State Development, Parity, and International Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS M. GIBLER
Keyword(s):  
International Conflict ◽  
International System ◽  
State System ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
System State ◽  
State Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Over Time

This article explains the empirical connection between dyadic capability differences and international conflict as a consequence of how, when, and where states enter the international system. State capabilities are largely static, and, since states enter the system in geographic clusters, the processes of state maturation affect contiguous and regionally proximate states similarly. This makes dyadic capability differences static as well. The lack of change in capability differences over time suggests that the parity-conflict relationship is largely a product of the factors associated with state system entry. Indeed, as I demonstrate, several different proxies for the conditions of state system entry separately eliminate any statistical relationship between parity and militarized dispute onset, 1816–2001. I also find no relationship between parity and the wars that have occurred during that same time period. These results have a number of implications for the role of power and capabilities in explaining international conflict.

scholarly journals The Role of the UN Security Council in COVID-19 Crisis Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Svetlana Cebotari ◽  
Selena Stejaru
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
Dynamic Evolution ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Currently, we experience a conditional reality imposed by the COVID19 pandemic, with both immediate and long-lasting repercussions on the international system and the behavior of each state. For this reason and because the new virus has a dynamic evolution in time and space, research of the impact of the new virus is needed not only from a biogenetic perspective but also in the context of other fields, including the international relations realm. The events we are witnessing at the present challenge to keep up with transformations taking place in the international arena, especially those in the field of virology. As epidemics over time, viruses that cause them to change and occur constantly remain only the fact that they will always influence not only interpersonal relations but impose conditions for new realities in the system of international relations. This article aims to highlight the main gaps in the work of the institution responsible for maintaining peace and security in the international arena, especially in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.

scholarly journals “Would You Be My Friend?”: Friendship Selection and Contagion Processes of Early Adolescents Who Experience Victimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1286-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Berger ◽  
Mariola Claudia Gremmen ◽  
Diego Palacios ◽  
Eduardo Franco
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relations ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Prosocial Peers ◽  
Social Network Analyses ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Friendship Selection

Victimization in early adolescence can have severe negative consequences later in life. Friendships are especially important in this time period. The present study investigated friendship selection and influence (contagion) processes with regard to victimization, as well as prosocial and aggressive characteristics of victims’ friends. Using social network analyses (RSiena), we longitudinally analyzed data of five fourth-grade classrooms, including 185 students (56.8% girls; [Formula: see text] age at Time 1 = 10 years old). Results showed that early adolescents who experience peer victimization were not likely to select peers with similar levels of victimization as friends but selected prosocial peers as friends. Moreover, friends did not become more similar over time in their victimization levels. Prosocial students selected similar peers as friends. The discussion highlights the relevance of fostering positive peer relations for targeting victimization and discusses the defending role of friends in victimization situations.

The Evolution of International Negotiation Processes

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Meerts ◽  
Raymond Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
International System ◽  
European History ◽  
International Negotiation ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Negotiation Processes ◽  
Small Powers ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article looks at the evolution of international negotiation. The practice of negotiation between sovereigns goes back at least 4,500 years. Detailed cases are found in the royal archives of Mari from the time of the Babylonian lawgiver Hammurabi and in the el-Amarna archives of the pharaohs. Though the protocol and substance of negotiation have changed over time, there is striking continuity of structure and process. Argumentation has not changed much. The study of well-documented historical examples can therefore deepen and enrich our understanding of negotiating. In modern European history we can detect, alongside recognizable and constant features of negotiation, elements that have evolved over time. We identify four features of the international system that have impacted the evolution of international negotiation in recent centuries: technological development, international regime change, growing trust and transparency, and the enhanced, autonomous role of small powers.

scholarly journals Secrecy and Subjectivity: Double Agents and the Dark Underside of the International System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Lundborg
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
International System ◽  
State System ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Double Agent

Abstract Drawing on a wide range of material, from memoirs of former spy masters to the highly acclaimed TV series Le Bureau des Légendes, this article shows how documentary as well as fictional accounts of double agents cast light on a “dark underside” of the international system. This dark underside is made up of exceptional spaces of secrecy in which intelligence organizations and spies operate. The article's main point of entry when analyzing these spaces is the intimate connection between secrecy and subjectivity. While secrecy as a social practice has received increased attention in sociological accounts of secret intelligence, the constitutive role of secrecy in relation to subjectivity is a much less explored theme. This theme, it is argued, becomes especially valuable for thinking about the conflicting lines that constitute the life and becoming of the double agent. In particular, it can be drawn on to show how this subject both is captured by the transparent norms and limits of the international state system and effectively transgresses those limits. In this way, rather than upholding a dichotomy of secrecy and transparency as two separable sides of the international system, the double agent emerges as a disruptive figure calling for its deconstruction.

scholarly journals The role of internal and external factors in the performance of brazilian companies and its evolution between 1990 and 2003

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (spe) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ribeiro Gonçalves ◽  
Rogério H Quintella
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
The Many ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Over Time

This work studies the variance of the return over assets (ROA) of 1,664 Brazilian organizations between 1996 and 2003. This variance is divided into in factors associated with differences between business units, imdustries and economic conditions. The model is also calculated dividing the overall period into four year intervals so as to follow the evolution of the factors over the years. Results show that the main source of the variation in the performance can be attributed to differences among companies. The weight of this element increases over time. Surprisingly, considering the many and frequent crises suffered in the last couple of years, the role of the economic climate is slight and similar to that found by other authors for the American market.

scholarly journals Trajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Stringer ◽  
Rachel Kent ◽  
Jackie Briskman ◽  
Steve Lukito ◽  
Tony Charman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

Little is known about their stability and the factors that influence their persistence or change over the life-course. To address this, we use data from 158 participants from the Special Needs and Autism Project cohort studied at three time-points from 12 to 23 years. We used latent growth models to study the role of child, family, and contextual characteristics on the conduct, emotional, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder domains of the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Symptoms decreased significantly over time for all three domains, but many participants still remained above the published cutoffs for likely disorder on at least one of the three domains. Individual trajectories showed high levels of persistence. Higher initial adaptive function and language levels predicted a greater decline in conduct and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. In contrast, increased emotional symptoms were predicted by higher language functioning, lower levels of autism symptom severity and higher parental education. Greater neighborhood deprivation was associated with more conduct problems but also a greater decline over time. Our findings highlight that it may be possible to accurately predict mental health trajectories over this time period, which could help parents and carers in planning and help professionals target resources more efficiently. Lay Abstract Although mental health problems are common in autism, relatively little is known about their stability and the factors that influence their persistence or change over the life-course. To address this, we use data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP) cohort studied at three time-points from 12 to 23 years. Using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) domains of conduct, emotional, and ADHD symptoms, we evaluated the role of child, family, and contextual characteristics on these three trajectories. Symptoms decreased significantly over time for all three domains, but many participants still scored above the published disorder cutoffs. Individuals showed high levels of persistence. Higher initial adaptive function and language levels predicted a greater decline in conduct and ADHD symptoms. In contrast, higher language functioning was associated with higher levels of emotional symptoms, as was lower levels of autism symptom severity and higher parental education. Those with higher neighborhood deprivation had higher initial conduct problems but a steeper decline over time. Our findings highlight that it may be possible to accurately predict mental health trajectories over this time period, which could help parents and carers in planning and help professionals target resources more efficiently.

scholarly journals The Magnitude of Warfare Revisited – System Polarity and War Duration

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Marco Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

One of the intractable debates in the study of international conflict is the linkage between polarity and magnitude of interstate warfare. Speculations about the effects of the structure of the international system can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia. This article revisits this debate with a focus on war duration, which has received little attention in the literature, and presents the first theoretical discussion of the connection between polarity and war duration. It also uses a hazards model to statistically test whether five different measures of polarity are associated with war duration (1816-1992). The results provide initial support for the hypothesis that an increase in the number of poles in the state system is associated with longer wars on average. The empirical analysis and the theoretical discussion are important for understanding the consequences of the declining U.S. hegemony.

scholarly journals Worry and metacognitions as predictors of the development of anxiety and paranoia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqi Sun ◽  
Suzanne H. So ◽  
Raymond C. K. Chan ◽  
Chui-De Chiu ◽  
Patrick W. L. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Time Period ◽  
One Year ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Recent studies have shown that worry and related negative metacognitions are characteristic in generalized anxiety and paranoia respectively. However, most of these studies did not take into account common co-occurrence of anxiety and paranoia, and longitudinal modelling of the role of worry and metacognitions on the development of anxiety and paranoia is rare. The current study aimed at examining the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between anxiety and paranoia, as well as the importance of worry and metacognitions in the development of these symptoms. Our validated sample consisted of 2291 participants recruited from universities, among whom 1746 participants (76.21%) completed online questionnaires at baseline and at one year, reporting levels of anxiety, paranoia, worry, and negative metacognitions. Structural equation modeling analyses, followed by path comparisons, revealed that anxiety and paranoia mutually reinforced each other over time. Negative metacognitions, rather than worry itself, were contributive to the development of both symptoms over time. Negative metacognitions showed bi-directional relationships with anxiety over the time period assessed and showed uni-directional relationships with paranoia. Clinical implications of our findings are discussed.

Inequality and Punishment

2015 ◽  
Vol 663 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle S. Phelps ◽  
Devah Pager
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Political Dominance ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time

After decades of steady expansion, state prison populations declined in recent years for the first time since 1972. Though the size of the decrease was small, it masks substantial state heterogeneity. This article investigates variation in state-level incarceration rates from 1980 through 2013, examining the factors associated with the rise and decline in prison populations. We find evidence for four key stories in explaining the prison decline: crime, budgets, politics, and inequality. Many of these relationships are consistent across decades, including the role of racial composition, violent crime, and Republican political dominance. In contrast, states’ fiscal capacity and economic inequality became more important after 2000. This research emphasizes the importance of examining changes over time in the correlates of incarceration growth and decline and represents the first effort to systematically understand the recent reversal in the trajectory of incarceration practices in the United States.

Introduction

Homelands ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nadav G. Shelef
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Political Success ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Empirical Analyses

This introductory chapter provides an overview of homelands and explains how transformations in the area included in the homeland come about. Contractions in the area included in what counts as the homeland occur as a result of a process rooted in domestic political competition. New, more modest, understandings of the homeland, where they are associated with domestic political success, displace more expansive ones. Over time, land left out of these understandings loses its status as part of the homeland. Such contractions in the area considered part of the homeland, in turn, are critical for parsing the variation in territorial partitions' ability to resolve conflict. Partitions work—that is, they resolve existing conflict without leading to further irredentist conflict—when the parts of the homeland that remain on the other side of the new border cease to be seen as appropriately part of the homeland. This book details the role of homelands in international conflict, providing systematic, comparable data about the homeland status of lost territory over time and bridging the gap between constructivist theories of nationalism and quantitative empirical analyses of international relations.

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