scholarly journals Icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya With the Tale of its Image” From the Сollection of the Historical Museum

Secreta Artis ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Lyudmila  Petrovna Tarasenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Literary Source ◽  
Cultural Properties

The article is dedicated to the icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya with the Tale of its Image” of the last quarter of the 17th century from the collection of the Historical Museum. It discusses its history, clarifies the literary source, as well as presents the analysis of the iconographic program, compositional features and artistic uniqueness. The work ended up in the museum collection due to global changes in post-revolutionary Russia, which triggered a large-scale movement of cultural properties. The icon originates from the Tikhvin Lands and belongs to the poorly studied culture of the Russian province. Recent research has unveiled a whole set of works linked to the icon painters of the Tikhvin Posad. The icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya with the Tale of its Image” represents a vivid example of the art of Tikhvin masters of the second half of the 17th century. 

Barriers and levers for implementing sustainable Nature-Based Solutions in cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Duffaut ◽  
Nathalie Frascaria-Lacoste ◽  
Pierre-Antoine Versini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Urban Plan ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
The City

<p>Hydro-meteorological risks are increasing and this could be due to global changes. These risks are particularly important in the urban context where most human beings live. Indeed, the impervious surfaces present in cities increase the risk of flooding, for example. Nature-Based Solutions can help to reduce these risks by creating permeable soils or storing water while promoting biodiversity. In this context, it is essential to understand what hinders the development and sustainability of these Nature-based Solutions in the city and what could help to deploy them on a large scale. For this purpose, various professionals working on Nature-Based Solutions in the city in France, were interviewed between 2020 and 2021, both in the academic and operational sectors, or even at the interface between the two: researchers in ecology or hydrology, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) project manager, project managers at the Regional Biodiversity Agency, director and natural environment manager of a watershed union, agro-economists engineer among others. They were asked what are the barriers and potential opportunities for Nature-Based Solutions implementation and sustainability in city. By analysing their answers, it emerges that the obstacles are more often cultural, political or financial than technical. The potential levers often mentioned are education and awareness-raising at all levels, especially for elected officials and the general public. Regulations such as the PLU (Local Urban Plan) and new funding for more natural spaces in the city also seem to be means of promoting Nature-based Solutions in urban areas. These interviews with diverse professionals directly involved in Nature-Based Solutions in cities allow to give real courses of action to be taken to democratize these Solutions throughout the French territory, or even internationally, and therefore ultimately reduce the risks of hydro-meteorology. This is one of the objectives of the French ANR project EVNATURB (Assessment of ecosystem performance of a renaturation of the urban environment), in which this study has been carried out.</p>

scholarly journals High-Resolution Vegetation Mapping Using eXtreme Gradient Boosting Based on Extensive Features

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Anwar Eziz ◽  
Jian Xiao ◽  
Shengli Tao ◽  
Shaopeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting

Accurate mapping of vegetation is a premise for conserving, managing, and sustainably using vegetation resources, especially in conditions of intensive human activities and accelerating global changes. However, it is still challenging to produce high-resolution multiclass vegetation map in high accuracy, due to the incapacity of traditional mapping techniques in distinguishing mosaic vegetation classes with subtle differences and the paucity of fieldwork data. This study created a workflow by adopting a promising classifier, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), to produce accurate vegetation maps of two strikingly different cases (the Dzungarian Basin in China and New Zealand) based on extensive features and abundant vegetation data. For the Dzungarian Basin, a vegetation map with seven vegetation types, 17 subtypes, and 43 associations was produced with an overall accuracy of 0.907, 0.801, and 0.748, respectively. For New Zealand, a map of 10 habitats and a map of 41 vegetation classes were produced with 0.946, and 0.703 overall accuracy, respectively. The workflow incorporating simplified field survey procedures outperformed conventional field survey and remote sensing based methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency. In addition, it opens a possibility of building large-scale, high-resolution, and timely vegetation monitoring platforms for most terrestrial ecosystems worldwide with the aid of Google Earth Engine and citizen science programs.

Carbon isotope signatures of pedogenic carbonates from SE China: rapid atmospheric pCO2 changes during middle–late Early Cretaceous time

2013 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIANGHUI LI ◽  
HUGH C. JENKYNS ◽  
CHAOKAI ZHANG ◽  
YIN WANG ◽  
LING LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Pedogenic Carbonates ◽  
Organic Carbon Burial ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Se China

AbstractLower Cretaceous pedogenic carbonates exposed in SE China have been dated by U–Pb isotope measurements on single zircons taken from intercalated volcanic rocks, and the ages integrated with existing stratigraphy. δ13C values of calcretes range from –7.0‰ to –3.0‰ and can be grouped into five episodes of increasing–decreasing values. The carbon isotope proxy derived from these palaeosol carbonates suggests pCO2 mostly in the range 1000–2000 parts per million by volume (ppmV) at S(z) (CO2 contributed by soil respiration) = 2500 ppmV and 25°C during the Hauterivian–Albian interval (c. 30 Ma duration). Such atmospheric CO2 levels are 4–8 times pre-industrial values, almost double those estimated by geochemical modelling and much higher than those established from stomatal indices in fossil plants. Rapid rises in pCO2 are identified for early Hauterivian, middle Barremian, late Aptian, early Albian and middle Albian time, and rapid falls for intervening periods. These episodic cyclic changes in pCO2 are not attributed to local tectonism and volcanism but rather to global changes. The relationship between reconstructed pCO2 and the development of large igneous provinces (LIPs) remains unclear, although large-scale extrusion of basalt may well be responsible for relatively high atmospheric levels of this greenhouse gas. Suggested levels of relatively low pCO2 correspond in timing to intervals of regional to global enrichment of marine carbon in sediments and negative carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions characteristic of the oceanic anoxic events OAE1a (Selli Event), Kilian and Paquier events (constituting part of the OAE 1b cluster) and OAE1d. Short-term episodes of high pCO2 coincide with negligible carbon isotope excursions associated with the Faraoni Event and the Jacob Event. Given that episodes of regional organic carbon burial would draw down CO2 and negative δ13C excursions indicate the addition of isotopically light carbon to the ocean–atmosphere system, controls on the carbon cycle in controlling pCO2 during Early Cretaceous time were clearly complex and made more so by atmospheric composition also being affected by changes in silicate weathering intensity.

Large scale high resolution modelling of the West African rivers and aquifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Depeyre ◽  
Jean-Martial Cohard ◽  
Basile Hector ◽  
Reed Maxwell ◽  
Thierry Pellarin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
The West ◽  
Main Challenge

<p>West Africa has been classified as one of the most vulnerable regions in the world for water resources to face global changes, both climatic and demographic. The population is expected to double by 2050 leading to increased pressure on the use of water resources. In this context, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of major African hydrosystems as large rivers (Niger river, Senegal river...) and transboundary aquifers in order to predict the fate of water resources for the next decades. The ParFlow-CLM physical-based model was chosen for its ability to simulate surface water and groundwater dynamics in a coupled manner. This type of modelling makes it possible to represent the main hydrological processes observed over the whole West Africa region. It operates at a relatively fine spatial resolution (1 km²). The main challenge is to determine the hydrodynamic parameters of the soil for the entire region and on a 100 m thickness (i.e. 3.5 million pixels times 11 layers).</p><p>As a first step, the model was implemented on two catchments monitored by the AMMA-CATCH observatory. These two watersheds are representative of the major and contrasted processes found in WA : being respectively representative of Sudanian and Sahelian climates. In order to assess the relevance of the regional databases (SoilGrids and GLHYMPS), simulations were carried out with original and adjusted (based on observations) soil parameters and results were evaluated with local measurements. It appears that the deep weathered lithology is not considered in databases for most of hard-rock areas in intertropical areas with no tectonic uplift. Aquifer thicknesses, permeabilities and porosities have to be significantly enhanced for the model to represent the correct flow paths. Furthermore, in the Sahel where most of the annual precipitation falls during a dozen events only, a crust layer (consistent with observations) has been added to represent the large runoff coefficients which lead to the early season floods.</p><p>In a second step, the model was implemented at the West Africa scale using the adjusted soil parameters. These parameters were obtained using a simple linear law that have been applied uniformly over the entire domain and a mask over a part of the Sahel representative of the crusting zones. Results will be compared with both remotely sensed and in situ data : GRACE provides water stock variations at a very large scale, MERRA and ERA reanalysis provide evapotranspiration data. Altimeters and in situ measurements provide river flow data. In the near future the launch of the SWOT satellite will bring new observations to complete the current one. The evaluation of the different compartments of the hydrological cycle should reveal spatial discrepancies in the model's ability to represent processes, highlighting the points on which further work should focus.</p>

The Policy Context of Biofuels: A Case of Non-Governance at the Global Level?

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairon G. Bastos Lima ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Biofuel Policy ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Biofuel Policies

The large-scale production of crop-based biofuels has been one of the fastest and most controversial global changes of recent years. Global biofuel outputs increased six-fold between 2000 and 2010, and a growing number of countries are adopting biofuel promotion policies. Meanwhile, multilateral bodies have been created, and a patchwork of biofuel policies is emerging. This article investigates the global biofuel policy context and analyzes its nature, its institutional architecture, and issues of access and allocation. Our assessment reveals a density of national policies but a paucity of international consensus on norms and rules. We argue that the global biofuel context remains a non-regime and that it has overlooked serious issues of access even as a risky North-South allocation pattern is created. Although biofuel governance is not completely absent, existing international institutions do not take account of the different voices in the debate and leave a large vacuum of unaddressed social and environmental issues.

scholarly journals Common species link global ecosystems to climate change

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarte Hannisdal ◽  
Kristian A. Haaga ◽  
Trond Reitan ◽  
David Diego ◽  
Lee Hsiang Liow
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Widespread Species

Common species shape the world around us, and changes in their commonness signify large-scale shifts in ecosystem structure and function. Dominant taxa drive productivity and biogeochemical cycling, in direct interaction with abiotic components of the Earth system. However, our understanding of the dynamic response of ecosystems to global environmental changes in the past is limited by our ability to robustly estimate fossil taxonomic richness, and by our neglect of the importance of common species. To rectify this, we use observations of the most common and widespread species to track global changes in their distribution in the deep geological past. Our simple approach is robust to factors that bias richness estimators, including widely used sampling-standardization methods, which we show are highly sensitive to variability in the species-abundance distribution. Causal analyses of common species frequency in the deep-sea sedimentary record detect a lagged response in the ecological prominence of planktonic foraminifera to oceanographic changes captured by deep-ocean temperature records over the last 65 million years, encompassing one of Earth's major climate transitions. Our results demonstrate that common species can act as tracers of a past global ecosystem and its response to physical changes in Earth's dynamic history.

scholarly journals The Theoretical Codex of the Mid-17th Century as a Phenomenon of Church-Singing Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-606
Author(s):  
Zivar M. Guseinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Liturgical Singing ◽  
State Library ◽  
Selection Of

The first musical-theoretical manuals of ancient Russia appeared in the 15th century. They were rather small in volume and contained information that was predominantly educational. The changes that were taking place in the singing system over several centuries were reflected in new types of manuals, conveying the peculiarities of the singing art (znamenny chant) of the time. By the middle of the 17th century, the codices began to occupy a significant place in manuscripts, which contained monuments of Russian liturgical singing. They were large-scale consolidated documents, including a selection of relatively independent musical-theoretical manuals, each of which revealed a separate aspect in the theory of znamenny chant, carried out according to special musical signs — kriuki (hooks). The tradition of handwritten copying of documents contributed to the fact that each type of theoretical manual was simultaneously in many copies that never matched the text with absolute accuracy and always contained discrepancies. The codex, analysed in this article, in the mid-17th century manuscript of V. F. Odoevsky’s Collection No. 1, which is kept in the Russian State Library, is a set of numerous copies of different theoretical manuals that were formatted by that time. These are the notable azbuka (ABC) that explain individual neums; kokizniki and fitniki, expounding upon the principles of formula singing; manuals that reveal the sound-naming system, as well as a meaningful layer of author’s comments that interpret and generalizing material for educational purposes.

Race and the Origins of Plantation Slavery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Plantation Slavery ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
Academic Debate

“Twenty and odd” Africans arrived in Virginia aboard a Dutch vessel in 1619 shortly after permanent colonization of the English Americas began. There has been significant academic debate about whether the enslavement of peoples of African descent in England’s early 17th-century colonies was an inevitable or “unthinking decision” and about the nature and degree of anti-black racism during the 17th century. The legal and social status of African peoples was more flexible at first in the English colonies than it later became. Some Africans managed to escape permanent enslavement and a few Africans, such as Anthony Johnson, even owned servants of their own. There was no legal basis for enslavement in the British Americas for the first several decades of settlement and slave and servant codes emerged only gradually. Labor systems operated by custom rather than through any legal mechanisms of coercion. Most workers in the Americas experienced degrees of coercion. In the earliest years of plantation production, peoples from Africa, Europe, and the Americas often toiled alongside each other in the fields. Large numbers of Native Americans were captured and forced to work on plantations in the English Americas and many whites worked in agricultural fields as indentured and convict laborers. There were a wide variety of different kinds of coerced labor beyond enslavement in the 17th century and ideas about racial difference had yet to become as determinative as they would later be. As the staple crop plantation system matured and became entrenched on the North American mainland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and planters required a large and regular supply of slaves, African laborers became synonymous with large-scale plantation production. The permeable boundaries between slavery and freedom disappeared, dehumanizing racism became more entrenched and U.S.-based planters developed slave codes premised on racial distinctions and legal mechanisms of coercion that were modeled on Caribbean precedents.

Critical Factors and Forces Influencing Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-191
Author(s):  
Antony Drew ◽  
Gordon Redding ◽  
Trevor Harley
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
External Environment ◽  
First Century ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Strategic Autonomy

This chapter acts as a bridge between the previous chapters which focus on education and societal evolution plus the main types of university seen in terms of strategic autonomy; and the following chapters which address the large-scale global changes and their operational implications, the management of universities in the new conditions, and the societal implications of the changing world of higher education. This chapter adopts a strategic management perspective to highlight the critical factors and forces affecting HE now and into the foreseeable future. By examining the external environment in terms of both the macro (external) environment and meso (more immediate) environment, it highlights the key factors and forces of which policy makers, government officials, leaders and managers in universities, industry and civic society need to be cognizant, if they are to ensure HE continues to be relevant to the twenty-first century.

Optimization of the Management Process in Conditions of the Political Space Transformation: Methodology of Conflict Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1503
Author(s):  
Natalia YURCHENKO ◽  
Viktor SKOROBOGATOV ◽  
Inna YURCHENKO ◽  
Mariya DONTSOVA ◽  
Tatiana TELYATNIK
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Space Transformation ◽  
Problematic Area

The problematic area of this article relates to the current direction of research searching for optimal management tools in the context of global changes in the geopolitical and economic space, as well as large-scale migration. The existing conditions have an extremely high conflict-generating potential, which requires the development of effective tools to stabilize and monitor the situation, to seek ways of civilized resolution of conflicts and contradictions. The purpose of the article is the identification of mechanisms for optimizing the management process in the context of the transformation of the conflict political space. The authors of the article suggest an innovative approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of transformation of political space at the superstructure level, using a conflict paradigm, as well as systemic and structural-functional approaches. For a productive way of studying management technologies in the context of the transformation of political space, a frame analysis is proposed that allows observing the dynamics of events, including the results of management practices, in the form of a temporary event matrix and a generalized scheme of interpretations by the observer. The article presents in detail the well-known and new scientific directions dealing with the problems of effective political management, the optimization of the mechanisms for political decision-making, diagnosis, resolution and prevention of conflicts in the socio-economic, ethno-political and other areas, through a comprehensive analysis of the conflictogenesis of a modern socio-political subject. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the political-administrative elite, the mass media determine the thematization of political-administrative discourse, the dominance in the political media space and the replication of new meanings and symbols. Mechanisms for optimizing the management process, therefore, should be based on developing technologies for managing political risks and emerging spontaneous changes, taking into consideration the presence of unregulated, natural, yet reportable interactions in the sphere of politics, economics and social communications.

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