed what happened inside media organisations in the earlier transformative stages (outside the UK and the USA). This paper analyses how the Norwegian public service broadcaster (NRK) adapted to the loss of its monopoly and the beginning of competition during the mid-1980s. It provides a window into how the flagship of public service, the Enlightenment Department, dealt with the new situation. If one follows the production process of the main programme of the department (with the revealing working title ‘Flagship’) from its conception to its realisation as a weekly programme broadcast in prime time, this reveals how innovation at the time was restricted by organisational arrangements, internal values and external pressures. The programme makers included many elements that are still today considered to be advantageous in factual programming (humour, dramatization, popularisation, serialization, recognition, and even interactivity). Along the way several of these were changed: what had started as a proposal for a documentary series turned into something that was predominantly a discussion programme.


Author(s):  
Нина Анатольевна Коновалова

В первые десятилетия эпохи Мэйдзи, после прекращения самоизоляции Японии в 1868 г., глобальный процесс модернизации охватил все сферы жизни государства и общества. Архитектура в этом процессе играла одну из ведущих ролей. Контакты в сфере архитектуры в этот период у Японии шли прежде всего с Великобританией. Для того чтобы быстрее и качественнее освоить западные стили и методы строительства, японцы стали приглашать в страну консультантов из европейских стран.Томас Джеймс Уотерс, британский инженер-строитель и архитектор, стал одним из первых иностранцев, нанятых новым правительством Мэйдзи (после открытия страны в 1868 г.) на государственную службу. Им был спроектирован и построен ряд ключевых зданий и инженерных сооружений в городах Японии, он проводил обучение японских архитекторов и выполнял многочисленные частные заказы.Проработав на новое правительство 10 лет, Уотерс покинул Японию, столкнувшись с конкуренцией многочисленных иностранных архитекторов, приезжающих в Японию в качестве иностранных консультантов. Главным образом конкуренцию ему составил Джошуа Кондер, получивший серьезные должности и крупные правительственные заказы. Безусловно, вклад Дж. Кондера в развитие современной японской архитектуры был больше, чем кого-либо из иностранцев, и поэтому так хорошо исследован. Однако 10 лет, которые Т. Дж. Уотерс провел на государственной службе в Японии, оказали настолько заметное влияние на введение в стране западной архитектуры, что их называют «эрой Уотерса». In the first decades of the Meiji era, after the end of Japan’s self-isolation in 1868, the global process of modernization covered all spheres of life of the state and society. Architecture played a leading role in this process. As for contacts in the field of architecture in this period, Japan went, first of all, with the UK. In order to quickly and efficiently master Western styles and methods of construction, the Japanese began to invite consultants from European countries, primarily from the UK. Thomas James Waters, a British civil engineer and architect, was one of the first foreigners employed by the new Meiji government (after the country’s opening in 1868) in public service. He designed and built a number of key buildings and engineering structures in Japanese cities, trained Japanese architects, and carried out numerous private commissions. After working for the new government for 10 years, Waters left Japan, facing competition from numerous foreign architects coming to Japan as foreign consultants. His first competitor was Joshua Conder, who received a serious positions and large government commissions. Of course, the contribution of J. Konder in the development of modern Japanese architecture was greater than that of any of the foreigners, and therefore so well researched. However, the ten years that T. J. Waters spent in public service in Japan had such a prominent role in the introduction of Western architecture in the country, that they are called the “Waters era”.


This chapter presents the recommendations of the Puttnam Report. It covers recommendations for the BBC, Channel 4, ITV, and Channel 5. It proposes the establishment of a new fund for public service content. It also discusses the dissatisfaction with the performance of public service television from ethnic, regional, national and faith-based minorities; the failure of the public service television system to reflect the changing constitutional shape of the UK such that audiences in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the English regions; the decline in investment in some of the genres traditionally associated with public service television: arts, current affairs and children's programming; and the need for a more consolidated approach to maximising entry-level opportunities and increasing investment in training and professional development at all levels of the industry.


Author(s):  
Julian Petley

This chapter focuses on a report on the future of broadcasting in the UK commissioned in 1960 by the then Conservative government. It suggests that the most significant part of the report for current debates about the future of the BBC in particular, and of public service broadcasting in general, is its robust and combative dismissal of the populist approach to television — an approach which thoroughly infused many of the attacks on the report and which has become a hallmark of the many onslaughts on public service broadcasting in the intervening years. Today, we desperately need an analysis of both the strengths and weaknesses of public service broadcasting as it currently exists, as well as a blueprint for its future, which is as profound, challenging, well-informed, and intellectually self-confident as was the report when it was published in 1962.


Author(s):  
Philip Schlesinger

This chapter illustrates how ‘most of the Holyrood political class has been reluctant to explore the boundaries between the devolved and the reserved’, even on less life-and-death issues such as broadcasting. Conversely, it also tells of at least one post-devolution success story for classic informal pre-devolution-style ‘Scottish lobbying’ in Westminster. Scotland is presently one of the UK's leading audiovisual production centres, with Glasgow as the linchpin. The capacity of the Scottish Parliament to debate questions of media concentration but also its incapacity to act legislatively has been observed. There are both political and economic calculations behind the refusal to devolve powers over the media via the Communications Act 2003. Ofcom now has a key role in policing the terms of trade for regional production that falls within a public service broadcaster's target across the UK. The BBC's position as the principal vehicle of public service broadcasting has come increasingly under question. The Gaelic Media Service set up under the Communications Act 2003 has a line of responsibility to Ofcom in London. Scottish Advisory Committee on Telecommunications (SACOT) determined four key regulatory issues needing future attention by Ofcom.


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