The Impact of Covid-19 and Lockdown on South African Revenue

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mangalani Peter Makananisa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Regression Parameters ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
The Impact

The state revenue plays a critical role in the running of its departments and plays a significant role in the economy. The study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the South African revenue collections. The study focuses on the major taxes Personal Income Tax (PIT), Corporate Income Tax (CIT) and Value Added Tax (VAT). Over the fiscal year 2008/09 to 2019/20 the three taxes contribute around 80% of the Total Tax (TTAX). The sample data was from quarter 1, 2014 to quarter 2, 2020 (50 observations) obtained with quarter 2 of 2020 carrying the impact of the pandemic. The SARIMA and Holt-Winters models were used to forecast the continuation of the historical patterns in two scenarios, (1.) Without the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (No shock), and (2.) with the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown (with a shock) on the revenue collections. The R-statistical software was used to obtain the regression parameters and for forecasting purposes. On “average”, the impact of the pandemic is expected to reduce total revenue by around R310.6bn to R1, 127 trillion (on the interval R1, 093 – R1, 162 trillion) from the original estimates of R1, 438 trillion for the fiscal year 2020/21. The average forecast for PIT, CIT and VAT due to the impact of the pandemic is R532.9billion, R172.6billion and R320.9billion respectively. The study further encourages model revision as more data impacted by the pandemic become available

scholarly journals Personal income tax reform in Latvia: assessment of effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Bule ◽  
Līga Leitāne ◽  
Kristīne Rozīte
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Normative Concepts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Personal income tax (PIT) policy in Latvia has been changed significantly in 2018 with the aim to reduce the tax burden and increase the income of working population by amending progressive tax rates and increasing the non-taxable minimum and minimum wage. Purpose − the aim of this study is to estimate the impact of PIT reform by assessing the effect of implementation of non-taxable minimum, deductions and substantiated spending on the dynamics of income and tax administration efficiency. Research methodology − PIT theoretic and normative concepts have been analyzed; unpublished data on actual wages in 2015−2018 provided by Latvian State Revenue Service and State Social Insurance Agency have been estimated. Findings − the main conclusion of this study is that the aim of the reform has not been achieved: income inequality hasn’t been reduced, an increase of income has been irrelevant, the gains from the reform have become unobtainable for the most unprotected groups because of the insufficient level of income. The implementation of the differentiated non-taxable minimum has generated PIT debts and higher administrative burden. Practical implications − the study may be implemented in case of progressive PIT for the reassessment of the tax framework and its future development. Originality/Value − this study is original, the actual effect of PIT reform in Latvia previously hasn’t been analyzed.

scholarly journals ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УМОВАХ ЗАГОСТРЕННЯ КРИЗОВИХ ЯВИЩ В ЕКОНОМІЦІ ВНАСЛІДОК ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Луценко А.С.
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Pessimistic Scenario ◽  
The Impact

The article substantiates that in the context of solving the problem of improving the forms and methods of fiscal influence on the economy, planning strategic directions of fiscal policy should be based on the principles of non-discredit regulation, which is achieved if changes in tax revenues and government transfers depend on GDP. To this end, a correlation-regression analysis of the impact of GDP on tax revenues to the consolidated budget, where the results of the regression model are used to forecast the revenue side of the budget in different scenarios of economic development in a pandemic. The negative influence of factors is marked: a significant drop in effective demand of the population; significant unemployment due to the return of workers, mass layoffs; mass bankruptcy of medium and small businesses; deep protracted recession; accelerating inflation. To build a regression model, two factors were selected that are considered as key factors influencing the dynamics of the revenue side: gross domestic product, consumer price index. The forecast was based on actual data for the period 2007-2019. The calculations showed that the growth rate of tax revenues to the budget of Ukraine will decrease significantly due to the impact of the crisis caused by the pandemic. In particular, under the optimistic forecast, tax revenues will increase by more than eight percent in 2020, and under the pessimistic forecast will decrease by seven percent. In 2021, the gap between the pessimistic and optimistic scenarios has narrowed significantly and according to calculations, we can expect a slight increase in tax payments by twelve percent. The level of redistribution will also decrease to about twenty-five percent. It is proved that when building a model of fiscal regulation, the impact of certain types of taxes on the revenue side of the budget, in particular, personal income tax and value added tax, should be taken into account. It is established that the crisis phenomena, accompanied by bankruptcy and closure of business entities, and hence an increase in the number of laid off employees, will lead to a decrease in budget revenues from personal income tax. The results of forecast calculations show that this source of revenue should be expected to decrease by at least ten percent, and under the pessimistic scenario - the decline in revenues from this tax in 2020 could reach twenty percent. It is determined that the negative dynamics of VAT revenues can be observed only in the pessimistic scenario, and the decrease is insignificant - about five percent. Under the optimistic scenario, revenues will increase by about twenty percent in 2020 and thirty-five percent in 2021 compared to 2019. It was found that the most «vulnerable» to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is the article of personal income tax revenues, which, accordingly, requires the development of a certain algorithm of measures to create sufficient fiscal incentives to minimize the negative consequences.

The Fiscal Effects of Economic Immigration on Subnational Government Finance in Poland

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Marzanna Poniatowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Piekutowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Government Finance ◽  
Subnational Government ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Share

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to analyse the effects of economic immigration on subnational government finance (SNG) in Poland. The goal to achieve is to answer the following research question: what are the fiscal effects of immigration on SNG budget revenues and expenditures. To answer this question, logarithmic models were developed. The analysis refers to the years 2007-2016. In this respect, data from Statistics Poland - referring to budget revenues and expenditures of communes, cities of district status, districts and voivodeships - were used. As far as immigration statistics are concerned, data from the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy were used. The results indicate an increase in both revenues and expenditures of SNG as a result of immigration. Such results can be explained inter alia by the nature of migration - research were focused on economic immigration. Results confirm that the level of employment of foreigners is one of the determinants shaping the fiscal effect of immigration. Moreover, the impact of economic immigration on SNG budget revenues and expenditures depends on the structure of this budget. This explains the differentiated results of the analysis of the impact of immigration on SNG in different countries. The positive correlation between immigration and SNG revenues in Poland can be associated with a high share of subnational governments in personal income tax revenues as this tax is one of the main categories of SNG revenues. Furthermore, results show that the impact of immigration on local government budgets in Poland is modest. This confirms the conclusions drawn by other authors (e.g. Auerbach and Oreopoulos), that in the long term, immigration cannot be considered as a potential instrument for resolving fiscal imbalances.

Zasady opodatkowania dochodów i obrotów ze sprzedaży produktów wytwarzanych w gospodarstwach rolnych

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (69) ◽  
pp. 189-215
Author(s):  
Jacek Kulicki
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Agricultural Income

The analysis of the applicable regulations leads to the conclusion that the system of taxation of farmers’ income is complex. The author points out different definitions of agricultural activity for the purposes of income tax and value added tax. The legislator makes the classification of agricultural income among individual sources of income for the purposes of personal income tax dependent on whether they are processed or unprocessed products and on the method of their processing. The differences in the treatment of farmers’ revenues for the purposes of income tax overlap with the tax obligations with regard to value added tax and excise tax.

scholarly journals Evaluation the impact of the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic in 2021 on effective tax rate and tax progressivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
M. Krajňák ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Legislation governing personal income taxation is often subject to changes. A significant personal income tax reform was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2021. The reform implements a progressive tax rate, changes the way the tax base is determined, and increases the tax relief for the taxpayer. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the personal income tax reform on the effective tax rate and tax progressivity. To that end, methods of regression analysis have been used. The source of information for analysis was the data published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was found that in 2021, in comparison with 2020, the tax burden represented in this study by the effective tax rate, in all cases became lower, approximately by 5%. The main reason for this decline is the adjustment of the method of construction of the tax base, which, for the first time in the history of the Income Tax Act, is gross wages. Until the end of 2020, the tax base was a super-gross wage, or the gross wage increased by social security contribution borne by the employer at his costs. The second factor that reduces the tax burden is a CZK 3,000 increase in the deduction per taxpayer per year. This fact increases the degree of tax progressivity, as confirmed by the results of the progressivity analysis and the regression analysis. The changes that have taken place in the personal income tax this year have a positive impact on the taxpayer, but from the point of view of the state, this reform has reduced the state budget revenues.

scholarly journals Opportunities for Simplification in the Personal Income Tax Systems of the Visegrad Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-553
Author(s):  
Éva Bonifert Szabóné
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Degree Of Approximation ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
It Use ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

Due to the numerous factors that can influence the impact of the tax system and redistribution, there is no single correct answer to the question of which composition of economic policy instruments needs to be applied to achieve a desired redistributive effect. The general aim of the study is to investigate in relation to the quantifiable parameters of income tax systems, whether the consideration of the aspects of fairness and justice does have an excessively negative effect on the simplicity of tax systems. The study investigates the possibilities of simplifying the personal income tax system’s composition in some Central and Eastern European countries, while tax burden curves of the system remain as constant as possible. To this end, the study sets up a theoretical, simplified tax model, the parameters of which are determined by a computer program, in order to generate tax burden curves corresponding most closely to the curves of the real tax system. Based on the analysis, it can be established that the theoretical system – in some cases with restrictions – provides a good approximation to the tax burden curves of the investigated countries. The chosen simple model has a good degree of approximation to a real system that does not have significant breakpoints in its tax burden curves, nor does it use a taxation method that fundamentally modifies the system (e.g., splitting). Practical examples help to understand that a complex personal income tax system in a given country is not necessarily the only possible solution to achieve a given tax burden curve, the function may be reproduced with a good approximation constructed from simpler basic elements.

scholarly journals Tax Literacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-559
Author(s):  
Michaela Moučková ◽  
Leoš Vítek
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
The University

Presented paper focuses on measuring tax literacy among bachelor degree students at the University of Economics, Prague, along with analysis of the two factors that influence it. Based on the 150 collected questionnaires (63 % response rate), we measured tax literacy of students (personal income tax and VAT) and examined whether it depends on (i) previous passing of tax courses and (ii) previous practical experience with filing tax returns. More than half of the students were well to excellently-versed in tax matters, including those who have not completed any more advanced tax courses apart from the elementary tax course. For VAT, the results of statistical tests show that students’ knowledge depends on passing a more advanced course on consumption taxation. On the other hand, the link between experience with tax returns and results of tax literacy tests cannot be unambiguously confirmed or rejected. Within the first statistical test (personal income tax), it was established that students’ knowledge does not depend on previous filing of tax returns; the second test (value added tax) led to the opposite conclusion.

scholarly journals TAXPAYER ATTITUDE ON THE ELIMINATION OF TAX SANCTION AND TAXATION AWARENESS TOWARD TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE IN YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Suparna Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
State Financing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Special Region

The impact of tax on state revenue is very dominant these days. This happens because tax is a definite source in contributing funds to the state. Basically, it is a reflection of the mutual cooperation of the community in state financing regulated by legislation. One of the factors causing low taxpayer's compliance takes place because the public as taxpayers forget or maybe even simply ignore their obligation to pay taxes, especially personal income tax. This research is quantitative in nature, which involves testing hypotheses (explanatory). The population in this study is individual taxpayer registered at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Taxes of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Approximately 350,935 Individual Taxpayers at the end of 2015 were registered. The research results indicated a positive influence between the attitude of taxpayers and taxpayer's compliance. By contrast, with respect to taxpayer compliance, the analysis on tax elimination variable shows that there is no positive influence between the elimination of tax sanctions and taxpayer compliance. The analysis on tax awareness toward taxpayer compliance indicates a positive influence between tax awareness and taxpayer compliance. Keywords—Tax Awareness; Taxpayer Compliance; Individual Taxpayers; Taxpayer Attitudes. Abstrak Perananpajakterhadap pendapatan Negara sangat dominan pada masa sekarang ini.Ini terjadi karena pajak adalah sumber yang pasti dalam memberikan kontribusi dana kepada Negara karena merupakan cerminan dari kegotongroyongan masyarakatdalam pembiayaan negara yang diatur oleh perundang-undangan. Salah satu factor menyebabkan penerimaan pajak yang sulit tercapai yaitu kepatuhan wajib pajak yang rendah itu dibuktikan karena masyarakat selaku wajib pajak lupa, atau bahkan mungkin mengabaikan kewajibannya untuk membayar pajak, khususnya pajak penghasilan orang pribadi. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan melakukan pengujian hipotesis (eksplanatory). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi yang terdaftar pada Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, kurang lebih berjumlah 350.935 Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi pada akhir tahun 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang positif antara Sikap wajib pajak dengan kepatuhan wajibpajak, sedangkan untuk variable kepatuhan wajib pajak terhadap penghapusan pajak menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh positif antara penghapusan sanksi pajak dengan kepatuhan wajib pajak dan untuk variable kesadaran perpajakan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif antara kesadaran perpajakan dengan kepatuhan wajib pajak. Kata kunci—Kesadaran Perpajakan; Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak; Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi; Sikap Wajib Pajak.

scholarly journals Effect of Corporate Tax on Government Expenditure in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
Patrick Ologbenla
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

The study investigated the impact of corporate income tax on the government expenditure in Nigeria. Data on corporate income tax, value added tax, interest rate, gross domestic product, petroleum profit tax and consumer price index were collected and used as independent variable in the study while data on public expenditure were collected and used as independent variable in the estimated model. The ARDL bound test was applied and the result showed that corporate income tax have long run relationship that is significant with government expenditure. Other forms of tax such as value added tax and petroleum profit tax also have significant impact on government expenditure. The study concluded that corporate income tax should be sustained in order to ensure that government continue to fulfill her obligation of provision of social amenities that will promote the economic growth of the country.

scholarly journals The South African wildlife ranching sector: A Social Accounting Matrix Leontief multiplier analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippus C. Cloete ◽  
Riaan Rosouw
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
South African ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
The South ◽  
Social Accounting ◽  
Multiplier Analysis ◽  
Economic Contribution ◽  
The Impact

Orientation: There is startlingly little economic research on the South African wildlife sector which contributes toward disputes regarding the economic contribution of the sector.Research purpose: The purpose of this article is to put into context the relative economic contribution of the wildlife ranching sector, as opposed to other land-use options in South Africa.Motivation for the study: Growth in the wildlife ranching sector at the cost of other traditional farming practices resulted in disagreements amongst various role players about the impact thereof on the national economy. The controversy can most probably be explained by different beliefs, coupled with the lack of a proper understanding and quantification of the wildlife ranching sector’s contribution toward the economy.Research methodology: The study employed a Social Accounting Matrix-based Leontief multiplier analysis for South Africa.Main findings: Results from the multiplier analysis revealed that developments within the wildlife ranching sector are likely to make a relatively more superior contribution towards the economy, especially when compared to similar land-use options such as extensive livestock production.Practical/managerial implications: It has been acknowledged by both academia and private sector that a major need exists for more research on the South African wildlife ranching industry, specifically looking at issues such as the industries, economic and social contributions, potentials and constraints. The research, therefore, contributes toward the depth of economic information and research regarding the South African wildlife sector.Contribution/value added: The research provides valuable information in dealing with the ‘popular belief’, especially amongst some of South Africa’s decision makers, namely, that growth in the wildlife ranching sector is not or does not have the ability to contribute significantly toward economic and socioeconomic factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document