scholarly journals Emission Control Technologies in Spark Ignition Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Abouemara ◽  
Samer Fikry
Keyword(s):  
Emission Control ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Lean Combustion ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

This paper extensively discusses a review of the latest technologies considered to control emissions in spark-ignition engines in addition to the background and history of the industry. Moreover, the paper discusses in detail the major pollutants affecting the environment negatively, which are Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Particulates. Furthermore, the crankcase emissions, the fuel system, and the exhaust system are discussed which are considered to be the main sources of pollution coming from a conventional spark-ignition engine. Also, the major emission control technologies in spark-ignition engines among numerous methods could be shortlisted in the following factors: modifications in the engine design and operating parameters, treatment of exhaust products of combustion, and modification of the fuels. Each technology has its branches and subcategories. In this paper, mainly the most prominent, up to date, and effective technologies were reviewed and discussed, which are lean combustion, design of a muffler, automatic hot air intake system, engine compression ratio, modification of combustion chamber, modification of the fuels, treatment of exhaust products of combustion, three-way, and four-way catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), total emissions control packages, pre-combustion control; (Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV), and valve gear design. The points covered were related but not limited to the three main categories mentioned above. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations for future work are considered.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

Laminar flame speed correlations for methane, ethane, propane and their mixtures, and natural gas and gasoline for spark-ignition engine simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Amirante ◽  
Elia Distaso ◽  
Paolo Tamburrano ◽  
Rolf D Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Empirical Correlations

The laminar flame speed plays an important role in spark-ignition engines, as well as in many other combustion applications, such as in designing burners and predicting explosions. For this reason, it has been object of extensive research. Analytical correlations that allow it to be calculated have been developed and are used in engine simulations. They are usually preferred to detailed chemical kinetic models for saving computational time. Therefore, an accurate as possible formulation for such expressions is needed for successful simulations. However, many previous empirical correlations have been based on a limited set of experimental measurements, which have been often carried out over a limited range of operating conditions. Thus, it can result in low accuracy and usability. In this study, measurements of laminar flame speeds obtained by several workers are collected, compared and critically analyzed with the aim to develop more accurate empirical correlations for laminar flame speeds as a function of equivalence ratio and unburned mixture temperature and pressure over a wide range of operating conditions, namely [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The purpose is to provide simple and workable expressions for modeling the laminar flame speed of practical fuels used in spark-ignition engines. Pure compounds, such as methane and propane and binary mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, as well as more complex fuels including natural gas and gasoline, are considered. A comparison with available empirical correlations in the literature is also provided.

scholarly journals Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Farhad Salek ◽  
Meisam Babaie ◽  
Amin Shakeri ◽  
Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Hc Emissions

This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.

Comparative assessment of stoichiometric and lean combustion modes in boosted spark-ignition engine fueled with syngas

2021 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 114224
Author(s):  
Hyunwook Park ◽  
Junsun Lee ◽  
Narankhuu Jamsran ◽  
Seungmook Oh ◽  
Changup Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Lean Combustion ◽  
Combustion Modes

Experimental research on pumping losses and combustion performance in an unthrottled spark ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (7) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Sun ◽  
Yingjie Chang ◽  
Zongfa Xie ◽  
Kaiyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Combustion Characteristic ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Intake Valve ◽  
Valve System ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Intake Swirl ◽  
Variable Valve

A novel fully hydraulic variable valve system is described in this paper, which achieves continuous variations in maximum valve lift, valve opening duration, and the timing of valve closing. The load of the unthrottled spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system is controlled by using an early intake valve closing rather than the conventional throttle valve. The experiments were carried out on BJ486EQ spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system. Pumping losses of the throttled and unthrottled spark ignition engines at low-to-medium loads are compared and the reason of it decreasing significantly in the unthrottled spark igntion engine is analyzed. The combustion characteristic parameters, such as cyclic variation, CA50, and heat release rate, were analyzed. The primary reasons for the lower combustion rate in the unthrottled spark ignition engines are discussed. In order to improve the evaporation of fuel and mix with air in an unthrottled spark ignition engine, the in-cylinder swirl is organized with a helical intake valve, which can generate a strong intake swirl at low intake valve lifts. The effects of the intake swirl on combustion performance are investigated. Compared with the throttled spark ignition engine, the brake specific fuel consumption of the improved unthrottled spark ignition engine is reduced by 4.1% to 11.2%.

scholarly journals Operating parameters of a passenger vehicle turbocharged spark ignition engine in conditions of exhaust leakage simulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-467
Author(s):  
Krystian Hennek ◽  
Mariusz Graba
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Excess Air

Paper discussed the influence of exhaust system leakage on the utility parameters and toxic combustion products emission of a turbocharged passenger car spark ignition engine. A comparative analysis of the data gathered in the research carried out using the MAHA MSR 500 single roller chassis dynamometer was conducted, where the exhaust system was sealed and leaking in the area of the wideband oxygen sensor mounting bracket. The presented data refers to among others: the emissions of harmful gasoline oxidation products (HC, CO), the courses of power generated by the engine and the momentary values of excess air ratio. The EUDC driving cycle was used in the research.

A Laminar Burning Velocity Correlation for Hydrogen/Air Mixtures Valid at Spark-Ignition Engine Conditions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Verhelst ◽  
Roger Sierens
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Velocity Correlation

During the development of a quasi-dimensional simulation programme for the combustion of hydrogen in spark-ignition engines, the lack of a suitable laminar flame speed formula for hydrogen/air mixtures became apparent. A literature survey shows that none of the existing correlations covers the entire temperature, pressure and mixture composition range as encountered in spark-ignition engines. Moreover, there is ambiguity concerning the pressure dependence of the laminar burning velocity of hydrogen/air mixtures. Finally, no data exists on the influence of residual gases. This paper looks at several reaction mechanisms found in the literature for the kinetics of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures, after which one is selected that corresponds best with available experimental data. An extensive set of simulations with a one-dimensional chemical kinetics code is performed to calculate the laminar flame speed of hydrogen/air mixtures, in a wide range of mixture compositions and initial pressures and temperatures. The use of a chemical kinetics code permits the calculation of any desired set of conditions and enables the estimation of interactions, e.g. between pressure and temperature effects. Finally, a laminar burning velocity correlation is presented, valid for air-to-fuel equivalence ratios λ between 1 and 3 (fuel-to-air equivalence ratio 0.33 < φ < 1), initial pressures between 1 bar and 16 bar, initial temperatures between 300 K and 800 K and residual gas fractions up to 30 vol%. These conditions are sufficient to cover the entire operating range of hydrogen fuelled spark-ignition engines.

scholarly journals LES study on mixing and combustion in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Nicolas Iafrate ◽  
Anthony Robert ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Michel ◽  
Olivier Colin ◽  
Benedicte Cuenot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Time ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Mixture Preparation ◽  
The Impact

Downsized spark ignition engines coupled with a direct injection strategy are more and more attractive for car manufacturers in order to reduce pollutant emissions and increase efficiency. However, the combustion process may be affected by local heterogeneities caused by the interaction between the spray and turbulence. The aim for car manufacturers of such engine strategy is to create, for mid-to-high speeds and mid-up-high loads, a mixture which is as homogeneous as possible. However, although injection occurs during the intake phase, which favors homogeneous mixing, local heterogeneities of the equivalence ratio are still observed at the ignition time. The analysis of the mixture preparation is difficult to perform experimentally because of limited optical accesses. In this context, numerical simulation, and in particular Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are complementary tools for the understanding and analysis of unsteady phenomena. The paper presents the LES study of the impact of direct injection on the mixture preparation and combustion in a spark ignition engine. Numerical simulations are validated by comparing LES results with experimental data previously obtained at IFPEN. Two main analyses are performed. The first one focuses on the fuel mixing and the second one concerns the effect of the liquid phase on the combustion process. To highlight these phenomena, simulations with and without liquid injection are performed and compared.

scholarly journals Simulation of spark ignition engine performance working on biogas hydrogen mixture

2018 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Donatas Kriaučiūnas ◽  
Saugirdas Pukalskas ◽  
Alfredas Rimkus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Crankshaft Rotation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Engine Crankshaft ◽  
Lower Heating

Numerical simulations of Nissan Qashqai HR16DE engine with increased compression ratio from 10,7:1 to 13,5:1 was carried out using AVL BOOST software. Modelled engine work cycles while engine works with biogas (BG) and hydrogen (H2) mixtures. For biogas used mixture of 35 % carbon dioxide (CO2) and 65 % methane (CH4). Three mixtures of biogas with added 5 %, 10 % and 15 % H2 was made. The simulation of engine work cycles was performed at fully opened throttle and changing engine crankshaft rotation speeds: ne1 = 1500, ne2 = 3000, ne3 = 4500, ne4 = 6000 rpm. Simulation results demonstrated what adding hydrogen to biogas increase in-cylinder temperature and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration because of higher mixtures lower heating values (LHV) and better combustion process. Other emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) decreased while adding hydrogen due to the fact that hydrogen is carbon-free fuel.

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