scholarly journals Territorial and economic aspects of urbanization in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
L. M. Bekenova ◽  
G. Zh. Seitkhamzina ◽  
E. Kh. Akhatova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
State Management ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

The purpose of the work is to study the problems of territorial and economic development within the confines of regulated activation of urbanization processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve it, authors analysed the statistical data on such indicators as population density, administrative-territorial division, according to which significant disproportions of territorial and economic development and settlement in the republic, the development of the regions of Kazakhstan were revealed. The authors studied the main provisions of regional policy, considered the main directions of state management of the formation of centers of urbanization with the decisive role of cities with a population of millions people in the optimization of regional economic systems. Research on this topic allowed the authors to conclude that the process of urbanization in Kazakhstan has a dynamic character and has not yet exhausted its potential, which gives reason to conclude that it is necessary to form new centers of urbanization and agglomerations. The article examines the main trends of the urbanization process at the present stage, namely, in economically developed countries, where urbanization has reached a sufficiently high level, the share of the urban population is growing at a slower pace, whereas in developing countries the urbanization process continues to grow in breadth and has a spontaneous, uncontrollable character. At the same time, the growth of population in cities far outstrips their economic development. Materials and research methods. When studying the territorial and economic features of urbanization in Kazakhstan, a complex of the following research methods were used: monographic, program-targeted, statistical analysis. In this work also used such theoretical research methods as comparisons and generalizations, scientific abstraction and synthesis.

scholarly journals FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neringa SLAVINSKAITĖ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The paper analyses the fiscal decentralization effects on economic growth in unitary countries of European Union for the period 2005–2014. The empirical analysis was based on the multiple regression method. The fixed effect panel model was used as framework for the analysis. In order to examine the different impact of fiscal decentralization, the same analysis was applied to subsets of countries categorized into two groups according to countries’ level of economic development. This further analysis found that there is positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in low level of economically developing countries and no relationship in high level of economically developed countries. These results suggested that fiscal decentralization is not always instrument for promotion of economic growth, which means that country’s economic development level is an important factor when introducing reform of fiscal decentralization. The originality of this article – new fiscal decentralization index and evaluated fiscal decentralization level influence for countries economic growth.

scholarly journals CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN LATVIA EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT MANAGEMENT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (FROM 1919 TO 1940)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Pāvels Jurs ◽  
Inta Kulberga
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Free State ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
School Life ◽  
The Republic

Independence and freedom of Latvia State since the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918 was interrupted by World War II. During that time the education system of Latvia has also changed, including fundamental principles of educational institution management. The goal of the article is to analyse changes in educational institution management in historical perspective, comparing legal regulations in two periods of Latvia: in the democratic (1919) and authoritarian (1934) regime of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic. In the article the theoretical research methods (method of comparison and critical thinking) and empirical research methods (data collection method and document analysis) have been applied. Comparing the periods of the democratic (from 1919 to 1934) and authoritarian regime (from 1934 to 1940) of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic in the context of educational institution management, it should be mentioned that the legislation of the authoritarian regime envisaged much broader responsibility, duties and rights for the head of the school. Moreover, the head of the school could also have deputies depending on the size of the school. The structure of educational institution management in the authoritarian regime in comparison with the democratic regime was more particular, with a more detailed description of responsibilities, with an increased parents’ involvement in the school life organization.

scholarly journals Correlation between economic complexity and economic development in different types of Russian regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-161
Author(s):  
I.A. Shubin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
High Level

Economic complexity, according to the results of various studies at the country level, can be used as an indicator of economic development: more developed countries usually have a higher level of economic complexity. For Russian regions, the relationship between economic complexity, the level of innovative development and investment attractiveness is also revealed. This paper identifies the correlation between the complexity of export and the level of economic development for Russian regions and their separated more homogeneous groups. The results obtained by the author for regions of Russia contradict the rule identified for countries. For all Russian regions, there is a slight inverse correlation between the complexity of export and the value of per capita GRP. A slight positive correlation was found only for regions with a low export-to-GRP ratio and a high level of economic complexity. Such results are explained by the simple structure of Russian export, because of this the main recipients of export income are regions with a lower level of economic complexity — mainly oil and gas producing regions, as well as capitals that act as intermediaries.

scholarly journals LAWS AND INTERESTS: Factory Inspection Relationships with Owners and the Administration of Industrial Enterprises of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Middle Volga Region)

2018 ◽  
pp. 409-428
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
State Management ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. Factory inspection was one of the key institutions that influenced the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The factory inspection, closely integrated into the state management system, went through several stages of its formation and development. Being at the very center of social contradictions within the framework of an increasingly acute “work issue”, the factory inspectorate was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by entrepreneurs and the public. Research methods. The range of applied research methods when considering this topic is determined by the intersection of several subject areas: social, economic and legal. In order to reflect all the complexities of their interaction, the methods of socio-institutional analysis were used. The use of the modernization theory made it possible to include the approval of factory-labor legislation in Russia in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allows you to see the specific practice of the relationship of factory inspection with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. Results. In this article, based on the study of predominantly archival sources, an analysis was made of the activities of factory inspection of the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the beginning of the 20th century in the context of confrontation with entrepreneurs, the essence of which was the desire to oblige them to comply with the norms and rules of factory labor legislation. As the study showed, it was not unclouded, it raised many questions and controversial issues, often caused by the frank reluctance of the owners and administrations of industrial enterprises to comply with the requirements of factory-labor legislation, and in some cases the insufficient functioning of the factory’s institute inspection, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. Discussion and conclusion. As the study shows, carrying out mediation in resolving labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs, factory inspectors became essentially the main actors in the formation of the legal space in the sphere of industrial production in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, they became an effective force that could resist the desire of the owners and management of enterprises to preserve the so-called “old factory orders”, where the decisive role was played not by the “letter of the law”, but by the will of the owner and a well-established custom. The way in which the new practice of production and labor relations was successfully implemented largely depended on the personality of the factory inspector, on his principledness and desire to resist the entrepreneurs and the administration of factories in their desire not to comply with the norms of factory labor legislation. Keywords: industry, actory inspection, workers, entrepreneurs, Middle Volga region, factory labor legislation

scholarly journals INTERSECTORAL LINKAGES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Jelena Stanojević ◽  
Bojan Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intersectoral Linkages

The high level of interconnection between economic sectors, respectively agriculture, manufacturing and the service sector, imposes the need to understand intersectoral structural changes and transfer of resources between sectors in order to perceive their contribution to economic development. Based on the rich information base compiled by data from various national and international statistic sources, intersectoral structural changes in the Republic of Serbia as one of the transition economies are analysed from different aspects. The paper deals primarily with the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product. Further, it points to the participation of economic sectors in overall employment, but also in international trade. The research goal is to analyze the structural changes in the Serbian economy, identify the direction of resource transfer between sectors, as well as their contribution to the economic development measured by different indicators.

scholarly journals The Structure of Society and the Middle Class: State, Development Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
I. Buleev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Post Industrial

The article examines the main stages of the development of society from prehistoric times to the present, the transformation of its structure. In contrast to the traditional perception of a person as a biosocial subject, he is viewed as a spiritually-bio-social subject in nature in a “spiritually-socially-natural” system. The research methods based on consistency, the concept of three forces of development, dialectics and trialectics are used. The category of spirituality in relation to a person and society is considered, a significant change in the ratio of "spiritual" and "material" is noted, it is proved that in the conditions of intellectualization of society, its transformation into post-industrial (hyperindustrial), the dominant development is spirituality, and the basis of social relations is the institutions of spirituality of the people, values, morality, responsibility. It is noted that any society capable of creating added value is divided into two main parts: rich and poor, opposing both in economic relations, the distribution of added value, and in other social relations, in culture, education, etc. Between them there is the middle part of society, interested in maintaining its stability, law and order, spirituality, values, their evolutionary development, etc. In the industrial era of capitalism, this part of society grows significantly as a result of an increase in the standard of living, professionalism of workers to the level necessary for industrial production. At the stage of the formation of capitalism, the theory of classes is developing and the middle part of society is reasonably attributed to the main classes, called the middle class (MC). The middle class became basic in the stabilization of society, its spiritual and economic development. The study notes the inappropriateness of the spread of the definitions of class theory, the theory of the middle class to pre-capitalist and post-industrial societies. SK is a category of capitalist society. As society transforms from the industrial stage of economic development into financial-oligarchic capitalism, into a post-industrial (hyperindustrial) society, the objective conditions for the quantitative growth of middle class are curtailed. ICT, intellectualization of production and society sharply reduce the need for labor. The number of the UK is declining. 10-20% of the most professionally trained (up to the level of scientific workers) specialists stand out from the middle class and move to the lower part of the upper class. The rest (up to 80% of the UK) – go to the lower class. As a result, the UK is practically liquidated. In order to preserve the stability of a society based on market relations, the state and its elite must consciously support and preserve the middle part of society, into which the industrial middle class is being transformed, which is necessary for the functioning of the internal market and society. The article substantiates the preconditions and conditions for the formation and transformation of the middle class in developing and post-capitalist countries, including Ukraine. In economically developed countries that have embarked on the path of formation of post-industrial (hyperindustrial, new integral) societies, two ways of changing their structure are possible: further differentiation in terms of income, assets, spirituality; or the formation of a society of average sufficiency, where there is a convergence of classes and strata of the population in terms of quality of life, spirituality, etc. The substantiation and possibilities of this or that vector of development of society require further theoretical research and their testing in practice.

scholarly journals FINANCING LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE FINANCIAL MARKET - SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Florije Miftari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Regional Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Municipal Bonds ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
The Republic

The process of reform and fiscal decentralization in the Republic of North Macedonia is already in the second decade of implementation, the legal deadline of which was 2007. However, local government units are still lagging behind in the realization of many of their functions and legal competencies, mainly as a result of lack of financial means, lack of knowledge or lack of capacities to access on alternative sources of funding. An important instrument of financing, especially for financing local and regional economic development are municipal bonds, which are considered the most used financial instruments for financing local and regional capital projects in almost all developed countries of the World, but still in Republic of North Macedonia, no municipality has used this funding source. It is reasonable and necessary that this practice to be developed also in North Macedonia that would result in the realization of strategic municipal projects and at the same time will have an impact on the development of the capital market.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors, causes and barriers of non-application of municipal bonds in North Macedonia as a financing instrument by the municipalities. Also in this paper are analyzed and evaluated the opportunities and constraints, benefits and risks, criteria and budget constraints of municipal bonds as an additional or alternative source of financial resources for financing local and regional economic development.

scholarly journals Economic Development of Regions in the Multiethnic Southern Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Anna Ermishina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Cluster Policy ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
High Level

The article assesses the level and dynamics of the economic development of federal entities in the Southern Russian multiethnic and multicultural region. Most of these federal entities have geostrategic importance for Russia. The studies of past years suggest that high levels of social diversity tend to be associated with poor economic performance of a territory. Our study confirms the high level of interregional socio-economic inequality in territories of the North Caucasus Economic Region (without Crimea and Sevastopol) and their lagging behind the average Russian rates of the most important economic indicators. However, since 2005, relatively high rates of GRP (Gross Regional Product) per capita have been recorded in the entire region and in each individual federal entity as well. At the same time, regional economic policy is not effective enough: as to NCER, an active cluster policy in specialization industries is pursued only in Rostov region. The federal entities of the economic region were grouped by the level and dynamics of GRP, this outcome was compared with the results of a similar grouping of 2008. It was revealed that Krasnodar Krai remains the leader of the economic region, and the group of territories with positive dynamics includes the Republic of Adygea, Dagestan and Chechnya. A decrease in the socio-political tension would greatly contribute to the emerging economic growth in Ingushetia. The Republic of Kabardino-Balkarian and North Ossetia-Alania, in which the growth inhibitory factors require special research and consideration, remain “problematic” economic territories of NCER. The economic development of these NCER entities also depends on increasing the effectiveness of regional economic policies and supporting their “smart specialization”.

scholarly journals Integration Processes of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the World Economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin İsmayilov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries

The article deals with the economic development characteristics of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the natural resources and production of Azerbaijan. After the independence, the policy of the new market economy followed by the Azerbaijani state and government and plans of how the developed countries will integrate their economic practice will be examined. With the new investments in the country and the introduction of the products to be produced in the world markets, the steps and plans to strengthen the economic relations with the world will be discussed. The role of Azerbaijan in the world economy, its foreign-economic relations with other states and continents were analyzed extensively. Proposals have been made to further develop and upgrade existing economic relations.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Anatolii STEPANENKO ◽  
◽  
Alla OMELCHENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Directed Development ◽  
Oriented Activity ◽  
High Level

A definition of ecological modernization is given and analysis of its existing definitions is carried out. The tasks of ecological modernization, which envisage transformation of society, superindustrialization, reorientation of technologies for the restoration of ecological balance, restructuring of the economy and formation of a technological society, are outlined. The key elements of ecological modernization and its ecological imperatives are singled out. It is shown that mainly anthropocentric approaches and invariability of the priority of economic interests are traced in theoretical development of models of ecological modernization. It is highlighted that to prevent further degradation of ecosystems, a new ecocentric worldview and a high level of ecological consciousness are necessary. It is determined that the main forms of ecological modernization aimed at solving the environmental problems under conditions of limited and depleted natural resources are: environmentally directed development of industry; technological platforms of ecological development; ecologization of economic development; inplementation and development of clean production and environmental technologies. It is disclosed that in Ukraine over the past years the level of ecological modernization of the economy has increased, as evidenced by the share of capital investments in integrated technologies of the volume of capital investments for the protection and rational use of natural resources and development of the production of innovative products, including new types of machines, equipment, devices, devices. The vast majority of the integrated technology activities are not in line with the V and VI waves of innovation, not mentioning the VII, which began in highly developed countries. It is substantiated that new model of modernization of social development should include not only the change and introduction of new technologies, but also deep institutional, social and cultural transformations. It is determined that in addition to three prospects for the development of ecological modernization – eco-saving business and consumption, effective protection of the natural environment, the ecologization of society – the fourth is also possible: emancipation of nature, that is, socialization and personalization of nature. The strategic directions of ecological modernization of socio-economic development of Ukraine are proposed and its key tasks regarding the formation of a modernizing type of ecologically oriented activity of society are determined.

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