scholarly journals Optimasi Formula Fast Disintegrating Tablet Domperidone Dengan Amilum Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) Sebagai Superdisintegrant

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Khusnul Milatul Khasanah ◽  
Wirasti Wirasti ◽  
Dwi Bagus Pambudi Pambudi ◽  
ST. Rahmatullah
Keyword(s):  
Persea Americana ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Fast Disintegrating Tablet ◽  
One Way Anova

Biji alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dapat dikembangkan menjadi amilum biji alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) yang dapat digunakan menjadi bahan eksipien formulasi sediaan farmasi. Akan tetapi informasi terkait manfaatnya dalam tablet masih sangat terbatas penggunaannya, sehingga industri farmasi masih jarang menggunakan amilum biji alpukat sebagai alternatif pengganti bahan eksipien dari bahan sintetis superdisintegrant pada fast disintegrating tablet (FDT). Telah dibuat sediaan fast disintegrating tablet dengan variasi konsentrasi amilum biji alpukat (5%, 10% dan 15%) dan pembanding Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) konsentrasi 5%. Data yang didapat dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan ke uji tukey (Honestly Significant Difference) HSD. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa variasi konsentrasi amilum biji alpukat terdapat pengaruh pada sifat fisik granul dan sifat fisik tablet, formula III dengan konsentrasi 15% memiliki kriteria yang paling baik sebagai superdisintegrant pada tablet terdisintegrasi cepat. Perlu dilakukan modifikasi lanjutan amilum biji alpukat agar dapat digunakan sebagai superdisintegrant yang lebih efektif dalam formulasi fast disintegrating tablet pada penelitian selanjutnya.

scholarly journals KOMPARASI MAKRO EKONOMI NEGARA-NEGARA ASEAN TAHUN 2015-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Allenly Aldo Likuayang ◽  
Ernest Cornelius Matindas
Keyword(s):  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

Ekonomi global yang semakin kompetitif membuat setiap negara bekerja keras untuk meningkatkan kinerja ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kondisi makro ekonomi negara-negara ASEAN yaitu Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Filipina, Kamboja, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapura, Thailand dan Vietnam selama tahun 2015 - 2018 yaitu di masa periode pemerintahan Presiden RI Ir. H. Joko Widodo. Kondisi makro ekonomi setiap negara ASEAN digambarkan melalui beberapa indikator yaitu pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan per kapita, tingkat inflasi, dan tingkat pengangguran.  Perbandingan makro ekonomi pada negara ASEAN dilakukan melalui analisis komparasi uji beda One Way ANOVA untuk menjawab apakah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara indikator makro ekonomi Indonesia dan 9 negara ASEAN, dan teknik uji lanjut (post hoc test) menggunakan uji Tukey Honestly Significant Difference untuk menjelaskan pola perbedaan dalam hasil uji One Way ANOVA. Hasil uji beda One Way ANOVA menununjukan pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan per kapita, tingkat inflasi dan tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia dan 9 negara ASEAN masing-masing memiliki nilai signifikansi α kurang dari 0.05 sehingga disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan per kapita, tingkat inflasi dan tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia dan 9 negara ASEAN memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Kata kunci: ASEAN, makro ekonomi, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan per kapita, tingkat inflasi, tingkat pengangguran

scholarly journals Effect of heat polymerization conditions and microwave on the flexural strength of polymethyl methacrylate

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 116-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Emre Ozkir ◽  
Burak Yilmaz ◽  
Server Mutluay Unal ◽  
Ahmet Culhaoglu ◽  
Isin Kurkcuoglu
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Polymethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Heat Polymerization ◽  
Pmma Resin ◽  
Polymerization Conditions ◽  
One Way Anova

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is the effect of different heat polymerization conditions on the strength of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin base is unknown. Distinguishing one method that provides improved mechanical properties may be beneficial to the clinical success of complete and partial dentures and overdentures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different polymerization methods on the flexural strength of a dental PMMA resin. Materials and Methods: Forty PMMA specimens (64 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm) were prepared with 4 different polymerization methods (n = 10); heat polymerization at 74°C for 9 h, at 100°C for 40 min, and with 620 kPa pressure at 100°C for 20 min. The remaining group of specimens was microwave polymerized at 180 W for 6 min. All specimens were thermocycled at 5°C and 55°C for 5000 times. Three-point flexure test was used to measure the flexural strength of specimens. One-way ANOVA and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference were applied to analyze the differences in flexural strengths (⍺ = 0.05). Results: The flexural strength of heat-polymerized groups was similar. The flexural strength of microwave polymerized group was significantly different and lower than the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Polymerizing conventional heat-polymerizing PMMA resin with microwave energy resulted in a significant decrease in flexural strength. The results of this study suggest that clinicians may benefit from using heat polymerization when processing PMMA denture bases instead of microvawe polymerization when tested brand is used.

scholarly journals Technology and Process Design for Phenols Recovery from Industrial Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Leftovers

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Maria Cova ◽  
Luisa Boffa ◽  
Marco Pistocchi ◽  
Silver Giorgini ◽  
Rafael Luque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Vegetal leftovers from the agro–food industry represent a huge source of primary and secondary metabolites, vitamin, mineral salts and soluble as well as insoluble fibers. Economic reports on the growth in the polyphenol market have driven us to focus our investigation on chicory (Chicorium intybus L.), which is one of the most popular horticultural plants in the world and a rich source of phenolic compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and their simultaneous combination, using either ethanol/water or water alone (also sub-critical), have been investigated with the aim of designing a green and efficient extraction process. Higher total-polyphenol yields as well as dramatic reductions in extraction times and solvent consumption have been obtained under these conditions. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test of multiple comparisons was used in the statistical analysis. MAE experiments performed with sub-critical water, and MW/US experiments with an ethanol solution have shown polyphenol recovery values of up to ~3 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per kg of fresh material in only 15 min, while conventional extraction required 240 min to obtain the same result.

scholarly journals Effect of post type on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars

2018 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Karteva ◽  
Neshka Manchorova ◽  
Dessislava Pashkouleva ◽  
Donka Keskinova ◽  
Stoyan Vladimirov
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Root Fractures ◽  
Restoration Method ◽  
Resistance Rates

Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) are more susceptible to fracture during mastication. The aim of our study was to investigate the fracture resistance of premolars, restored with different techniques. Eighteen human premolars, extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, were used. Mesio-occlusal cavities were prepared on all of them. They were divided into 3 groups according to the restoration method: with a cemented fiber post (FP), with a cemented metal post (MP) and without a post, but restored with a fiber reinforced composite core (FRC). After thermocycling, their fracture resistance was evaluated in a standard testing machine. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests (p<0.05). The fracture modes were also determined. The MP group showed the lowest fracture resistance rates and the highest number of unrestorable root fractures. In conclusion, teeth restored with FRC cores or FP show better survival rates than those restored with metal posts.

Undeveloped semiconic posterosuperior ligament and susceptibility to avulsion of the C-7 spinal nerve in Erb palsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-gang Huang ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Yu-dong Gu ◽  
Guang-rong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Failure Load ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Tension Testing ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Object In Erb palsy, the C-7 spinal nerve has been found to be more subject to avulsion than the C-5 and C-6 spinal nerves. This study investigated the morphological and biomechanical characteristics of the semiconic posterosuperior ligaments (SPLs) at the C-5, C-6, and C-7 spinal nerves in neonates. Methods Twenty-four brachial plexuses from 12 fresh neonate cadavers were used in this study. In 12 brachial plexuses from 6 cadavers, the following studies were performed with respect to the SPLs at the C-5, C-6, and C-7 spinal nerves: gross observation of morphological and histological characteristics; measurement of length, thickness, and width; and a semiquantitative analysis of collagen. In the other 6 cadavers, biomechanical tension testing was performed bilaterally on the C5–7 SPLs to assess the tensile strength of the ligaments. Results The C5–7 spinal nerves are fixed to the transverse process through the SPL, a structure not observed at the C-8 and T-1 spinal nerves. Except for the width of the SPL insertion on the spinal nerve, which was found to increase gradually from C-5 to C-7, there was no statistically significant difference in the dimensions of the C-5, C-6, and C-7 SPLs. The sectional area percentage of collagen was 51% ± 10% in SPLs for C-5, 51% ± 11% for C-6, and 41% ± 10% for C-7; and this percentage was significantly lower in SPLs for C-7 than for C-5 or C-6 (1-way ANOVA, F = 4.3, p = 0.02; Tukey honestly significant difference test, p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). Sharpey fibers were observed at the transverse process origin of the SPL at C-5 and C-6 but not at C-7. Biomechanical tension testing showed that the mean failure load was 6.6 ± 0.9 N for the C-5 SPL, 6.4 ± 1.0 N for the C-6 SPL, and 5.4 ± 0.9 N for the C-7 SPL, and the failure load was significantly lower in SPLs at C-7 than in those at C-5 or C-6 (1-way ANOVA, F = 5.1, p = 0.01; Tukey honestly significant difference, p = 0.01 and 0.048, respectively). Nine of 12 C-7 SPLs failed at their origin from the transverse process, while only 4 of 12 C-5 SPLs and 3 of 12 C-6 SPLs failed at the origin site. Conclusions These findings suggest that the lower density of collagen and absence of Sharpey fibers decrease the biomechanical properties of the C-7 SPL, and this may account for the higher frequency of avulsion of the C-7 spinal nerve (in comparison with the C-5 or C-6 nerve) in Erb palsy.

Effect of Tack Cure on Polymerization Shrinkage of Resin-based Luting Cements

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E196-E206
Author(s):  
Y-S Kim ◽  
S-H Choi ◽  
B-N Lee ◽  
Y-C Hwang ◽  
I-N Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ionomer Cement ◽  
Resin Cement ◽  
The Self ◽  
Polymerization Shrinkage ◽  
Luting Cements ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resin Modified Glass Ionomer ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

Clinical Relevance Self-cure after tack cure could result in a lower polymerization shrinkage in some resin-based luting cements, which is closely related to lower degree of cure. SUMMARY Objectives: To evaluate the effect of tack cure on polymerization shrinkage (PS) of resin-based luting cements. Methods and Materials: One composite resin cement, Duo-Link (Duolink); two self-adhesive resin cements, RelyX U200 (U200) and G-CEM LinkAce (GCem); and one resin-modified glass ionomer cement, RelyX Luting Plus (Luting+), were used for measuring PS in light-cure (LC group), self-cure (SC group), and two tack-cure modes that were light cured (TC-LC group) or self-cured (TC-SC group) after tack cure. PS was measured by a modified bonded disc method for 1600 seconds and analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference test. To investigate the effect of tack cure on light cure or self-cure, data were analyzed with an independent-samples t-test with tack cure as a variable. The significance level was 5%. Results: Regarding cure mode, Duolink showed a significantly lower PS in the TC-SC group compared with the other groups. Luting+ showed a significantly lower PS in the TC-SC group than in the SC group. U200 showed a significantly lower PS in the self-cure groups compared with that in the light-cure groups. The PS of GCem was not affected by cure mode. Regarding cements, Luting+ showed the highest PS, followed by GCem, Duolink, and U200 (p&lt;0.05). Self-cure of Duolink and Luting+ was negatively affected by tack cure, while light cure was not affected. U200 and GCem were not affected by tack cure either in the self-cure or light-cure groups. Conclusion: For the tested cements, tack cure decreased the PS of Duolink and Luting+ when they were self-cured after tack cure. When the cements were light cured after tack cure, PS was not affected by tack cure in any cement.

scholarly journals Studying the Effects of Collagenase (Type 1) on the Collagen in Woody Breast Meat

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1602
Author(s):  
Amit Morey ◽  
Meredith Lane Johnson ◽  
Jasmine Kataria ◽  
John Michael Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Insoluble Collagen ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Major Breast ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Control Samples

Abnormal collagen infiltration in the Pectoralis major, breast muscle, of fast-growing big broilers has led to woody breast (WB) myopathy resulting in meat quality issues. Mechanisms to degrade the collagen were investigated to potentially improve WB texture. Freshly deboned WB fillets (n = 5 per trial; 3 trials) were ground and divided in to 25 g portions. Aqueous collagenase Type I solution (1 mL) from concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL were incorporated in ground WB samples (n = 3 samples/treatment × 3 trials). Ground WB with 1 mL water acted as a control. All the samples were placed at 4 °C for 24 h and frozen at −80 °C. Control samples without any treatment or water addition (n = 3/trial) were frozen immediately upon grinding. Data collected on total (TC), soluble (SC), and insoluble collagen (IC) content was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) (p ≤ 0.05). Fresh WB fillets had TC, SC, and IC content of 19.5, 4.9, and 14.6 mg/g, respectively. The addition of collagenase decreased (p ≤ 0.05) the IC to 5.8 mg/g in the 10 mg/mL treatment after 24 h. Converting IC to SC using collagenase can potentially help the poultry industry to reduce WB toughness.

56 COMPARISON OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE CATTLE OVIDUCT IN FOUR PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
A. M. Duszewska ◽  
A. Compa ◽  
M. Zelechowska ◽  
A. Piliszek ◽  
A. Rynkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Mucosal Folds

The oviduct provides the environment necessary for the gamete transport, completion of spermatozoa capacitation, oocyte fertilization and the early development of embryos. In cattle, all of these processes take place between Day 0 to 4 of the ovarian cycle (Day 0 is the day of ovulation). In previous studies, temporal changes in the bovine oviduct morphology were evaluated by dividing the ovarian cycle into luteal and follicular phases. In order to understand the relation between the bovine oviduct morphology and processes occurring there, the ovarian cycle has been further divided into four phases: I (Day 0–4), II (Day 5–10), III (Day 11–17) and IV (Day 18–20), with the day of ovulation considered Day 0 (1980 J. Dairy Sci. 63, 155–160). The aim of the study was to evaluate the oviduct morphology of the infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus in 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. Research material comprised cattle oviducts (classified into 1 of the 4 phases of the cycle based on ovarian morphology), dissected into infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus and subsequently sectioned and processed for histological preparations (hematoxylin and eosin, H&E, staining). Diameters of transverse cross-sections of oviduct and its lumen and thickness of tunicas: mucosa, muscularis and serosa were evaluated in relation to the region of oviduct and the phase of ovarian cycle. Values are given in μm. Statistical analysis was carried out by 1-way analysis of variance and comparisons of mean values were made with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (Statgraphics Plus 5); P < 0.05 was considered to reflect the presence of statistical significance. The comparison of the diameters of transverse cross-sections (A) of oviduct and its lumen (B) shows significant statistical differences between ampulla and isthmus within the phases: A-I (4507.26 vs 2524.47), II (4510.53 vs 2540.67), III (4503.28 vs 2534.07), IV (4500.73 vs 2533.90); B-I (4191.10 vs 1950.88), II (4173.63 vs 1986.33), III (4198.53 vs 1966.88) and IV (4192.50 vs 1959.33). There are no differences among 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. The thickness of tunicas muscularis and serosa of infundibulum (I: 26.81 vs 196.85; II: 27.03 vs 201.80; III: 26.22 vs 199.45; IV: 23.97 vs 198.01), ampulla (I: 91.51 vs 214.50; II: 90.72 vs 212.55; III: 88.61 vs 213.30; IV: 89.65 vs 206.28) and isthmus (I: 202.29 vs 216.52; II: 199.24 vs 207.74; III: 200.90 vs 212.38; IV: 200.38 vs 210.86) show only statistically significant differences within the phases, whereas the tunica mucosa shows only statistically significant differences between phases and the term of the height of epithelium at the base of mucosal folds (I: 26.49; II: 25.20; III: 24.14; IV: 29.96) and their apical parts (I: 28.09; II: 26.01; III: 25.45; IV: 30.96). In conclusion, differences in oviduct morphology are mainly region specific, whereas the epithelium morphologically infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus show variation in the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. Supported by Grant MNiSW N311236137.

A typologic and morphometric study of variation in phytoliths from einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry B. Ball ◽  
Jack D. Brotherson ◽  
John S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Silica Cell ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

Variation between phytoliths produced in the laminae, inflorescence bracts, and culms of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) were examined. Variation in the type of phytoliths produced and in the morphometries of the various types produced was evaluated. Morphometric data were obtained using computer-assisted image analysis. Types of phytoliths produced by various plant tissues included silica cell, large and small prickle, hair cell, trichome base, stomata, sheet element, long cell, and subepidermal cell phytoliths. Laterally dendriform subepidermal cell phytoliths were unique to inflorescence tissue. Long (100–250 μm), sinuate, alate trapezoid phytoliths were unique to lamina tissue. Tukey honestly significant difference comparisons indicated that there are some significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the mean morphometries of silica cell phytoliths produced in the lamina tissue and those produced in the culm and inflorescence tissues. Discriminant functions based on the morphometric data obtained were effective in distinguishing between populations of silica cell phytoliths extracted from each of the plant tissue types. These results suggest that (i) when preparing reference matrial for phytolith analysis, each part of a plant should be sampled and evaluated separately, and (ii) discriminant analysis of morphometric data obtained through image analysis is a potentially valuable research tool for the further development and application of phytolith systematics. Key words: phytoliths, image analysis, Triticum monococcum.

Mechanical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E119-E128 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Candido ◽  
LN Miotto ◽  
LMG Fais ◽  
PF Cesar ◽  
LAP Pinelli
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Weibull Modulus ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Standard Deviations

SUMMARY Purpose: This study compared monolithic zirconia with conventional ones based on mean roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN), topography, transmittance, grain size, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, and fractographic behavior. Methods and Materials: One monolithic (Prettau Zircon [PR group]) and two conventional (ICE Zirkon Transluzent [IZ group] and BloomZir [BL group]) zirconias were used. Specimens were tested using a profilometer, a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a spectrophotometer, and a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 2000). Ra, VHN, grain size, and transmittance were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test associated with Dunn test (α=0.05). FS was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0.05). Results: Means and standard deviations of roughness, after sintering (Ra, in μm) and VHN, were, respectively, 0.11 ± 0.01, 1452.16 ± 79.49, for the PR group; 0.12 ± 0.02, 1466.72 ± 91.76, for the IZ group; and 0.21 ± 0.08, 1516.06 ± 104.02, for the BL group. BL was statistically rougher (p&lt;0.01) than PR and IZ. Hardness was statistically similar (p=0.30) for all groups. Means and standard deviations of FS (in MPa) were 846.65 ± 81.97 for the PR group, 808.88 ± 117.99 for the IZ group, and 771.81 ± 114.43 for the BL group, with no statistical difference (p&gt;0.05). Weibull moduli were 12.47 for the PR group, 7.24 for the IZ group, and 6.31 for the BL group, with no statistical differences. The PR and BL groups had higher transmittance values and grain sizes than the IZ group (p&lt;0.05). Although the BL group had some fractures that originated in the center of the tensile surface, fractographic analyses showed the same fracture pattern. Conclusions: All tested zirconia showed similar VHN, and the monolithic zirconia had similar roughness compared to one of the conventional zirconias. In addition, the monolithic zirconia showed similar flexural strength and Weibull modulus compared to the others even though its mean grain size was larger. The total transmittance of monolithic zirconia was higher than only one of the conventional zirconias tested.

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