Smart Irrigation System Using Internet of Things

Irrigation forms one of the mainstays of agriculture and food production. As a result of outdated strategies in developing and developing countries, much water is wasted in this process. In this article, we have established a regulatory model of irrigation management to put a check on this waste of water by providing a good irrigation system for farming. The prototype Smart Automatic Irrigation Controller (SAIC) has two operating units, viz. Wireless Sensor Unit and Wireless Information Processing Unit . The purpose of the sensor unit is to measure climate and soil conditions and to calculate the actual water loss due to evapotranspiration. Processing unit considers this calculation and performs the regulatory action required to control workers by delivering the right amount of water to the farm. A combination of basic rules is included in the decision-making table. The model is initially developed and validated in the process of testing the effectiveness. The results obtained showed the potential to compensate for water loss by almost 100%. The regulator experienced a 27% reduction in water use and a 40% increase in crop yields. The prototype is connected to a cloud server for data storage and remote access to control. The device is efficient, inexpensive, and usable so that end users can use it easily and comfortably. The model is new and unique in the sense that it can plan irrigation for all types of crops, in all climatic conditions of all soil types while feeding the right combination of soil growth stage in the inference engine.

Download Full-text

Impacts of Legal and Institutional Changes on Irrigation Management Performance: A Case of the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan

Water ◽

10.3390/w10111579 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1579 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ahmed Elshaikh ◽

Shi-hong Yang ◽

Xiyun Jiao ◽

Mohammed Elbashier

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Supply ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Institutional Arrangements ◽

Institutional Changes ◽

Management Performance ◽

Water Users ◽

Water Surplus ◽

The Right

This study aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of policies and institutional arrangements on irrigation management performance. The case study, the Gezira Scheme, has witnessed a significant decrease in water management performance during recent decades. This situation led to several institutional changes in order to put the system on the right path. The main organizations involved in water management at the scheme are the Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources (MOIWR), the Sudan Gezira Board (SGB), and the Water Users Associations (WUAs). Different combinations from these organizations were founded to manage the irrigation system. The evaluation of these organizations is based on the data of water supply and cultivated areas from 1970 to 2015. The measured data were compared with two methods: the empirical water order method (Indent) that considers the design criteria of the scheme, and the Crop Water Requirement (CWR) method. Results show that the MOIWR period was the most efficient era, with an average water surplus of 12% compared with the Indent value, while the most critical period (SGB & WUAs) occurred when the water supply increased by 80%. The other periods of the Irrigation Water Corporation (IWC), (SGB & MOIWR), and (WUAs & MOIWR) had witnessed an increase in water supply by 29%, 63%, and 67% respectively. Through these institutional changes, the percentage of excessive water supply jumped from 12% to 80%. Finally, the study provides general recommendations associated with institutional arrangements and policy adoption to improve irrigation system performance.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF RAINFED AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AS AN APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN NORTHWESTERN COAST (NWC), EGYPT

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13532 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 190-203

Author(s):

Omnia Mohamed Wassif ◽

Keyword(s):

Soil Quality ◽

Management Practices ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Class I ◽

Rainfed Agriculture ◽

Soil Quality Index ◽

Supplemental Irrigation

Sustainable development can be possible in rainfed agriculture by integrated approach of soil management measures. Soil quality in the form of a quantitative index is used as an indicator of environmental quality and sustainability. Twelve farms selected to achieve the targets of the present investigation (six farms under traditional rainfed agriculture system and six farms under rainfed with supplemental irrigation) at Northwestern Coastal Zone (NWCZ). These farms varied in land use and management practices concerning fertilization practices, tillage system, crop type and cultivated period. This study selected some soil indicators vis-Ã -vis soil physicochemical properties of the selected farms of studied areas at NWCZ. The rating of soil quality index (SQI) and relative of soil quality (RSQI) values in this study were higher towards to rainfed agriculture with supplement irrigation farms than in traditional rainfed farms. In addition, most of the values of soil quality change (âˆ†RSQI) were moderately increase (class II) and most of these farms were under traditional rainfed management. The results of cumulative rating index CRI showed a negative correlation and significant relationship with RSQI (R2=0.82, p<0.05). concerning the impacts of soil quality on productivity, the relationship between relative yield (Ry %) and RSQI was positive significant correlation (R2=0.78, p<0.05). Also, CRI showed negative significant correlation with Ry% (R2=0.81, p<0.05). Moreover, the highly soil quality class I, highly sustainability, low changes in soil quality and highly crop yield observed was in the farms under rainfed with supplemental irrigation system and good fertilization practices (NPK+organic manure). So, this study recommended to expansion rainfed with supplemental irrigation management system and add suitable dose of NPK application with manure along scientific lines to encourage crop yields that can be achieved on a sustainable basis, but it need a long time to reach class I quality and highly sustainable status.

Download Full-text

Managing Landscape Irrigation to Avoid Soil and Nutrient Losses

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ss586-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 (11) ◽

Author(s):

George Hochmuth ◽

Laurie Trenholm ◽

Don Rainey ◽

Esen Momol ◽

Claire Lewis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

Management Practices ◽

Root Zone ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Nutrient Losses ◽

County Agents ◽

The Right ◽

Soil And Water

Proper irrigation management is critical to conserve and protect water resources and to properly manage nutrients in the home landscape. How lawns and landscapes are irrigated directly impacts the natural environment, so landscape maintenance professionals and homeowners must adopt environmentally-friendly approaches to irrigation management. After selecting the right plant for the right place, water is the next critical factor to establish and maintain a healthy lawn and landscape. Fertilization is another important component of lawn and landscape maintenance, and irrigation must be applied correctly, especially following fertilization, to minimize potential nutrient losses. This publication supplements other UF/IFAS Extension publications that also include information on the role of soil and the root zone in irrigation management. This publication is designed to help UF/IFAS Extension county agents prepare materials to directly address nutrient losses from lawns and landscapes caused by inadequate irrigation management practices. This 6-page fact sheet was written by George Hochmuth, Laurie Trenholm, Don Rainey, Esen Momol, Claire Lewis, and Brian Niemann, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, October 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss586

Download Full-text

Uphoff Norman, Priti Ramamurthy, and Roy Steiner. Managing Irrigation: Analysing and Improving the Performance of Bureaucracies. New Delhi/Newbury Park/London: Sage Publications. 1991. Hardbound. Price not given.

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v32i2pp.226-228 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 226-228

Author(s):

Zakir Hussain

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Performance Criterion ◽

New Delhi ◽

Irrigation Performance ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Wide Range ◽

Resource Mobilisation ◽

Management Issues

The book; under review provides a valuable account of the issues and factors in managing the irrigation system, and presents a lucid and thorough discussion on the performance of the irrigation bureaucracies. It comprises two parts: the first outlines the factors affecting irrigation performance under a wide range of topics in the first five chapters. In Chapter One, the authors have attempted to assess the performance of the irrigation bureaucracies, conceptualise irrigation management issues, and build an empirical base for analysis while drawing upon the experience of ten country cases in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The Second Chapter focuses on the variations in the management structures identified and the types of irrigation systems; and it defines the variables of the management structures. The activities and objectives of irrigation management are discussed in Chapter Three. The objectives include: greater production and productivity of irrigation projects; improved water distribution; reduction in conflicts; greater resource mobilisation and a sustained system performance. The authors also highlight the performance criterion in this chapter. They identify about six contextual factors which affect the objectives and the performance of irrigation, which are discussed in detail in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, some organisational variables, which would lead to improvements in irrigation, are examined.

Download Full-text

Accelerating Agricultural Growth—Is Irrigation Institutional Reform Necessary? (Distinguishedl Lecture)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v35i4ipp.399-417 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 35 (4I) ◽

pp. 399-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John W. Mellor

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Institutional Reform ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Agricultural Growth ◽

The Past ◽

Major Reform ◽

History Of ◽

The Right ◽

Economic Growth Rates

The right to the flow of income from water is vigorously pursued, protected, and fought over in any arid part of the world. Pakistan is of course no exception. Reform of irrigation institutions necessarily changes the rights to water, whether it be those of farmers, government, or government functionaries. Those perceived rights may be explicit and broadly accepted, or simply takings that are not even considered legitimate. Nevertheless they will be fought over. Pakistan has a long history of proposals for irrigation reform, little or none being implemented, except as isolated pilot projects. Thus, to propose major changes in irrigation institutions must be clearly shown to have major benefits to justify the hard battles that must be fought and the goodwill of those who might win those battles for reform. Proponents of irrigation institution reform have always argued the necessity of the reforms and the large gains to be achieved. Perhaps, however, those arguments have not been convincing. This paper will briefly outline the failed attempts at irrigation reform to provide an element of reality to the discussion. It will then proceed to make the case of the urgency of reform in a somewhat different manner to the past. Finally, current major reform proposals will be presented. This paper approaches justification of irrigation reform by focusing on the agricultural growth rate. It does so because that is the critical variable influencing poverty rates and is a significant determinant of over-all economic growth rates. The paper decomposes growth rates and suggests a residual effect of deterioration of the irrigation system that is large and calls for policy and institutional reform. The data are notional, suggesting the usefulness of the approach and paves the way for more detailed empirical analysis and enquiry for the future.

Download Full-text

Perangkat keras komputer

10.31219/osf.io/27n4w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roudati jannah

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

Central Processing Unit ◽

External Memory ◽

Storage Device ◽

Input Device ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Central Processing ◽

Output Device

Perangkat keras komputer adalah bagian dari sistem komputer sebagai perangkat yang dapat diraba, dilihat secara fisik, dan bertindak untuk menjalankan instruksi dari perangkat lunak (software). Perangkat keras komputer juga disebut dengan hardware. Hardware berperan secara menyeluruh terhadap kinerja suatu sistem komputer. Prinsipnya sistem komputer selalu memiliki perangkat keras masukan (input/input device system) – perangkat keras premprosesan (processing/central processing unit) – perangkat keras luaran (output/output device system) – perangkat tambahan yang sifatnya opsional (peripheral) dan tempat penyimpanan data (storage device system/external memory).

Download Full-text

Perangkat lunak komputer

10.31219/osf.io/cwgs4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Intan khadijah simatupang

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

Central Processing Unit ◽

External Memory ◽

Storage Device ◽

Input Device ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Central Processing ◽

Output Device

Komputer adalah serangkaian mesin elektronik yang terdiri dari jutaan komponen yang dapat saling bekerja sama, serta membentuk sebuah sistem kerja yang rapi dan teliti. Sistem ini kemudian digunakan untuk dapat melaksanakan pekerjaan secara otomatis, berdasarkan instruksi (program) yang diberikan kepadanya. Istilah Hardware computer atau perangkat keras komputer, merupakan benda yang secara fisik dapat dipegang, dipindahkan dan dilihat. Software komputer atau perangkat lunak komputer merupakan kumpulan instruksi (program/prosedur) untuk dapat melaksanakan pekerjaan secara otomatis dengan cara mengolah atau memproses kumpulan instruksi (data) yang diberikan. Pada prinsipnya sistem komputer selalu memiliki perangkat keras masukan (input/input device system) – perangkat keras pemprosesan (processing/ central processing unit) – perangkat keras keluaran (output/output device system), perangkat tambahan yang sifatnya opsional (peripheral) dan tempat penyimpanan data (Storage device system/external memory).

Download Full-text

DEFICIT DRIP IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUNFLOWER CROP UNDER CLAY SOIL CONDITIONS

Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.21608/mjae.2018.95767 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 469-484

Author(s):

Nora Husein ◽

Mohamed El-Ansary ◽

Montaser Awad ◽

Harby Mostafa

Keyword(s):

Drip Irrigation ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Sunflower Crop

Download Full-text

Biochar Improves Maize Growth but Has a Limited Effect on Soil Properties: Evidence from a Three-Year Field Experiment

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3617

Author(s):

Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek ◽

Agnieszka Latawiec ◽

Jolanta Królczyk ◽

Adam Bogacz ◽

Dorota Kawałko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Soil Properties ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Maize Growth ◽

Chemical Soil ◽

Physical And Chemical

Biochar application is reported as a method for improving physical and chemical soil properties, with a still questionable impact on the crop yields and quality. Plant productivity can be affected by biochar properties and soil conditions. High efficiency of biochar application was reported many times for plant cultivation in tropical and arid climates; however, the knowledge of how the biochar affects soils in temperate climate zones exhibiting different properties is still limited. Therefore, a three-year-long field experiment was conducted on a loamy Haplic Luvisol, a common arable soil in Central Europe, to extend the laboratory-scale experiments on biochar effectiveness. A low-temperature pinewood biochar was applied at the rate of 50 t h−1, and maize was selected as a tested crop. Biochar application did not significantly impact the chemical soil properties and fertility of tested soil. However, biochar improved soil physical properties and water retention, reducing plant water stress during hot dry summers, and thus resulting in better maize growth and higher yields. Limited influence of the low-temperature biochar on soil properties suggests the crucial importance of biochar-production technology and biochar properties on the effectiveness and validity of its application in agriculture.

Download Full-text

Collagen Hydrolysate Prepared from Chicken By-Product as a Functional Polymer in Cosmetic Formulation

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2021

Author(s):

Aneta Prokopová ◽

Jana Pavlačková ◽

Pavel Mokrejš ◽

Robert Gál

Keyword(s):

Water Loss ◽

Transepidermal Water Loss ◽

Skin Hydration ◽

Skin Elasticity ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Collagen Hydrolysate ◽

Carbopol Gel ◽

Cosmetic Formulation ◽

The Right ◽

Positive Effect

Chicken stomachs can be processed into collagen hydrolysate usable in cosmetic products. The aim of the study was to verify the effects of a carbopol gel formulation enriched with 1.0% (w/w) chicken hydrolysate on the properties of the skin in the periorbital area after regular application twice a day for eight weeks in volunteers ageed 50 ± 9 years. Skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin elasticity and skin relief were evaluated. Overall, skin hydration increased by 11.82% and 9.45%, TEWL decreased by 25.70% and 17.80% (always reported for the right and left area). Generally, there was an increase in skin elasticity, a decrease in skin roughness, as the resonance times decreased by 85%. The average reduction of wrinkles was 35.40% on the right and 41.20% on the left. For all results, it can be seen that the longer the cosmetic gel formulation is applied, the better the results. Due to the positive effect on the quality and functionality of the skin, it is possible to apply the cosmetic gel formulation in the periorbital area. The advantage of the product with chicken collagen hydrolysate is also the biocompatibility with the skin and the biodegradability of the formulation.

Download Full-text