scholarly journals AFLATOXIN M1 IN MILK AND ASSESSING THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS OCCURRENCE IN MILK PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-49
Author(s):  
Sandra Jakšić ◽  
Milica Živkov Baloš ◽  
Jasna Prodanov Radulović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Milk Samples

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic derivative of aflatoxin B1 excreted into the milk after ingestion of contaminated feed. The presenceof AFM1 in milk and milk products is of huge concern for human health. In this paper, the results on long term assessment of AFM1 in milk produced in Serbia are presented. In the period 2013 to 2016, 427 milk samples were examined for AFM1. In 34.4 % of samples, the content of AFM1was higher than 0.05 μg/kg. The article also offers a review of the fate of aflatoxin in milk products during the different operations in milk processing. The evaluation of the influence of processing on AFM1 stability can propose economic strategy for resolving cases of accidents due to AFM-1contamination of milk.

A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Commercial Liquid Milk Products in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runjia Shi ◽  
Zhongna Yu ◽  
Harvey Ho ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Liquid Milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Chinese liquid milk products. A total of 190 liquid milk samples, including 168 ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) milk samples and 22 pasteurized milk (PM) samples were collected in August 2019. A screening assay with the Charm Rapid Test Kit and a confirmation method with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for AFM1 analysis. Nine (4.74%) samples were screened positive, of which 5 (2.11%) samples were confirmed with concentration levels of 0.022-0.049μg/kg. The AFM1 levels confirmed were all below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by China, the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The detection rate of AFM1 in domestic milk samples was 3.39%, while no AFM1 was detected in samples of imported milk. The prevalence of AFM1 detected in three groups were: Group I (2.70%, the major brands of China ), Group II (4.55%, the local city domestic brands) and Group III (0, the imported brands into China). The detection rate of AFM1 in PM samples (9.09%) was significantly higher than UHT samples (1.19%) ( P < 0.05). Although the residue level of AFM1 in none of the samples exceeded the MRLs, the higher detection rate in local Chinese brands, especially in PM samples, deserves the attention of the Chinese government and consumers.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 levels in sow milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
J. PRODANOV-RADULOVIĆ ◽  
M. ŽIVKOV-BALOŠ ◽  
S. JAKŠIĆ ◽  
Z. GRGIĆ ◽  
I. STOJANOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Special Health

Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most known and investigated group of mycotoxins, which can be found as contaminants in different types of food and feed. Animals are exposed to AFs mainly through the consumption of contaminated feed, particularly products of plant origin. Among AFs, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the monohydroxylated derivative of AFB1 formed in the liver and excreted into the milk of lactating animals. This study encompassed the Vojvodina region of Serbia and was aimed at determining the levels of AFM1 excretion in sows’ milk in the first 3‒5 days of lactation, after consumption of naturally contaminated with AFB1 maize. A total of 110 sows’ milk samples from 11 swine farms in the specific region were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Different levels of AFM1 were detected in the majority (97%) of the examined milk samples. The obtained results showed AFM1 levels ranging from 5 to 165.4 ng/L. The results of this study pose special health concern associated with aflatoxin contamination of swine feed raw materials in this particular part of Serbia. Moreover, such high incidence of AFM1 detection in sows’ milk may suggest the occurrence of long-term low level aflatoxicosis clinical cases.

scholarly journals Monitoring of psychrotrophic microorganisms in raw milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Radka Burdychová ◽  
Petra Hoferková
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Lipolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples

The group of psychrotrophic microorganisms belongs to the microorganisms representing a risk for human health as well as a risk of milk and milk products spoilage. Some genus are considered to be significant producers of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. In this work, we analysed raw milk samples (n = 109) originated from 26 different suppliers from the area of North and Middle Moravia. The screening was performed from March 2007 to February 2008. The total bacterial counts (TBC) ranged between 3.2 × 103 to 8.3 × 106 CFU/ml. The psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PBC) ranged between 1.0 × 103 to 8.2 × 106 CFU/ml. Total of 48.62 % and 48.62 % of samples exceeded the hygienic limit in raw milk for TBC and PBC, respectively. The correlation between TBC and PBC was highly significant (r = 0.87).Significantly higher (P < 0.05) numbers of psychrotrophic microorganisms were detected in summer months. The identification of isolates was carried out and all strains were sreened for ability to produce proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. The most commonly identified genus in raw milk was of the genus Pseudomonas. The ability to produce proteases or lipases was found at 76 % identified bacterial strains.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized Liquid and Powdered Milk Products Imported to Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Mahmoodi Maymand ◽  
◽  
Mansooreh Mazaheri ◽  
Mahboobeh Talebi Mehrdar ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Growth Development

Background: Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites of molds and have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops, resulting in illnesses and economic losses. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogen found in the milk from animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Milk is a highly nutritious food and is a source of necessary macro- and micro-nutrients for the growth, development and maintenance of human health. Methods: The presence of AFM1 was investigated in 70 samples of imported pasteurized and powdered milk products available to the Iranian consumers. The level of AFM1 was determined by HPLC method equipped with immunoaffinity cleanup. Results: The results showed that 32% of the analyzed samples were positive for AFM1 at 0.05-3.31 μg/kg. Also, 16% of analyzed samples were positive for AFM1at concentrations higher than the limit permitted by the Iranian standards. Conclusion: The detection of AFM1 contamination in the analyzed samples indicates the importance of the health of animal feeds. Thus, monitoring the imported feed materials, especially those arriving at Iranian borders is crucial in the prevention of AFM1 and AFB1 contaminations spreading across the domestic market.

scholarly journals Study of aflatoxins incidence in cow feed and milk in Serbia during 2013.

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danka Spiric ◽  
Jasna Djinovic ◽  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Branko Velebit ◽  
Tatjana Radicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beet Pulp

Atypical weather and climate conditions during the spring and summer 2012th were assumed to be the main reason for the aflatoxins contamination of corn crops in Serbia. High humidity in spring, and summer temperatures above the average contributed to the increased possibility of mycotoxins occurance in cereals in the fields. As a consequence, at the begining of 2013th contaminated corn used for dairy cows diet had negative impact on the safety of cow milk. The routine laboratory control data revealed an increased content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Large number of raw milk and various feedstuff samples were collected from February to April 2013th and were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 respectively. The collected samples were a part of enhanced self-control plans of the large dairy farms. Quantitative competitive and sandwich types of ELISA tests were used for the screening analysis of the feed and milk samples. Confirmation of the positive results obtained by ELISA tests was performed by UPLC-MS/MS method. Out of 281 samples of complete mixtures for dairy cows, 67 samples (24%) contained aflatoxin B1 quantities higher than the MRL of 0,005 mg/kg [4]. Corn samples were also tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 revealing contamination of 22% above the MRL (0.03mg/kg). Aflatoxin M1 content in the 934 positive milk samples ranged from 0,005- 1,25 ?g/kg. The corresponding feed samples of sunflower meal, hay silage, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were screening negative, with the content of aflatoxin B1 less than 2 ?g/kg. The main source of aflatoxins were corn samples, wholemeal and feed mixtures derived from contaminated corn. The contamination peak was during March 2013, when 65% of milk samples contained amounts of aflatoxin M1 higher than 0,05 ?g/kg, and 13% of milk samples contained amounts higher than 0,5 ?g/kg.

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

Aflatoxin M in Perspective1

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD STOLOFF
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Commercial Milk

The steps are presented from the discovery of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of a cow fed “toxic” peanut meal to the determination of its relation to aflatoxin B1 and the relation of aflatoxin M1 to other animal metabolites of aflatoxin B1. Estimates from controlled studies are given of the level and amount of aflatoxin M1 to be expected in the milk of cows exposed to aflatoxin B1 in their feed, followed by numerous survey results that corroborate the conclusion from the experimental estimates: levels of aflatoxin B1 in uncontrolled dairy ration ingredients are sufficiently high to result in measurable aflatoxin M1 ( &gt; 0.1 ng/ml) in commercial milk supplies. Because the Food and Drug Administration has been unable to prevent occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the United States by attempting to control the feed, an administrative guideline has been established at 0.5 ppb for aflatoxin M1 in fluid milk products; consideration is being given to related guidelines for products manufactured from milk.

scholarly journals Application of Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup to Aflatoxin M1 Determination and Survey in Cheese

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DRAGACCI ◽  
J. M. FREMY
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Immunoaffinity Columns

Milk products such as cheeses may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when manufactured with milk from dairy cattle that have consumed aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds. The usefulness of immunoaffinity columns to determine aflatoxin M1 content in many kinds of cheeses with very good recoveries is demonstrated. The analysis of aflatoxin M1 in a 1990 to 1995 limited survey in France shows that the occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheeses is rather infrequent. With the exception of samples from 1989 to 1990 when aflatoxin B1-contaminated maize meals were incidentally imported to supplement dairy cattle feed, very few samples were found with above 0.200 μg of aflatoxin M1 per kg of cheese, the maximum acceptable level.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized Milk of the School Milk Project in Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUTHEP RUANGWISES ◽  
NONGLUCK RUANGWISES
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were determined in 150 pasteurized milk samples from the School Milk Project in Thailand. Milk samples were collected from 50 schools in the Central region of Thailand in three seasons: summer (May to June 2006), the rainy season (August to September 2006), and winter (December 2006 to January 2007). AFM1 was isolated by using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All of the 150 pasteurized milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, and the concentrations were within the U.S. regulatory limit of 0.5 μg/liter. The highest concentration of AFM1 found in school milk samples was 0.114 μg/liter. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples collected in winter was significantly higher than the mean concentrations found in the rainy season and summer. Further monitoring of school milk to evaluate the status of contamination of AFM1 is necessary, with a special emphasis on samples collected in the rainy season and winter. Thailand is one of several countries that have no regulatory limits for AFM1 in milk and milk products. The results of this study suggest that safety limits for AFM1 are needed for regulating and ensuring the quality of milk and milk products in Thailand.

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