scholarly journals Bibliographic Synthesis of Sero-Epidemiological Studies on Brucellosis in Domestic Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep and Goats) in Cameroon

Author(s):  
Roland Chimi Nankam ◽  
◽  
Félicité Flore Djuikwo-Teukeng ◽  

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis in Cameroon but it remains enzootic in some agro-ecological zones of the country. This review aims to describe the current status of this disease in domestic ruminants in Cameroon. In order to know the current status of this disease, a systematic and synthetic review was conducted on brucellosis in domestic ruminants in Cameroon. Different types of studies with serological results were reported and considered. A total of 16 studies from 1980 to 2020 were included in this synthetic review of the literature. Most of the studies were cross-sectional descriptive studies (p = 0.12). However, there were also studies with simplified survey methods, modelling approaches, stratified non-probabilistic and probabilistic surveys. 5095 cases of brucellosis infection were identified in the literature, for which the laboratory diagnosis allowed confirmation of brucellosis in the different species (indirect or direct Elisa in the majority of studies (41%), followed by rose Bengal (26%)). In most cases cattle represent 80% of the most studied species. Associated with this, the northern part of Cameroon was the preferred study area at 70% followed by the west (27%) and the south (3%). The biological material of choice for the studies was serum (75%). In addition, other biological materials (15%) were used. This systematic review has identified the tools used over the last 40 years to diagnose brucella infection in ruminants in Cameroon. However, it highlights the need for continuous monitoring of the spatio-temporal evolution of abortive microorganisms on farms.

Author(s):  
Bersissa Kumsa ◽  
Kebede Beyecha ◽  
Mesula Geloye

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for ectoparasites infestation in sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central Oromia, Ethiopia, from October 2009 to April 2010. The study revealed that 637 (48.1%) of the 1325 sheep examined were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified were Bovicola ovis (27.2%), Melophagus ovinus (16.4%), Ctenocephalides sp. (2.3%), Linognathus africanus (1.2%), Linognathus ovillus (0.3%), Sarcoptes sp. (1.2%), Amblyomma variegatum (4.4%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (1.9%), Rhipicephalus pravus (1.9%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (1.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.9%), Rhipicephalus praetextatus (1.1%) and Hyalomma truncatum (1.6%). Statistically significant difference was observed in prevalence of B. ovis amongst study agroecological zones: highland 36.6%, midland 20.9% and lowland 14.0%. Significantly higher prevalence was recorded in highland agroecological zone. A significantly (OR = 0.041, p < 0.001) higher prevalence of M. ovinus in the highland (31.7%) than in both the lowland (0%) and midland (1.9%) was observed. The risk of tick infestation in the lowland and midland was 9.883 times and 13.988 times higher than the risk in the highland, respectively. A significantly higher prevalence of Ctenocephalides species was encountered in both the lowland (OR = 4.738, p = 0.011) and midland (OR = 8.078, p = 0.000) than in the highland agro-ecological zone. However, a significant difference (p = 0.191) amongst agro-ecological zones was not found for the prevalence of Linognathus and Sarcoptes species. Statistically significant variation (p > 0.05) was never recorded in the prevalence of all the identified species of ectoparasites between male and female sheep hosts. However, a significantly (p = 0.006) higher prevalence of B. ovis was recorded between young and adult sheep. The risk of B. ovis infestation was 1.45 times higher in young than the adult sheep. Furthermore, a significantly (p < 0.001) higher prevalence of M. ovinus, B. ovis and Sarcoptes sp. was found between sheep with poor and a good body condition. The ever increasing threat of ectoparasites on overall sheep productivity and tanning industry in Ethiopia warrants urgent control intervention. Further studies on the role of ectoparasites in transmission of diseases to sheep, zoonotic importance, comparative prevalence and load, and the importance of sheep as alternative hosts in different agroecological zones, breeds and management systems in Ethiopia are recommended so as to design applicable control programme in the country.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Е. A. Koshkarina ◽  
O. V. Kovalishena ◽  
N. V. Saperkin ◽  
V. V. Krasnov ◽  
Р. G. Zubarov ◽  
...  

Aim. To investigate the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and to evaluate the accuracy of the methods for its laboratory confirmation. Materials and Methods. We performed descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological studies. Results of the rapid immunochromatographic assay (ICT) were compared with those obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. DNA of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in 65.5% and 13.8% of the patients. Microbial associations were observed in 13.7% of patients (Mycoplasma pneumoniae + Streptococcus pneumoniae, 10.3%; Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae, 3.4%). Chlamydophila pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The cause of community-acquired pneumonia was not identified in 6.9% of the cases. A diagnostic accuracy of ICT was 27.58% and its sensitivity was relatively small (9.09%; 95% CI 1; 29), compared with a relatively high specificity (85.7%; 95% CI 42; 100). Conclusions. Rapid ICT assay must be accompanied by the PCR or other diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children.


2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Rubens Costa Lima ◽  
Maria Zélia Rouquayrol ◽  
Maria Roseli Monteiro Callado ◽  
Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes ◽  
Claudia Pessoa

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of dengue and the differentiation between primary and secondary infections are important for monitoring the spread of the epidemic and identifying the risk of severe forms of the disease. The detection of immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies is the main technique for the laboratory diagnosis of dengue. The present study assessed the application of a rapid test for dengue concerning detection of new cases, reinfection recognition, and estimation of the epidemic attack rate. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study on dengue using the Fortaleza Health Municipal Department database. The results from 1,530 tested samples, from 2005-2006, were compared with data from epidemiological studies of dengue outbreaks in 1996, 2003, and 2010. RESULTS: The rapid test confirmed 52% recent infections in the tested patients with clinical suspicion of dengue: 40% detected using IgM and 12% of new cases using IgG in the non-reactive IgM results. The positive IgM plus negative IgG (IgM+ plus IgG-) results showed that 38% of those patients had a recent primary dengue infection, while the positive IgG plus either positive or negative IgM (IgG+ plus IgM+/-) results indicated that 62% had dengue for at least a second time (recent secondary infections). This proportion of reinfections permitted us to estimate the attack rate as >62% of the population sample. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid test for dengue has enhanced our ability to detect new infections and to characterize them into primary and secondary infections, permitting the estimation of the minimal attack rate for a population during an outbreak.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Nderitu ◽  
John Gachohi ◽  
Frederick Otieno ◽  
Eddy G. Mogoa ◽  
Mathew Muturi ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Developing disease risk maps for priority endemic and episodic diseases is becoming increasingly important for more effective disease management, particularly in resource limited countries. For endemic and easily diagnosed diseases such as anthrax, using historical data to identify hotspots and start to define ecological risk factors of its occurrence is a plausible approach. Using 666 livestock anthrax events reported in Kenya over 60 years (1957–2017), we determined the temporal and spatial patterns of the disease as a step towards identifying and characterizing anthrax hotspots in the region. Methods Data were initially aggregated by administrative unit and later analyzed by agro-ecological zones (AEZ) to reveal anthrax spatio-temporal trends and patterns. Variations in the occurrence of anthrax events were estimated by fitting Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects models to the data with AEZs and calendar months as fixed effects and sub-counties as random effects. Results The country reported approximately 10 anthrax events annually, with the number increasing to as many as 50 annually by the year 2005. Spatial classification of the events in eight counties that reported the highest numbers revealed spatial clustering in certain administrative sub-counties, with 12% of the sub-counties responsible for over 30% of anthrax events, whereas 36% did not report any anthrax disease over the 60-year period. When segregated by AEZs, there was significantly greater risk of anthrax disease occurring in agro-alpine, high, and medium potential AEZs when compared to the agriculturally low potential arid and semi-arid AEZs of the country (p < 0.05). Interestingly, cattle were > 10 times more likely to be infected by B. anthracis than sheep, goats, or camels. There was lower risk of anthrax events in August (P = 0.034) and December (P = 0.061), months that follow long and short rain periods, respectively. Conclusion Taken together, these findings suggest existence of certain geographic, ecological, and demographic risk factors that promote B. anthracis persistence and trasmission in the disease hotspots.


Author(s):  
Justine Nakintu ◽  
Eunice Olet ◽  
Morgan Andama Andama ◽  
Julius Lejju

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a fruit tree crop largely grown in tropical regions for its edible fruits. Though listed among underutilized crops, the demand for jackfruit in Uganda has increased. Amidst the increase in demand, the crop faces strong selective pressure and yet there is no documentation of the varieties and distribution of the crop in the country. This study therefore aimed at determining the varieties and distribution of jackfruit in Uganda using folk knowledge to provide a baseline for its production, booming market and conservation. A cross-sectional survey involving 349 participants comprising of 205 jackfruit traders and 144 jackfruit farmers from three political regions and three agro-ecological zones was conducted. Data were collected through face to face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and direct observations. Classification of jackfruit varieties, geographical location of the source of jackfruits for traders and the time of harvest of the fruit by the farmers were investigated. Occurrence of varieties per household was determined through on-farm visits. Data analysis techniques involved descriptive, chi-square and Cramer’s V measure of association analyses. Traders mainly obtained jackfruit from Central (46.0%)  and Eastern (37.6%) political regions, Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale Farmlands (41.1%) and Southern and Eastern Lake Kyoga Basin (30.0%) agro-ecological zones. Jackfruit varieties were classified basing on fruit texture and pulp colour, revealing four ethno-varieties, soft (Serebera), firm yellow (Kanaanansi), firm red (Namusaayi) and firm white (Namata). Namata and Serebera registered the lowest occurrences political regions and agro-ecological zones. Farmers harvested jackfruit throughout the year with a peak season in December and January. Folk knowledge provided baseline information for jackfruit variety categorization. Selection pressure exerted on Serebera and Namata demands for germplasm conservation. Since jackfruit thrives in a wide range of climatic conditions, its cultivation should be encouraged to ensure food security and sustain the increasing demand.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e0222635
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faheem ◽  
Shafqat Saeed ◽  
Asif Sajjad ◽  
Su Wang ◽  
Abid Ali

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-249
Author(s):  
G.A. Shu'aibu ◽  
J Kabir ◽  
J.U. Umoh ◽  
M.A. Raji ◽  
A.O. Tijjani ◽  
...  

Brucellosis is an ancient and one of the world’s most widespread zoonotic diseases affecting public health and animal production. A cross-sectional study using simple random sampling was conducted between May and December, 2016 in Maigana and Birnin Gwari Agro-ecological zones of Kaduna State to determine the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in sheep. In addition the risk factors associated with sero-positivity in sheep were also assessed. A total of 400 sera samples comprised of 141 from males and 259 from females sheep were collected and screened for the presence of Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Sera analysis revealed that, 16.5% and 10.8% were seropositive to Brucella infection by RBPT and cELISA, respectively. There was statistically significant association between sex of the sheep and seropositivity to Brucella infection using RBPT (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, no statistically significant association between the age and breed of sheep and seropositivity to Brucella infection using RBPT and cELISA, respectively (P > 0.05). This study shows evidence of Brucella infection with high prevalence mainly among female sheep and the disease can be considered as a potential risk for both susceptible animals and humans in the study area. Therefore, creating awareness about brucellosis, interdisciplinary partnership and complementary effort between veterinary and public health professionals is very important to control the transmission of brucellosis.Keywords: Brucellosis, Kaduna State, Sheep, Sero-prevalence


2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 8226-8239
Author(s):  
S. Pindé ◽  
A.S.R. Tapsoba ◽  
F. Traoré ◽  
R. Ouédraogo ◽  
S. Ba ◽  
...  

La présente étude est une contribution à l’établissement des caractéristiques et de la typologie des systèmes d’élevage de la poule locale dans les 3 zones agro écologique du Burkina Faso. Des informations ont été collectées sur 251 éleveurs de poules locales à travers une enquête de type transversale dans les 3 zones agro-écologiques, du Burkina Faso. Les résultats indiquent que l’élevage des poules locales est pratiqué principalement par des autochtones (84,91%) et des hommes (70,26%) dans un système extensif (63,83%). Les enquêtés sont pour la plupart des adultes (66,38%), sont mariés (92,41%), n’ont reçu aucune formation technique (45,69%) et pratiquent l’agriculture comme activité principale (67,93%). Les petits éleveurs de poules locales (effectif inférieur ou égal à 25 têtes) sont les plus nombreux (40,56%). Les enquêtés disposent majoritairement de poulaillers/abris (76,37%), utilisent des mangeoires (58,65%), des abreuvoirs (73%) et distribuent principalement des céréales à leurs poules. Les maladies aviaires sont la première cause de mortalités dans les effectifs visités (89,22%), malgré que presque la quasi-totalité des éleveurs (98,77%) administrent des traitements sanitaires à leurs poules. L’âge de la maturité sexuelle chez les poules mâles est en moyenne de 5,46±0,12 mois et de 5,49±0,10 mois chez les femelles, avec une différence statistiquement significative pour ce paramètre, au seuil de p<0,05, entre les femelles des 3 zones agroécologiques. Le nombre d’œufs pondus par cycle et par poule dans la zone d’étude est en moyenne de 11,52±0,17 œufs, avec la zone sahélienne qui a le nombre moyen d’œufs pondus le plus élevés (12,6±0,32 œufs). La majorité des enquêtés (75,58%) affirme que la période de ponte favorable dans leur exploitation s’étale du début saison des pluies à la fin de la saison sèche froide. L’âge de la réforme des poules dans la zone d’étude est, en moyenne, de 36,82±1,63 mois pour les femelles et de 24,55±1,16 mois chez les mâles avec une forte variabilité existant au niveau surtout des femelles des différentes zones agro-écologiques. L’âge moyen à la réforme des femelles (36,82±1,63 mois) révèle une différence statistiquement significative, à p<0,05, entre les oiseaux de la zone sahélienne et ceux des zones soudanienne et soudano-sahélienne. Pinde et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.46 (2): 8212-8225 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v46-2.6 ABSTRACT This study is a contribution to the establishment of the characteristics and the typology of the farming systems of the local hen in the 3 agro-ecological zones of Burkina Faso. Information was collected on 251 local chicken farmers through a cross-sectional survey in the 3 agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. The results indicate that the rearing of local chicken is practiced mainly by natives (84.91%) and men (70.26%) in an extensive system (63.83%). Respondents are mostly adults (66.38%), are married (92.41%), have received no technical training (45.69%) and practice agriculture as their main activity (67.93%). The smallest local chicken breeders (number less than or equal to 25 heads) are the most numerous (40.56%). Respondents have chicken coops / shelters (76.37%), use feeders (58.65%), drinkers (73%) and mainly distribute cereals to their hens. Avian diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the numbers visited (89.22%), although almost almost all breeders (98.77%) administer sanitary treatments to their hens. The age of sexual maturity in male hens is on average 5.46 ± 0.12 months and 5.49 ± 0.10 months in females, with a statistically different significant for this parameter, at the threshold of p <0.05, between the females of the 3 agro-ecological zones. The number of eggs laid per cycle and per hen in the study area averages 11.52 ± 0.17 eggs, with the Sahelian zone having the highest average number of eggs laid (12.6 ± 0.32 eggs). The majority of respondents (75.58%) say that the favorable spawning period in their exploitation extends from the beginning of the rainy season to the end of the cold dry season. The age of hen reform in the study area is, on average, 36.82 ± 1.63 months for females and 24.55 ± 1.16 months in males with high variability. level especially of females from different agroecological zones. The culling age of females (36.82±1.63 months) reveals a statistically significant difference, at p <0.05, between birds in the Sahelian zone and those in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones.


2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 527-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winifred A. Atiah ◽  
Leonard K. Amekudzi ◽  
Emmanuel Quansah ◽  
Kwasi Preko

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