scholarly journals The Magnitude of Warfare Revisited – System Polarity and War Duration

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Marco Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

One of the intractable debates in the study of international conflict is the linkage between polarity and magnitude of interstate warfare. Speculations about the effects of the structure of the international system can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia. This article revisits this debate with a focus on war duration, which has received little attention in the literature, and presents the first theoretical discussion of the connection between polarity and war duration. It also uses a hazards model to statistically test whether five different measures of polarity are associated with war duration (1816-1992). The results provide initial support for the hypothesis that an increase in the number of poles in the state system is associated with longer wars on average. The empirical analysis and the theoretical discussion are important for understanding the consequences of the declining U.S. hegemony.

State Development, Parity, and International Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS M. GIBLER
Keyword(s):  
International Conflict ◽  
International System ◽  
State System ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
System State ◽  
State Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Over Time

This article explains the empirical connection between dyadic capability differences and international conflict as a consequence of how, when, and where states enter the international system. State capabilities are largely static, and, since states enter the system in geographic clusters, the processes of state maturation affect contiguous and regionally proximate states similarly. This makes dyadic capability differences static as well. The lack of change in capability differences over time suggests that the parity-conflict relationship is largely a product of the factors associated with state system entry. Indeed, as I demonstrate, several different proxies for the conditions of state system entry separately eliminate any statistical relationship between parity and militarized dispute onset, 1816–2001. I also find no relationship between parity and the wars that have occurred during that same time period. These results have a number of implications for the role of power and capabilities in explaining international conflict.

scholarly journals Audiovisual cultural artifacts of protest in the Basque Country

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkaitz Letamendia
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Visual Sociology ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Cultural Artifacts ◽  
Cultural Artifact ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

In this article we propose the emergence of a new kind of visual protest and alternative communication called the Audiovisual Cultural Artifact of Protest (ACAP). These will be studied in the context of the Basque Country, which currently combines structural and conjunctural characteristics that make it an outstanding laboratory for the study of these artifacts. A theoretical analysis of the complex relationships between power, communication and resistance will be carried out, and a reading is proposed that deals with the different planes on which these resistances and disputes are expressed. Based on this analysis, four kinds of audiovisual artifacts produced in the Basque Country are studied. For the empirical analysis, the methodological reflections of visual sociology are taken into consideration. The results provide an overview of these Audiovisual Cultural Artifacts of Protest and the theoretical discussion confirms the emergence of these new forms of visual protest, indicating the existence of a broad-based dynamic in which their proliferation and diversification is occurring. The analysis of the case of the Basque Country allows these tactical and communicative innovations to be contextualised and a discussion to take place about the importance of that context, the discourse’s construction and the possible trend towards spectacularisation of the resistances.Caption: #U12Bilbora: MobiLIPDUBzioa Durangon (2012).

Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the State System

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Kratochwil
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
International System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Territorial Rights ◽  
Boundary Characteristics ◽  
Buffer States

The author explores the changing functions of boundaries in territorially and nonterritorially based social organizations. By focusing on the exchanges that boundaries mediate, a fuller account can be given of the systems characteristics in which the units interact than is afforded by traditional systems theory. Two case studies demonstrate that imperial boundaries differ significantly from those in the state system. Boundaries are shown to be the major means for conflict management in the international system. The author also investigates shifts in the location of the boundary, characteristics of balance-of-power systems, and the restriction and expansion of the exchanges that boundaries allow through the bundling or unbundling of territorial rights. Most of the latter devices that gave rise to spheres of influence, buffer states, suzerainties, and so forth have been overtaken by events, but functional regimes and spheres of influence based upon tacit rather than explicit rules remain important.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Parashar ◽  
J. Ann Tickner ◽  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Western State ◽  
System States ◽  
Economic Inequalities

The Western state system is a unique historical entity that has survived in various forms for almost four hundred years. After independence, postcolonial societies were eager to join this system. States can offer protection to their citizens, but they can also be perpetrators of human rights violations and economic injustices. Feminists claim that in order to fully understand the state in its various manifestations, it is necessary to understand its gendered dynamics. This chapter considers the various ways in which states are gendered. Authors in the volume offer analyses of many forms of states—liberal, postcolonial, and religious—using a variety of methodological perspectives. They demonstrate how gender analysis is necessary for understanding how the state can act both as a buffer against the international system and also as a perpetrator of political, social, and economic inequalities. The conclusion offers a brief overview of each of the subsequent chapters.

scholarly journals Public spaces and religion: an idea to debate, a monument to analyze

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (52) ◽  
pp. 279-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Giumbelli
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Public Art ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Abstract The text presents the first results of a study conducted in Brazil about the construction of a monument that represents a Catholic saint. The analysis is developed in two planes. One focuses on discourses that constitute something as “public”. The other focuses on spatial dimensions: how material features influence configurations of public spaces. Each theoretical exploration corresponds to an analysis of certain facets of the monument, which are respectively related to the debates that it has triggered and the architectural solutions generated. The articulation between these two dimensions is inspired by thematizations and debates about what is public art. The aim is to contribute to the theoretical discussion and the empirical analysis of situations involving the presence of religion in public spaces.

The rise of the state system in Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
The West ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Alternative Structures ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
Rule Out

Africa's relation to the concept and practice of ‘state’ and ‘states system’ has been problematic since its first encounters with those who were armed with the concept. In observing the collapse of authority and governance in a number of African states, some scholars have suggested that Africa presented the states system with alternative political organizations. Others argue that so long as there is a kernel of armed authority in territorially demarcated areas, a state exists. Africa's polities have often responded unconventionally, yet strategically, to interaction with the sovereign state system first elaborated by the Europeans. To comprehend the novelty, or lack of it, in the ‘state system’ of contemporary Africa, we need to know something about its pre-colonial political structures and organizations and about the imprint of empires (the construct which effectively limited the ‘international’ system of sovereign states to the West) on Africa. Did colonialism and the Western system of sovereign states rule out alternative structures for the newly independent African states? What might alternative structures have looked like? What impact did colonial rule have on the development of states in Africa? Does contemporary Africa have a ‘state system’? This article addresses these questions in the context of the Special Issue's concern with both the structure of the international system and developments among and between the units.

States and state systems: democratic, Westphalian or both?

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
CORNELIA NAVARI
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Transition ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Transition Theory ◽  
Modern State ◽  
English School ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Democratic State

AbstractTwo rival accounts have come to dominate discussion of the origins and character of the contemporary international system. One, closely associated with the English School and the traditional account, places its origins with the appearance, and acceptance, of the centralised authority of the modern state. We might call this ‘the Westphalia version’. In this account, the modern state system is often represented in terms of what it is not. It is not a feudal regnum with a multiplicity of functionally distinct authorities. It is not a theocratic imperium where one power aimed at ‘the control and protection of Christendom’. It is a society of sovereigns, of de jure equals, each of whom accorded the others’ right to exist, and whose common ideological quantum is low. The rival is located within democratic transition theory. It postulates the modern state system as an extension of the liberal democratic state. The liberal state is not sovereign in the Westphalian sense: liberal authority is diffuse. Moreover, the liberal state produces its own, distinctive, international impulses that distance it in significant ways from the Westphalian pattern. Both see the state system as ‘produced’ by the state, as an immanent effect of stateness, but the account of the state’s trajectory differs radically.

Economic State and Institutional Environment of Russian Industrial Enterprises: The Empirical Analysis of Interrelations

2005 ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kleiner ◽  
R. Kachalov ◽  
E. Sushko
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Economic State ◽  
Essential Heterogeneity ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Weak Influence

The paper presents the analysis of the data received from the survey of heads of industrial enterprises and also experts-researchers in 2003-2004. The data describe the economic state of enterprises and their position in competitive, administrative, intermediary, financial etc. environment. The assumption of essential heterogeneity of the set of industrial enterprises, including enterprises of the same sector or the same territorial formation is confirmed. It is shown that Russian industrial enterprises as a rule do not feel influence of the stock market situation while the condition of the currency market influences the majority of enterprises. The sensitivity of enterprises depends on their economic situation: the better is the state, the stronger is the influence. Weak influence of the investment and administrative environment on the state of enterprises and negative influence of the activity of intermediary organizations are registered. More than 2/3 of the respondents consider important strengthening of the responsibility of large proprietors for inefficient activity of their enterprises. Lack of the strategic approach in the activity of authorities of all levels is ascertained and the necessity of development and realization of industrial policy at all administrative levels, including the municipal one, is shown.

The Word Class Adjective in English Business Magazines Online

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Borislav Marušić ◽  
Sanda Katavić-Čaušić
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Business English ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The aim of this paper is to research the word class adjective in one sequence of the ESP: Business English, more precisely English business magazines online. It is an empirical study on the corpus taken from a variety of business magazines online. The empirical analysis allows a comprehensive insight into the word class adjective in this variety of Business English and makes its contribution to English syntax, semantics and word formation. The syntactic part analyses the adjective position in the sentence. The semantic part of the study identifies the most common adjectives that appear in English business magazines online. Most of the analysis is devoted to the word formation of the adjectives found in the corpus. The corpus is analysed in such a way that it enables its division into compounds, derivatives and conversions. The results obtained in this way will give a comprehensive picture of the word class adjective in this type of Business English and can act as a starting point for further research of the word class adjective.

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