scholarly journals Current State of Pineries in Zhytomyr Polissia Under the Influence of Environmental Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Vira Moroz ◽  
Yurii Nykytiuk
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Diprion Pini ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Considerable Damage

Recently, there has been a massive drying of conifers all over the world. In North America and Siberia, there are millions of hectares of shrunken plantings; in Europe, pines and firs have been drying up over the past two decades. Furthermore, considerable damage is caused to woody plants by phyto-pest and phyto-diseases, since mass reproduction of Ips typographus Linnaeus, Ips acuminatus Gyllenhal has been observed in Europe in recent years, Dendroctonus micans Kud – in North America, Polygraphus proximus Blandford – in East Asia. Nematodes also cause significant damage to pine forests. Among phyto-diseases, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. harmfully affects Pinus sylvestris L. The appearance of foci of shrunken trees in different parts of the globe indicates the global nature of processes associated with cyclical planetary processes and climate change. This study describes climate changes in the research region for 1961-2020. According to the analysis, it was found that for 2009-2020, considerable damage to pine plantations in Zhytomyr Polissia is caused among needle-eating insects – Panolis flammea Denis & Schiffermuller, Diprion pini L., Neodiprion sertifer Geoffroy; among other pests – Aradus cinnamomeus Panz, Dendrolimus pini L., Bupalus piniarius L. The greatest harmful effect that pineries have recently sustained has been caused by Diprion pini L. It was also found out that among phyto-diseases suffered by the pine forests, significant damage has been done by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., with the damaged area of 13.0-14.2 thousand hectares. Hydrothermal analysis was performed for 2009-2020. The influence of solar activity on the number of phyto-pest and diseases is analysed. This paper provides the estimate of the amount of CO2 emissions is given for 2009-2020. It was found that since 2014, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions has decreased from 1.5 million tonnes to 0.6 million tonnes. Correlation analysis of all indicators indicated a high mutual influence between the area of trees damaged by insect pest, root sponge, the Wolf number, and CO2 emissions to the environment. Mathematical dependences are obtained to predict the influence of the W number on damage to pineries by forest pests and diseases in the conditions of Zhytomyr Polissia

scholarly journals Сurrent condition of pine plantations of Kyiv Polisya under the influence of environmental factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
V. V. Moroz ◽  
Yu. A. Nykytyuk
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Damage

The article describes the climate change in the study region for the period 1968-2020. It was specified that over the past fifty-nine years there has been an increase in average annual air temperature by 2,5°C, a decrease in relative humidity by 6,0% and average annual rainfall by 5 mm. According to the analysis, it was determined that during the period 2009-2020 significant damage to pine plantations of Kyiv Polissya is caused by the pests like common pine sawfly (Diprion pini L.), pine bark beetle (Aradus cinnamomeus Panz), pine silkworm (Dendrolimus pini L.), pine weevil (Leucaspis pusilla Loew), and pine star weaver (Acantholyda nemoralis Matsumura). Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. has also caused a significant damage to pine forests over the past eleven years; the damaged area is of ​​12,8-15,9 thousand hectares. According to the hydrothermal analysis of the study area, it was determined that 2009 and 2015 were characterized as years of medium drought; 2010, 2016, 2017, 2020 were the years of low drought; 2011–2014, 2018, 2019 were the years of sufficient moisture supply. The analysis of the number W influence found that in the years of increased solar activity the number of phytopests increases, while in the years of minimal solar activity it decreases. Based on the statistical indicators, the analysis of CO2 emissions into the environment for the period 2009-2020 and it was found that since 2012 the amount of carbon dioxide emissions has decreased from 10,2 million tons to 3.7 million tons. Correlation analysis of all indicators showed the interaction between the area of ​​damaged trees by insect pests and the Wolf number, CO2 emissions into the environment, average annual precipitation amounts and hydrothermal moisture coefficient of Selyaninov G.T. There is also a correlation between the area of ​​damaged plantations by pine fungus and the average annual air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Traditional Nutrient-Rich Cambodian Diet Food Production System Using Life Cycle Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3660
Author(s):  
Rathna Hor ◽  
Phanna Ly ◽  
Agusta Samodra Putra ◽  
Riaru Ishizaki ◽  
Tofael Ahamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Production System ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Food Production System

Traditional Cambodian food has higher nutrient balances and is environmentally sustainable compared to conventional diets. However, there is a lack of knowledge and evidence on nutrient intake and the environmental greenness of traditional food at different age distributions. The relationship between nutritional intake and environmental impact can be evaluated using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from agricultural production based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The objective of this study was to estimate the CO2 equivalent (eq) emissions from the traditional Cambodian diet using LCA, starting at each agricultural production phase. A one-year food consumption scenario with the traditional diet was established. Five breakfast (BF1–5) and seven lunch and dinner (LD1–7) food sets were consumed at the same rate and compared using LCA. The results showed that BF1 and LD2 had the lowest and highest emissions (0.3 Mt CO2 eq/yr and 1.2 Mt CO2 eq/yr, respectively). The food calories, minerals, and vitamins met the recommended dietary allowance. The country’s existing food production system generates CO2 emissions of 9.7 Mt CO2 eq/yr, with the proposed system reducing these by 28.9% to 6.9 Mt CO2 eq/yr. The change in each food item could decrease emissions depending on the type and quantity of the food set, especially meat and milk consumption.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar Deshmukh ◽  
Frédéric Guérin ◽  
Axay Vongkhamsao ◽  
Sylvie Pighini ◽  
Phetdala Oudone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Flat Bottom ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Reservoir Drawdown ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Soil Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Actual Contribution

Abstract. Freshwater reservoirs are a significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere. CO2 is known to be emitted at the reservoir surface by diffusion at the air-water interface and downstream of dams or powerhouses by degassing and along the river course. In this study, we quantified total CO2 emissions from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir in the Mekong River watershed. The study started in May 2009, less than a year after flooding and just a few months after the maximum level was first reached and lasted until end of 2013. We tested the hypothesis that soils from the drawdown area would be a significant contributor to the total CO2 emissions. Total inorganic carbon, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and CO2 concentrations were measured in four rivers of the Nam Theun watershed at nine stations in the reservoir (vertical profiles) and at 16 stations downstream of the monomictic reservoir on a weekly to monthly basis. CO2 bubbling was estimated during five field campaigns between 2009 and 2011 and on a weekly monitoring, covering water depths ranging from 0.4 to 16 m and various types of flooded ecosystems in 2012–2013. Three field campaigns in 2010, 2011 and 2013 were dedicated to the soils description in 21 plots and the quantification of soil CO2 emissions from the drawdown area. On this basis, we calculated total CO2 emissions from the reservoir and carbon inputs from the tributaries. We confirm the importance of the flooded stock of organic matter as a source of C fuelling emissions and we show that the drawdown area contributes, depending on the year, from 50 % to 75 % of total annual gross emissions in this flat and shallow reservoir. This overlooked pathway in terms of gross emissions would require an in-depth evaluation for the soil OM and vegetation dynamics to evaluate the actual contribution of this area in terms of net modification of gas exchange in the footprint of the reservoir, and how it could evolve in the future.

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon accumulation and carbon dioxide emissions during a 6-year study in irrigated continuous maize under two tillage systems in semiarid Mediterranean conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e1102
Author(s):  
Maroua Dachraoui ◽  
Aurora Sombrero
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact

Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) systems on the soil organic carbon (SOC) changes, CO2 emissions and their relation with soil temperature and grain yield in a monoculture of irrigated maize during six years.Area of study: In Zamadueñas experimental field in the Spanish province of Valladolid, from 2011 to 2017.Material and methods: The SOC content was determined by collecting soil samples up to 30 cm in November at two years interval. Short-term CO2 emissions were measured simultaneously with soil temperature using a respiration chamber and a hand-held probe immediately before, after every tillage operation and during the maize cycle.Main results: The SOC stock of the top 30 cm soil layers was 13% greater under NT than CT. Short-term CO2 emissions were significantly higher under CT ranging from 0.8 to 3.4 g CO2 m-2 h-1 immediately after tillage while under NT system, soil CO2 fluxes were low and stable during this study period. During the first 48 h following tillage, cumulative CO2 emissions ranged from 0.6 to 2.4 Mg CO2 ha-1 and from 0.2 to 0.3 Mg CO2 ha-1 under CT and NT systems, respectively. Soil temperature did not show significant correlation with CO2 emissions; however, it depended mostly on the time of measurement.Research highlights: No tillage increased the SOC accumulation in the topsoil layer, reduced CO2 emissions without decreasing maize grain yield and minimized the impact on climate change compared to CT system.

scholarly journals The travel-related carbon dioxide emissions of atmospheric researchers

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 7373-7389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Most atmospheric scientists agree that greenhouse gas emissions have already caused significant changes to the global climate system and that these changes will accelerate in the near future. At the same time, atmospheric scientists who – like other scientists – rely on international collaboration and information exchange travel a lot and, thereby, cause substantial emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). In this paper, the CO2 emissions of the employees working at an atmospheric research institute (the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU) caused by all types of business travel (conference visits, workshops, field campaigns, instrument maintainance, etc.) were calculated for the years 2005–2007. It is estimated that more than 90% of the emissions were caused by air travel, 3% by ground travel and 5% by hotel usage. The travel-related annual emissions were between 1.9 and 2.4 t CO2 per employee or between 3.9 and 5.5 t CO2 per scientist. For comparison, the total annual per capita CO2 emissions are 4.5 t worldwide, 1.2 t for India, 3.8 t for China, 5.9 t for Sweden and 19.1 t for Norway. The travel-related CO2 emissions of a NILU scientist, occurring in 24 days of a year on average, exceed the global average annual per capita emission. Norway's per-capita CO2 emissions are among the highest in the world, mostly because of the emissions from the oil industry. If the emissions per NILU scientist derived in this paper are taken as representative for the average Norwegian researcher, travel by Norwegian scientists would nevertheless account for a substantial 0.2% of Norway's total CO2 emissions. Since most of the travel-related emissions are due to air travel, water vapor emissions, ozone production and contrail formation further increase the relative importance of NILU's travel in terms of radiative forcing.

Social Impacts Due to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions. Evidence From Sub-Sahara African Countries (SSA) Compared to Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Baptiste Aboyitungiye ◽  
Suryanto Suryanto ◽  
Evi Gravitiani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

Abstract The recent climatic phenomena observed in developing countries since the 2000s have raised concerns, fears, and debates within the international community and economists. Human activities are largely responsible for atmospheric warming through their emissions of CO2 and polluting substances with dramatic consequences and numerous losses of human life in some countries. Using panel data covering the 2000-2016 period, this study investigated the social vulnerability due to the CO2 emissions through an empirical study of CO2’s determinants in selected countries of sub-Sahara African and Southeast Asian countries. The STIRPAT model gave out the result that; explanatories causes of carbon dioxide emissions are different in the two regions: the agriculture-forestry and fishing value-added, and human development index have a strong explanatory power on CO2 emissions in the ASEAN countries, the per-capita domestic product has a positive and significant influence on carbon emissions in the SSA countries, ceteris paribus, but was statistically insignificant in the ASEAN countries. The growing population decreases carbon emissions in the SSA selected countries while is not statically significant in the ASEAN countries. There is therefore a kind of double penalty: those who suffer, and will suffer the most from the impacts of climate change due to CO2 emissions, are those who contribute the least to the problem. These results provide insight into future strategies for the mitigation of climatic hazards already present in some places and potential for others which will be felt on different scales across the regions. Some of the inevitable redistributive effects of those risks can be corrected by providing financial support to the poorest populations hardest hit by natural disasters.

Dipteran Pests: Families Tipulidae and Chloropidae

2020 ◽  
pp. 299-316
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Vittum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Limited Distribution ◽  
Crane Flies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Athletic Fields ◽  
The Common ◽  
Considerable Damage

This chapter describes two invasive crane fly species which are pests of turfgrass, particularly in the northwestern and northeastern United States, as well as southern British Columbia and the metropolitan Toronto area in Canada. The European crane fly and the common or marsh crane fly, order Diptera, family Tipulidae, subfamily Tipulinae, have elongated maxillary palpi that distinguish members of this subfamily from other subfamilies. Larvae of invasive crane flies are sometimes called leatherjackets, in part because the pupae are leathery in appearance. Invasive crane flies have a relatively limited distribution in North America, but can cause considerable damage on golf courses, lawns, athletic fields, and sod farms, as well as forage fields and hayfields. The chapter also looks at the frit fly, which belongs to the family Chloropidae.

scholarly journals The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7965
Author(s):  
Oluyomi A. Osobajo ◽  
Afolabi Otitoju ◽  
Martha Ajibola Otitoju ◽  
Adekunle Oke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
The Impact

This study explored the effect of energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions. The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions was assessed using regression analysis (the pooled OLS regression and fixed effects methods), Granger causality and panel cointegration tests. Data from 70 countries between 1994–2013 were analysed. The result of the Granger causality tests revealed that the study variables (population, capital stock and economic growth) have a bi-directional causal relationship with CO2 emissions, while energy consumption has a uni-directional relationship. Likewise, the outcome of the cointegration tests established that a long-run relationship exists among the study variables (energy consumption and economic growth) with CO2 emissions. However, the pooled OLS and fixed methods both showed that energy consumption and economic growth have a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions. Hence, this study supports the need for a global transition to a low carbon economy primarily through climate finance, which refers to local, national, or transnational financing, that may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing. This will help foster large-scale investments in clean energy, that are required to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Chien-Ho Wang ◽  
Ming-Hui Ko ◽  
Wan-Jiun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rolling Regression ◽  
The Impact

The current study illustrated the time variance of turning points in the relationship between carbon emissions and income to resolve heated debate on the different responsibility to climate change with 1950–2010 data of five development diversity countries—three developed countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and one developing country (India) and one newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). The article also examines the impact of the crisis on emission. The time-varying patterns in the turning points on environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) were observed by a rolling regression technique with 1950–2010 data regarding the per capita CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion and the incomes of the countries. Several empirical findings were revealed from this analysis. Per capita CO2 emissions commonly decreased with varying magnitudes in the five countries over time. The EKC hypothesis regarding the CO2 emissions is affirmed again in this study. The announcement effects associated with the Kyoto Protocol was evidenced. As indicated by the occurring GDP of the turning point, there is a strong reduction trend in the income level of the turning points right before the years of Kyoto Protocol; and this decreasing trend nearly ended as the Kyoto protocol approached its end, except in Germany, where the occurring income of the turning points continued to have a decreasing trend. Although the global financial crisis had its effects in the world, the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions vary across countries.

scholarly journals Response of carbon dioxide emissions to sheep grazing and N application in an alpine grassland – Part 1: Effect of sheep grazing

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1743-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. M. Gong ◽  
A. Mohammat ◽  
X. J. Liu ◽  
K. H. Li ◽  
P. Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Heterotrophic Respiration ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Alpine Grasslands ◽  
Soil Co2 Flux ◽  
Grazing Exclusion

Abstract. Previous work has failed to address fully the response of (autotrophic and heterotrophic) respiration to grazing in different ecosystems, particularly in alpine grasslands outside the growing season. From 2010 to 2011 a field experiment combined two methods (static closed chambers and a closed dynamic soil CO2 flux system) in alpine grasslands located in the Tianshan Mountains. We examined the effects of grazing regime on ecosystem respiration (Re) both outside (NGS) and during (GS) the growing season and determined the pattern of Re in relation to climate change. There was no significant change in CO2 emissions under grazing. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) accounted for 78.5% of Re with short-term grazing exclusion and 93.2% of Re with long-term grazing exclusion. Re, Rh and autotrophic respiration (Ra) fluxes outside the growing season were equivalent to 12.9%, 14.1% and 11.4% of the respective CO2 fluxes during the growing season. In addition, our results indicate that soil water content played a critical role in Ra in the cold and arid environment. Both Rh and Re were sensitive to soil temperature. Moreover, our results suggest that grazing exerted no significant effect on CO2 emissions in these alpine grasslands.

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