scholarly journals Sociological Analysis Of Domestic Child Labor

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Sadia Barrech ◽  
Muhammad Din ◽  
Allauddin Allauddin
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Child Trafficking ◽  
Domestic Worker ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Bonded Labor ◽  
Domestic Labour

A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is common in developing countries. Child domestic labor is usually practiced in rural and urban areas across Pakistan. Even educated and well-to-do people frequently engage young children to work in their homes as domestics, kitchen assistants or baby-sitters. In worse forms, child domestic labor takes place over very unfair tools, counting child trafficking and bonded labor. The aim of the present study is to examine the Socio-economic characteristics of respondent’s causes of child domestic labor. Universe of the study was Quetta city and 120 respondents were selected through snow ball sampling. According to findings of the study the child laborers work for longer hours on low wages. They often face physical abuse and some time sexual abuse by their employers. The need is to implement the labour laws so that children can be protected from domestic labour.

scholarly journals The deterrent effects of Brazilian child labor law

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-131
Author(s):  
Cristiano Aguiar de Oliveira ◽  
Gabriel Costeira Machado
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Brazilian Child ◽  
Local Average Treatment Effects ◽  
Local Average

Brazilian law prohibits all forms of work for children under the age of 14 years old. Therefore, work performed by children under 14 years of age is subject to sanctions that do not apply to work performed by those over 14 years of age. We use this quasi-experiment generated by Brazilian law to test the deterrent effects of such sanctions. For this purpose, we use the 2013 Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílios (PNAD) data to estimate the local average treatment effects (LATE) using the regression discontinuity approach. The results indicate that on average, this law results in 88% fewer weekly working hours when individuals living in rural and urban areas are considered. The effects in rural areas are thus inconclusive. The paper concludes that the law has a deterrent effect and reduces child labor in Brazil, but the effects are ambiguous in rural areas, where law enforcement is weaker and more children work.

scholarly journals The impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor, 2010

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Guilherme Quaresma Gonçalves ◽  
Christopher Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Educational Conditions

This paper analyzes the impact of the educational conditions of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program on the school enrollment, age-grade discrepancy, and labor of children benefiting from the program. The main hypotheses of this paper is that a child who lives in a household that receives the benefit has higher chances of being in school, lower chances to have age-grade discrepancy, and lower chances of working. Data used are from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. Logistical models were estimated for each dependent variable (school enrollment, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor) and for three household income thresholds. Independent variables account for characteristics related to the household, mother, child, and whether the household was receiving Bolsa Família. The income thresholds are a maximum household per capita income of 70 Brazilian Reais, 140 Brazilian Reais (the official maximum value for eligibility into the Bolsa Família in 2010), and 280 Brazilian Reais. Models were also estimated separated by the rural and urban areas in the official income threshold. Results follow initial hypotheses of higher chances of school enrollment and lower chances of age-grade discrepancy among children who receive Bolsa Família. However, models also suggest higher chances of child labor among beneficiaries of the program.

A Comparative Studyof the Exclusionofgirl Child In School Education in India and Punjab

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur Brar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
School Education ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Primary Stage ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Out Of School

Exclusion in education takes into account “out-of-school children” or “dropouts” as well as all those who have never been to school and also those who are not in a position to attend school regularly. This study was conducted to assess the growth of literacy and enrolment trends of children in school education in terms of gender and caste in India and Punjab with special reference to rural areas. The dropout situation was also studied among children especially girls in school education and reasons for exclusion of children were also explored. Trends in educational indicators were analysed using qualitative as well as quantitative methods. Comparative analysis of literacy rates of India and Punjab revealed that Punjab has a higher literacy rate than India though India and Punjab both show increasing trends in the literacy rate. The number of females was found to be more illiterate than the males in both rural and urban areas of India. One out of every five males and one out of every three females in the country were found to be illiterate. These differentials in literacy rates are comparatively more pronounced in the districts falling in the Malwa belt of Punjab. In terms of enrolment, it was observed that the total enrolment was found to be higher at the primary stage. Enrolment was found to be comparatively lesser at upper primary stage. The secondary level had least enrolment. The percentage of never enrolled children was found to be higher than out of school and dropped-out children. The comparison of figures of Punjab with national figures indicated that the percentage of never enrolled children was higher in Punjab than national figures. Larger number of children from urban areas (4.77%) were found to be out of school than children from rural areas in Punjab. Out of school females (3.25%) were more than males (1.58%) and the percentage was much higher for rural areas than urban areas in Punjab. These values were even more than national figures. Therefore, the study concluded that a large number of girls especially from rural areas are still excluded from school education in Punjab.

Gender Preference and Child Labor in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Dayang Haszelinna binti Abang Ali ◽  
Reza Arabsheibani
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Classification Analysis ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
The Family

This study examines the prevalence of son preference among ever-married women aged between 15 and 49 years in Indonesia. A continuing longitudinal socioeconomic and health survey data, Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS, Wave 4) 2007, were used by implementing multiple classification analysis (MCA) as a method to analyze interrelationships between several predictor variables and a dependent variable within the context of an additive model. The variables used were women’s characteristics including age, education, number of living and died children, covering both rural and urban areas. The findings revealed that son preference remained as the principal determinant for future birth even after controlling the effect of factors and covariates. In addition, factors such as having at least one son in the family, married late in life, and level of educations highly influenced the desire among Indonesian women for future birth.

scholarly journals Father Involvement Among Malay Muslims in Malaysia

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumaya Juhari ◽  
Siti Nor Yaacob ◽  
Mansor Abu Talib
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Father Involvement ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Intact Families ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban

This article reports on findings from a study of 989 fathers of school-going children aged 10 through 16 from intact families in rural and urban areas in Selangor, Malaysia. The study aims to explore the factors that affect father involvement among Malay Muslims. Results indicate that fathers’ education, marital quality, and number of children are significantly related to their involvement in children’s lives. Fathers’ perceptions of their own fathers’ involvement when they were young is also positively associated with their involvement with children, supporting the concept of intergenerational fathering in social learning theory. Muslim fathers see financial provisioning, moral teaching, praying, reciting the Quran, and fasting together with children as their religious duties that God entrusts to them to fulfill both world and after-life purposes. However, they cite lack of time and a common wish to be more involved in their children’s life.

scholarly journals SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND REDUCTION IN FAMILY SIZE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jawad ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Saima Sarir ◽  
Seema Zubair ◽  
Alamgeer Khan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose of the study: The present study examines the association between education and reduction in family size in district Peshawar. Methodology: The results are based on the data gathered from 384 sampled respondents belonging to 6 communities that included 3 each from rural and urban areas of District Peshawar. The chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Main Findings: The study found a positive trend among the sampled families towards the decrease in family size which found the norm in the selected area where many respondents were still considering a large number of children as the blessing of Almighty Allah. The major role this regard was played by the education of the sampled respondents through generating more awareness about small family size along with increased exposure to norms favoring a decrease in family size. It was also influenced by more communication among the sampled couples. The education further enabled the sampled respondents to get more information about family planning and the institutions designed to promote family planning in Pakistan. It ultimately motivated the respondents to use contraceptives to decrease family size. Applications of this study: The study recommends promoting and enhancing the trend through a campaign for bringing a change in the attitude and action of the people towards making a family size required for the country. The originality of this study: This study will be helpful for policy Implications.  

scholarly journals Mid-upper arm circumference versus weight for height Z-score for detecting malnutrition in children aged 06-59 months in rural and urban areas of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1794
Author(s):  
Nandini Shukla ◽  
Neelam Anupama Toppo ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Kasar ◽  
Brajesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Mid Upper Arm Circumference

Background: WHO and UNICEF propose two independent criteria for diagnosing malnutrition in children aged 6-60 months, viz. mid upper arm circumference and weight-for-height. However, both these criteria do not identify same set of children as having malnutrition, and using only one of the diagnostic criteria proposed by WHO may potentially leave some high-risk children untreated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition by using both mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and weight for height (W/H) and their differences among children.Methods: Cross sectional study carried out in rural and urban areas of Jabalpur district among 1237 children of age group 06-59 months in randomly selected eight ward and two blocks of Jabalpur district. Where 720 children were from urban wards and 517 from rural villages. Multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of study subjects. Pre-designed and pretested questionnaire was used for interview, Salter’s Scale for weighing, non-stretchable Measuring Tape for measuring height and Shakir’s tape for mid upper arm circumference.Results: In rural area, prevalence of malnutrition according to MUAC is 74 (14.3%) while according to w/h is 102 (19.7%). While in urban, prevalence according to MUAC is 104 (14.4%) while according to w/h is 136 (18.9%).Conclusions: The findings are clear that, prevalence of wasting by W/H is more than by MUAC. With the use of the currently recommended WHO cut-off for MUAC, a significant number of children would not have been identified. A higher cut off value, therefore recommended for screening.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF PARENTS RECEIVING FAMILY 500+ CHILD SUPPORT IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Dorota Kmieć
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Educational Benefit ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Family

The purpose of this study is to analyse the professional activity of parents who receive the Family 500+ educational benefit. Eligibility for this benefit in the first three years of the programme was dependent on family income and the number of children. Research shows that the highest level of professional activity was among parents who had one child and they did not receive a child benefit. Parents who received a 500+ benefit and had two or more children were more active in the labour market than parents with one child. An increase was also found in the number of economically inactive people not seeking work for reasons related to running a home and caring for family members, especially among people living in the countryside.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments
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