Biofuel Resources Plan: Theoretical Case Assessment of Automotive Industries

Crude oil exhaustion and greenhouse emissions have remained a global concern till date. Domestic production of biofuel blends and micro-emulsion as substitutes for conventional fuel in tackling greenhouse gas emission has challenges like feedstock inadequacy, fuel-energy content, compatibility, oxidation stability and other automotive fuel property issues. Strategies to address these issues are discussed in this study. Case study of Nigeria shows that an annual conversion rate of 6.9/3.3% (2.1: 1) of cassava wastes will meet its E10/E5 blend from local production capacity. An effort has been made to correlate existing ethanol and biodiesel yields, ƐѱE and ƐѱB with expected oil yield as a function of gasoline and diesel shares, αE and αB per hectare of cultivation, to generate total oil yield per desired short and medium term biofuel targets utilizing selected feedstock at applicable yield bounds. A typical E10 gasohol from cassava will need 16,133 and 28,543 hectares from cassava plantation to meet its annual short and medium term biofuel targets. The r2-square value of 0.6402 for CF/SPeel and 0.9044 for CF/SPulp is an indication that more litre/tonne volume of ethanol could be produced from CF/SPeel except for in consistency when ammonia extract and urea are used as nitrogen source. Specific energy for direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) from daily production capacity equivalence of E10 per annum is estimated at 2.34GWh/Kg. Biofuel and fuel cells are good alternatives to explore as replacement of fossil fuel in automotive application.

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Evaluation method for resource potential of shale oil in the Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, China

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/0144598720903394 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 841-866

Author(s):

Qiulin Guo ◽

Xiaoming Chen ◽

Xiaoxue Liuzhuang ◽

Zhi Yang ◽

Man Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Total Organic Carbon ◽

Calculation Method ◽

Evaluation Method ◽

Ordos Basin ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Recovery Coefficient ◽

Evaporative Loss ◽

Total Oil

The widely distributed, thick Chang 7 Shale is the richest shale oil formation in China. A calculation method for the evaporative hydrocarbon recovery coefficient based on formation volume factor is proposed considering the correction of heterogeneity-based total organic carbon differences to improve the adsorbed oil calculation method, and light hydrocarbon evaporative sampling losses, which can make mobile and total oil calculations more accurate. The adsorbed oil, S1 evaporative loss, total oil yield, and movable oil yield of 200 shale samples from the Chang 7 Member were calculated using the new methods. Results show that S1 evaporative loss accounts for 29% of S1, total oil yield is 3.5 times S1, and movable oil yield accounts for 37% of total oil yield. Based on the calculated total oil yield and movable oil yield results, the relationships among total oil yield, movable oil yield, and total organic carbon of the Chang 7 were established yielding total oil yield and movable oil yield estimates of 11.12 × 109 t and 4.01 × 109 t, respectively, revealing its tremendous shale exploration potential.

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Increasing yoghurt daily production with modeling and simulation process

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adolfo Vicente Araújo ◽

Daniel Marçal de Queiroz ◽

Gemima Santos Arcanjo ◽

Santos Henrique Brant Dias ◽

Renato Martins Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Modeling And Simulation ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Productive Capacity ◽

Daily Production ◽

Production Sector ◽

Simulation Process ◽

Current Production

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to use the modeling and computer simulation to support decision makers, aiming to increase the productive capacity of the agro-industry of LaticínioFunarbe. Specifically, it has modeled the current yoghurt production sector for simulation that enables it to meet the new demand. The Arena 14.7 simulation software was used to conduct the modeling. To validate the model, the output of yoghurt production collected at the factory for three months was compared with the output from the simulated computational model. Two indicators were established to perform analyzes of four different scenarios. The implemented model resulted in an increase in the production capacity of 5,000L.d-1 of yoghurt, corresponding to a production of yoghurts processed daily three times higher than the current production.

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Analysis of energy consumption in the production of hot mix asphalt (batch mix plant)

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2016-0277 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 1044-1051 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ivica Androjić ◽

Zlata Dolaček Alduk

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Daily Production ◽

Mineral Mixture ◽

The Republic ◽

Production Period ◽

Mixture Samples

This paper describes tests in which influencing factors that affect energy consumption in the rotary drum were monitored. The monitored influencing factors are moisture, delays in daily production, hourly production capacity, and temperature of produced hot mix asphalt (HMA). The tests include the production of 88 079 t of HMA of continuous and discontinuous gradation on a cyclic asphalt plant in the Republic of Croatia. In 2014, 182 production terms were monitored (155 observed), whereas the moisture content was tested using the same number of input mineral mixture samples. The temperature of the produced asphalt mixture was measured using approximately 67 753 samples during the entire production period. Delays in work and hourly production capacity were measured during production by recording the duration of working time and delays. The final result of this study is the creation of a regression model of the correlation between energy consumption and temperature of the asphalt mixture and the hourly capacity and moisture in the mineral aggregate.

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Effect of Composition of Iron-Cobalt Oxide Catalyst and Process Parameters on The Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sugarcane Bagasse

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5385.186-198 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 186-198

Author(s):

Gopalakrishnan Govindasamy ◽

Rohit Sharma ◽

Sunu Subramanian

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Oxygen Content ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Iron Cobalt ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Biomass Ratio ◽

Total Oil

Development of catalyst with high deoxygenation activity and optimum process parameters are the key for getting the highest biooil yield with the least oxygen content by hydrothermal liquefaction. With this view, iron-cobalt oxides of Co/Fe ratio 0.33, 1.09, 2.35, and 3.52 were prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized by XRD, BET surface area, chemical composition by EDX method, and evaluated for hydrothermal liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse in a high-pressure batch reactor under subcritical conditions using CO as process gas to find the optimum Co/Fe ratio and process parameters. Optimum Co/Fe ratio was found to be 1.09 as it gave the highest bio-oil yield of 57.6% with the least oxygen content of 10.8%, attributed to the cobalt ferrite, the major phase present in it. The optimum temperature, initial CO pressure, water/biomass ratio, catalyst/biomass ratio and reaction time for the highest oil yield with the least oxygen content were found to be 250 °C, 45 bar, 28, 0.4, and 120 min, respectively. From the effect of reaction time, it was found that much of the hydrolysis of lignocellulose to water soluble oxygenates, its deoxygenation to bio-oil and its deoxygenation to low oxygen containing bio-oil took place in initial 15 min, 15 to 60 min, and from 30 to 120 min, respectively. Total oil yield (%) was lower by 21% and % oxygen in total oil was higher by 9.9% for spent catalyst compared to fresh catalyst indicating the erosion in the deoxygenation activity of catalyst and thus need for improving its hydrothermal stability. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Essential Oil Composition and Yield of Anise from Different Distillation Times

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.48.11.1393 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 1393-1396 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽

Tess Astatkie ◽

Barry O'Brocki ◽

Ekaterina Jeliazkova

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Oil Composition ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Use ◽

Total Oil ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is a spice, an essential oil crop, and a medicinal plant with a long history of use. Anise seed oil is extracted from anise seed through steam distillation. There is no experimentally established optimal time for distillation of anise seed. We hypothesized that the distillation time (DT) can be customized for optimum yield and composition of anise essential oil. In this study, we determined the effect of nine steam DTs (5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes) on essential oil yield and essential oil composition of anise seed. We developed regression models to predict essential oil yield, the concentration of individual constituents, and the yield of these constituents as a function of DT. Highest essential oil yield (2.0 g/100 g seed, 2%) was obtained at 360-minute DT. The concentration of transanethole, the major anise oil constituent, varied from 93.5% to 96.2% (as a percent of the total oil) and generally was high at 15- to 60-minute DT and low at 240- to 480-minute DT. However, the yield of transanethole (calculated from the essential oil yield and the concentration of transanethole in the oil) increased with increasing DT to reach maximum at 360-minute DT. The concentration of the other oil constituents varied significantly depending on the DT, and some of them were higher at the shorter DT than at the longer DT. However, the yields of these constituents were highest at longer DT (either 360 or 480 minutes). DT can be used to obtain anise essential oil with different composition that would benefit the essential oil industry. This study demonstrated the need for providing DT in reports where anise seed essential oil yield and composition are discussed. This article can also be used as a reference point for comparing studies in which different DTs were used to extract essential oil from anise seed.

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CANADIAN SUNFLOWER SEED.: I. BUSHEL WEIGHT AS A FACTOR IN GRADING

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr45f-008 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 23f (2) ◽

pp. 91-103

Author(s):

H. R. Sallans ◽

M. Berenbom ◽

R. K. Larmour

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Full Advantage ◽

Iodine Value ◽

Sunflower Seed ◽

Oil Content ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Acid Value ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Total Oil

To determine the importance of bushel weight as a factor in grading, 51 samples of Sunrise and 34 samples of Mennonite seed were examined for associations between bushel weight and other properties of commercial sunflower seed.Highly significant correlations of bushel weight with total oil content of the seed, r =.867**; percentage kernel, r =.740**; percentage oil in the kernel, r =.795**; and percentage nitrogen in the kernels, r = −.467** were obtained. Oil yield, estimated on the basis of a cake containing 5% oil and 10% moisture, was also associated with bushel weight, r =.871**. The correlation coefficients of bushel weight with iodine value, acid value, and refractive index were not significant.The present grade specifications fail to take full advantage of bushel weight as a factor in grading sunflower seed since the levels were set too low to be effective. It is suggested that the levels might well be 30 lb. for No. 1, 26 lb. for No. 2, and 22 lb. for No. 3 instead of 24 lb. for No. 1 and 21 lb. for No. 2 and No. 3. The effects of this change are discussed in relation to grading of the two varieties and the establishment of appropriate price spreads between grades.** Indicates that the 1% level of significance was attained.

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Optimal Timing of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Abatement in Europe

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12101872 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1872 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chryso Sotiriou ◽

Theodoros Zachariadis

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Medium Term ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Emission Abatement ◽

Lock In Effect ◽

Greenhouse Emission ◽

Lock In

Decarbonization by the mid-21st century requires strong commitment to greenhouse emission abatement measures, but national emission reduction pledges are made for the medium term. Achieving medium term targets without taking into account the long term can lead to a lock-in effect, binding countries in pathways that cannot lead to strong decarbonization. This paper sheds light in this issue by combining a theoretical approach with real-world engineering and cost data. We develop a constrained optimization model to examine least-cost greenhouse gas emission abatement pathways, taking into account (a) emission reduction objectives for two years: 2030 and 2050; and (b) the potential speed of implementation of each measure, which expresses technical and behavioural inertia in the deployment of a measure. We focus on European countries and economic sectors that are not subject to the EU Emissions Trading System. We derive relationships between 2030 abatement targets of varying ambition and the possibility for a country to achieve a strong 2050 target. We find that more ambitious EU-wide targets have to be set by 2030 so that Europe delivers deep decarbonization by 2050. Moreover, if air pollution costs are taken into account, strong decarbonization by 2050 has lower social costs than less ambitious policies.

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Declining rapeseed yields in Finland: how, why and what next?

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859607007381 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 145 (6) ◽

pp. 587-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽

L. JAUHIAINEN ◽

A. HANNUKKALA

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Energy Content ◽

National Level ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Turnip Rape ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Total Oil ◽

High Level

SUMMARYAverage seed yields per hectare of Brassica oilseed crops in Finland, mainly summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera subvar. annua), which covers 0·93–0·99 of the total oil crop cultivation area depending on year, have fallen dramatically during the last 15 years. This downward trend is contrary to those in other temperate regions, where rapeseed yields have increased or levelled off after reaching a relatively high level. The 5-year moving averages for Finland show that seed yield started to diminish gradually after reaching its highest level of over 1700 kg/ha in the early 1990s. By 2005 it had fallen to 1270 kg/ha. The present study evaluated the possible reasons for the recorded collapse in Finnish turnip rape yields. All the statistical analyses were based on large, previously produced, datasets from multi-location Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) Official Variety Tests, Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA) Seed Testing datasets and the Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland (TIKE) national production datasets. Results from MTT trials indicated that the latest turnip rape cultivars were more sensitive to elevated temperatures at late seed set and during seed fill – and such temperatures often occurred during the years of greatest yield reduction. When taking into account how commonly sown these cultivars were at national level during the last 10 years, increased sensitivity contributed to up to two thirds of the recorded yield reduction. Even though the growing area of turnip rape has slightly exceeded 100 000 ha, after long being 60 000–70 000 ha, by extending cultivation to more northern areas of Finland, such changes do not explain the yield collapse according to data from TIKE. Furthermore, lower national yields do not stem from larger, but rather are associated with narrower within year variation in seed yield. Additional empirical work is needed to understand the causes of increased temperature sensitivity in modern cultivars (e.g. possible linkage to drought, diseases and/or drastically increased seed energy content). Furthermore, a national survey is essential for a thorough and up-to-date picture of the prevalence of pests and diseases in turnip rape and their contribution to reduced yields.

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Photovoltaic Solar Technologies: Solution to Affordable, Sustainable, and Reliable Energy Access for All in Rwanda

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2019/5984206 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Samuel Bimenyimana ◽

Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota ◽

Jean De Dieu Niyonteze ◽

Cyprien Nsengimana ◽

Paula Jeanne Ihirwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Energy Access ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Resource Exploitation ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Electricity Access ◽

Pv Grid

Despite remarkable economic growth and development in recent decades, Rwanda has been still facing energy crises and challenges. Although the country has considerable energy assets, less than 10% is utilized for its local electricity needs. Currently, national installed generation capacity is estimated at 221 MW, for a population around 12 million, and electricity access is estimated at 51% (37% grid and 14% off-grid networks). About half the population is without electricity access while the grid-connected users face high electricity tariffs and frequent power outages (blackouts). The national grid itself is also experiencing high losses. This paper used the HOMER software for modeling the optimal, sustainable, reliable, and affordable photovoltaic solar technologies as energy solutions for all (off-grid and on-grid users) in Rwanda. The selection and recommendation of a suitable photovoltaic (PV) solar technology depend on its annual electricity production capacity, electrical load, renewable energy penetration percentage, economic viability, feasibility, affordability, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emission level for climate change considerations towards a clean and greener future. The results show that the least cost of energy (LCOE) for electricity production by each of the solar PV systems with storage, PV-grid-connected household, and PV-grid connection with storage was 67.5%, 56.8%, and 33.9%, respectively, lower than the normal electricity tariff in Rwanda. The PV systems with storage proposed in this paper could be effective in increasing national energy resource exploitation, providing affordable and reliable energy access to all citizens.

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