Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration to Six Months: A Literature Review of Factors and Barriers from 2010 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Thafar S. Al-Safar ◽  
Reem H. Khamis ◽  
Sabah R. H. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
World Health ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Preterm Baby ◽  
Care Givers

Background: In the form of mothers’ talent, the most imperative food for infants is human milk. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by World Health Organization during the first six months of life with well-established benefits to the mother and child.Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a midwifery and physician as health care-givers to prolong breastfeeding.Methods: Studies published between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. An online literature search was carried out between January and July 2020; articles were gathered from Maternity and Infant Care, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Google and Cochrane Database of systematic reviews as well as from references in published research and reviews. The search plan included the following keywords: breastfeeding, exclusive, initiation, factors, preterm, kangaroo care, education, partner, intention, social support, confidence, self-efficacy and extending the duration of paid maternity leave.Results: Adjustable factors and barriers that influence women’s exclusive breastfeeding duration to six months are breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding self-efficacy, maternal age, maternal occupation, parent's educational level, social-economic status, insufficient milk supply, infant health problems, preterm baby, parity, mode of delivery and other related factors.Conclusion: Based on the currently available information, there are many adjustable factors and barriers that are associated with exclusive breastfeeding duration to six months such as the woman’s breast feeding intention, breast feeding self-efficacy and social support.Recommendations: Enlightenment campaign about exclusive breastfeeding benefits should be done to pregnant women. Breastfeeding counseling from midwives and health care givers to pregnant women during antenatal care should be centered on solving problems associated with BF.

scholarly journals The Effect of Interventional Program on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Pregnant Women in Ahvaz, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Ansari ◽  
Parvin Abedi ◽  
Shirin Hasanpoor ◽  
Soheila Bani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control

Objective. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational program on Breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive breastfeeding in pregnant women in Ahvaz, Iran. Methods. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 nulliparous pregnant women who tended to breastfeed. The primary self-efficacy scores of samples were measured using Faux and Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy questionnaire. Women were randomly recruited into two intervention and control groups. Educational program (two training sessions, each lasted two hours) with two days interval was performed for intervention group. One month after delivery, self-efficacy scores were determined. Six months after child birth, duration of exclusive breastfeeding was assessed. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings. The breastfeeding self-efficacy in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the control group one month after delivery (123.6 versus 101.7, P<0.001). The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly higher in the intervention group (5.03 mo versus 2.7 mo, P<0.001). Also, there was a significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (P<0.001). Conclusion. The educational program could increase the self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding duration of mothers. These results can draw the attention of authorities to the importance of educational programs for mothers regarding the exclusive breastfeeding.

scholarly journals Breast Feeding versus Formula Feeding and Diarrheal Diseases in Infants and Children- A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUH Begum
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
In Infants And Children

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) emphasize the value of breastfeeding for mothers as well as children. Both recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Human breast milk is the healthiest form of milk for babies. Breastfeeding promotes health and helps to prevent diseases including diarrheal diseases. It contains all nutrients including antibodies (IgA),and lactoferrin, that potentially prevent infection and diarrhea in infants and children. Studies conducted in both developed and under developed nations have found that breast feeding is associated with significantly ( upto 64%) less diarrheal disease and the protective effect of breast feeding does not persist beyond two months after breast feeding is stopped. On the other hand, formula fed infants are found an upto 80% increased in the risk of developing diarrhea compared to breast fed infants and there is significantly more diarrheal disease in formula fed infants. Infection may be attributable to contamination of bottles, teats, milk, and food in infants who are not exclusively breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and there after complementary feedings while breastfeeding continues for up to two years of age or beyond, enthusiastic support and involvement from clinicians, obstetricians and pediatricians, are essential in “breastfeeding vs formula feeding” issue and to reduce incidence of diarrheal diseases in infants and children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v32i1.21033 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 26-30

scholarly journals Effect of "Motivational Interviewing" and "Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills” on Choosing Mode of Delivery in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboubeh Shirzad ◽  
Elham Shakibazadeh ◽  
Abbas Rahimi Foroushani ◽  
Mehrandokht Abedini ◽  
Hamid Poursharifi
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Brief Interventions ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Face To Face

Abstract Background: Cesarean section is an important surgical procedure to save mothers and/or babies’ lives. Current trends show that the rate of Cesarean section is increasing dramatically over the years. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of "motivational interviewing" and "information, motivation and behavioral skills” model on choosing mode of delivery among pregnant women.Methods: In a four-armed, parallel-design randomized controlled trial, 120 women were randomly assigned to three brief interventions and one control groups. We recruited pregnant women referring to Ebnesina hospital, Tehran- Iran from 2019-2020. The intervention groups included: 1) motivational interviewing; 2) face-to-face information, motivation and behavioural skills model; and 3) information, motivation and behavioural skills model provided using a mobile application. The inclusion criteria were being literate, gestational age 24 to 32 weeks, being able to speak Persian, having no complications in the current pregnancy, having no indications for CS, and having enough time to participate in the study. The most important outcomes of the study included women’s intentions to undergo any mode of delivery, women’s self-efficacy in choosing the mode of delivery, and mode of delivery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and standard deviation), inferential statistics including independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-squared and One-way ANOVA tests and logistic regression.Results: Following the interventions, significant differences were found in the mode of delivery (P < 0.05) and women’s self-efficacy and intention (P < 0.05). Women who had used the mobile application had more improvements in the self-efficacy and intention than the face-to-face intervention groups.Conclusions: Our study showed positive significant effects of various types of brief interventions to reduce unnecessary Cesarean section rate among the participant women. Providing the intervention using mobile application showed even better results. Our findings may contribute to a rise in normal vaginal delivery; and these simple, non-expensive, tailored to women, and culture-oriented brief interventions can be considered as appropriate strategies to reduce Cesarean section rate in local, national, and/or regional levels.Trial registration: This study has been registered in Iran Randomized Clinical Trial Center (IRCT20151208025431N7). Registered October 07, 2018.

scholarly journals Changes in pregnancy outcomes during the COVID-19 lockdown in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Ranjbar ◽  
Leila Allahqoli ◽  
Soheila Ahmadi ◽  
Robab Mousavi ◽  
Maryam Gharacheh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background The Covid-19 pandemic response is influencing maternal and neonatal health care services especially in developing countries. However, the indirect effects of Covid-19 on pregnancy outcomes remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare pregnancy outcomes before and after the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in Iran. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 2,503 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies, admitted to the maternity department of a women’s hospital in Tehran, Iran, during the pre-Covid-19 pandemic (February 19 to April 19, 2019) and the intra-Covid- 19 pandemic (February 19 to April 19, 2020) period. Results We included 2,503 women admitted to the hospital; 1,287 (51.4 %) were admitted before the Covid-19 lockdown and 1,216 (48.6 %) during the Covid-19 lockdown. There were no significant differences in stillbirth rates (p = 0.584) or pregnancy complications (including preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes) (p = 0.115) between pregnant women in the pre- and intra-pandemic periods. However, decreases in preterm births (p = 0.001), and low birth weight (p = 0.005) were observed in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. No significant difference in the mode of delivery, and no maternal deaths were observed during the two time periods. Conclusions In our study we observed a decrease in preterm births and low birth weight, no change in stillbirths, and a rise in the admission rates of mothers to the ICU during the initial Covid-19 lockdown period compared to pre-Covid-19 lockdown period. Further research will be needed to devise plan for immediate post-pandemic care and future health care crises.

scholarly journals Factors for late initiation of antenatal care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saidi Mgata ◽  
Stephen Oswald Maluka
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Health System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Care Workers

Abstract Background Antenatal care (ANC) provided by a trained health care provider is important for monitoring pregnancy thereby reducing potential risks for the mother and child during pregnancy and delivery. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least four ANC visits to all pregnant women. While the proportion of women who attend at least one ANC in low-income countries is high, most pregnant women start their first ANC attendance very late. In Tanzania only 24% of pregnant women start their first ANC attendance before the fourth month of pregnancy. While factors for the utilization of antenatal care in general have been widely studied, there is paucity of studies on the factors affecting timing of the first ANC attendance. This study aimed to understand individual, community, and health system factors that lead to the delay in seeking ANC services among pregnant women in Ilala Municipal in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Methods A qualitative exploratory study, using in-depth interviews with 20 pregnant women and five health care workers was conducted in three different health facilities in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. Results Individual perceptions of antenatal care, past experience with pregnancy, fear of pregnancy disclosure, and socio-cultural beliefs were the key individual and social factors for late ANC attendance. Shortage of trained health care workers, lack of spouse’s escort and health providers’ disrespect to pregnant women were the main health system barriers to early ANC attendance. Conclusions This study concludes that community members should be sensitized about the importance of early ANC attendance. Additionally, while spouse’s escort policy is important for promoting PMTCT, the interpretation of the policy should not solely be left to the health providers. District and regional health officials should provide correct interpretation of this policy.

scholarly journals Quality of Life, Social Support, Acceptance of Illness, and Self-Efficacy among Pregnant Women with Hyperglycemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwanowicz-Palus ◽  
Zarajczyk ◽  
Pięta ◽  
Bień
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Health Organization Quality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acceptance Of Illness

Carbohydrate metabolism disorders resulting in hyperglycemia are among the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy. According to 2017 data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 16.2% of pregnancies are complicated with hyperglycemia, of which gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) accounts for 86.4% of cases. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders developing during pregnancy require the patient to change her lifestyle or, in some cases, to undergo pharmaceutical treatment, which may affect various aspects of the patient’s life, including her perceived quality of life (QoL). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate levels of QoL, social support, acceptance of illness, and self-efficacy among pregnant patients with hyperglycemia. The study was performed between July 2016 and September 2017 in a group of hyperglycemic pregnant women. The following instruments were used: the World Health Organization Quality of Life—BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and a standardized interview questionnaire. Participants rated their overall QoL (3.64 points) higher than their overall perceived health (3.43). In terms of social support, the highest scores were obtained in terms of actually received support (3.53) and perceived available instrumental support (3.52), while the lowest in terms of support seeking (2.99) and the need for support (2.95). The mean acceptance of illness score among the hyperglycemic pregnant women that were studied was 31.37, and the mean generalized self-efficacy score was 31.58. Participants’ reported QoL in the various WHOQOL-BREF domains was associated with specific social support scales, acceptance of illness, and generalized self-efficacy.

scholarly journals Manajemen Laktasi Ibu Rumah Tangga Pada Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Febriana Widyasari Dewi ◽  
FX. Ady Soesetijo ◽  
Farida Wahyu Ningtyias
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Low Rate

The development of infant is affected by several factors, particularly providing exclusive breast feeding by the maternal, in which the exclusive breastfeeding contains complete nutrients that is needed by infant. However, the low rate of providing exclusive breast feeding in community may remain a challenge. A good lactation management takes important role in successful rate of exclusive breastfeeding. The lactation management can be defined as a either management or procedure performed by mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding phase in order to facilitate breastfeeding activity. The lactation management itself is expected to support providing exclusive breastfeeding at least six months, in which the lactation management is necessary for both career-mother and housewife. The objective of this study was to assess the lactation management among housewife during breastfeeding activity. This was descriptive study by using quantitative approach, where the study design is case control. The location of this study is in work area of Primary Health Care of Sumbersari, Jember. This study found that lactation management is essential factor that affects breastfeeding activity among housewife. Keyword: Exclusive Breast Feeding, Lactation Management, Housewife

scholarly journals Improving pregnancy care during the COVID-19 pandemic for pregnant women as vulnerable groups through assistance at the primary health care facility

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Muhamad Jauhar ◽  
Kurniati Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Pregnancy Care ◽  
Primary Health

Since it was found in December 2019, the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread from Wuhan, China, to many other countries. A rapid increase of newly found cases was observed, and finally, in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared that Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. As one of the vulnerable groups, pregnant women need to avoid COVID-19 transmission and maintain pregnancy health during the pandemic. This study aimed to improve pregnant women's self-management during the COVID-19 pandemic in the working area of the Padangsari Primary Health Care Services, Semarang City. The research method used an experimental design with a pre-posttest without a control group. A Smartphone application, namely "SEHARI," was used to share the module and video about pregnancy health guidelines; furthermore, various activities of this study included online classes for pregnant women via a WhatsApp group, pregnancy care behavior surveys, and evaluations. The offline activity was done in 1 meeting for 90-120 minutes, while online activities were done as needed. This study's target population was 22 pregnant women in  Puskesmas Padangsari Semarang City's working area selected by purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used that measures mother's behavior while engaging in pregnancy care and pregnancy examination screening. The validity and reliability tests showed that the instrument was valid and reliable to improve self-management of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in the working area. Bivariate data analysis of the independent variable's effect on the dependent variables used paired and independent t-tests to measure the self-management of pregnant women. The results showed that 50% of pregnant women fulfilled nutritional needs well, 59.1% of pregnant women did tetanus immunization, and 59.1% did pregnancy examinations and visits. Despite being a vulnerable group, pregnant women must continue their antenatal care during the pandemic with a strict health protocol. Specially designed online classes and Smartphone application can be used as media to deliver the essential health meassages so that pregnant women can still monitor their pregnancy health and have a way to bridge the existing programs in primary health care.

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