scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature and Humidity Against Lead (Pb) Concentration in the Air of Pontianak City

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Winardi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Density Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pb Concentration

The existence of Lead (Pb) pollutants in the air that generated by motor vehicle exhaust emissions determined by how large the influence of temperature and humidity tend to change according to time and weather influences. Temperature and humidity Changes in the earth's surface due to solar radiation in the morning-afternoon-evening will give change in the concentration of Pb in the air. With the days variation will be seen the influence of weather that gives the difference in temperature and humidity of each day so that the concentration of Pb in air pollutants, will be varied. This research looked at the extent to which the effect of environmental factors influence, like the temperature and humidity of the Pb concentration in the air. Sampling carried out based on the variation of the morning, afternoon and evening and Sunday till Monday variation. Temperature, humidity and weather conditions were measured and observed directly in the field, while Pb concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. The results obtained were compared with each other. The results showed that the highest concentration of Pb in the morning, because in the morning the temperature more lower at the Earth's surface and humidity tends to be high which causes pollutants become hard to diluted and difficult to dispersed vertically upwards.Until the Earth's surface temperature rises, along with the increasing of solar radiation which causes the air temperature rises and air expands so as pollutants become diluted. On rainy days where the temperature drops and the humidity rises, the Pb concentrations tend to be higher. The results that obtained also show that the traffic density factor can not be ignored and can affect the the concentration of Pb in the air.  

scholarly journals The Effects of Lead (Pb) Exposure to Blood Pb Concentration and Hemoglobin Levels in Book Sellers and Street Vendors of Surakarta

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khotijah Khotijah ◽  
Ipop Sjarifah ◽  
Putu Gede Oka Mahendra ◽  
Vitri Widyaningsih ◽  
Haris Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Pb Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Data Analysis Result ◽  
Pb Concentration

Anemia is still a public health problem in the world and in Indonesia. WHO (2008) reported more than 75% of anemia in Asia is iron deficiency and 63.5% anemia in Indonesia is caused by lack of nutrition. Previous studies described that lead (Plumbum /Pb) can decrease hemoglobin levels. Sriwedari markets book sellers and Solo Wholesale Centers street vendors are susceptible populations exposed to Pb as a result of motor vehicle exhaust. Approximately 70% of Pb in vehicle exhausts emissions are emitted into the air. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Pb exposure on blood Pb concentration and hemoglobin levels. This study was a quantitative observational analytic study with cross sectional design conducted in 2015-2016 at Sriwedari Market. Samples were 97 respondents obtained through random sampling and Spearman correlation was used for data analysis. Result showed that there were association between Pb exposure in the air and blood Pb levels (p=0,000; r=0,606) and blood Pb levels and hemoglobin levels (p=0,000; r=-0,623)

Performance of Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Pavement in Reduction of Motor Vehicles’ Exhaust Gas

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (11) ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Zhuoying Jiang ◽  
Xiong (Bill) Yu
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Three Dimensional Model

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used photocatalyst that can oxidize motor vehicle exhaust, for example, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide, under the irradiation of sunlight. It has been reported that nano-scale TiO2 particles can be effectively used to modify the concrete-asphalt pavement, and make it as a photocatalytic pavement. However, the pure TiO2 additive limits its absorption spectrum to the ultraviolet region, which only occupies a small portion of sunlight irradiance. To increase the utilization of the full spectrum of sunlight, it has been demonstrated that doping TiO2 with substances such as Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), or metal can reduce the band-gap and extend the threshold of the absorption spectrum to the visible light region. Therefore, doped-TiO2 has a better photocatalytic performance under sunlight irradiation. This paper conducted computational simulation of the kinetics of photocatalytic pavement to quantify the efficiency of doped-TiO2 embedded pavement in reducing exhaust gas from motor vehicles. A three-dimensional model is developed on a section of local road with doped-TiO2 embedded pavement. The effects of doped-TiO2 concentration, daylight conditions, and traffic flow conditions on the removal of NOx and CO were studied. The results indicate that the pavement with doped-TiO2 coating is effective to remove CO and NOx under different traffic density and daylight intensity conditions. Compared with UV activated TiO2, visible-light-activated doped-TiO2 features significantly higher removal efficiency of poisonous exhaustive gas including NOx and CO.

scholarly journals Field Measurement of PV Array Temperature for Tracking and Concentrating 1 k WpGenerators Installed in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Effendy Ya’acob ◽  
H. Hizam ◽  
M. Amran M. Radzi ◽  
M. Z. A. A. Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Bottom Temperature ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Pv Array ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ground Condition ◽  
Pv Generator

The effect of temperature elements for PV array with tracking and concentrating features installed in the tropical ground condition is presented. The temperature segment covers ambient temperature and surface and bottom temperature for three types of PV generator systems, namely, Fixed Flat (FF), Tracking Flat (TF), and Concentrating PV (CPV) generators. The location of measuring the cell temperature,Tcfor the PV module is still being debated by researchers with the issue of how much the cell temperature (Tc) is being affected by the surface temperature (Ts), bottom temperature (Tb), and surrounding temperature (Ta) furthermore when it is located in fluctuating weather conditions. In this study,ΔTis calculated based on the difference between surface temperature and bottom-side temperaturewhichever the highest recorded at site for different kinds of PV generator systems but using the same CEEG 95 W monocrystalline PV module. The study embraces the direct correlation of various temperature elements in tropical-based condition withΔTvalues of 2.19°C for FF module, 2.22°C for TF module, and 2.72°C for CPV module. These values which reflect the different unique configurations are further analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test forTarraymodels. This study supports the continuous research in adapting PV technology for Malaysia.

The Effect of a Difference in Temperature and Humidity on certain Reactions of Female Aëdes aegypti (L.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
C 50

Sir Rickard Christophers (1947) working at 25°C. and a relative humidity of 80–90 per cent. found female Aëdes aegypti to be attracted by a warm dry surface at 40°C., and to be unaffected by a moist surface at room temperature. The writer (1948), working at 28°C. and 50–70 per cent. R.H. (usually near 50 per cent.) found the opposite: a warm dry surface at temperatures from 36°C. to 40°C. had no effect, while a moist surface at room temperature exerted a quite definite attraction. The purpose of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that the difference between the results obtained in these two investigations was due to the difference in the ambient temperature and humidity.Repetition of the relevant experiments at 25°C, 85–90 per cent. R.H., and 28°C, 50–55 per cent. R.H., gave results indicating that temperature and humidity difference operating at the time of the experiment could account for part but not all of the discrepancy. There are indications that the remainder may have been a result of the conditioning effect of temperature and humidity differences operating on the insect prior to the experiment.The results emphasise the need for a full description of the climatic conditions under which behaviour work of the type discussed is performed.

scholarly journals Beware That COVID-19 Would Be Worse in Winter: A Study of a Global Panel of 1236 Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Hua Liao ◽  
Eric Strol ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Ru Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

It is believe that weather conditions such as temperature and humidity have effects on COVID-19 transmission. However, these effects are not clear due to the limited observations and difficulties in separating impacts of social distancing. COVID-19 data and social-economic features of 1236 regions in the world (1112 re-gions at the provincial level and 124 countries with small land area) were collected. A Large-scale satellite data was combined with these data with a regression analysis model to explore effects of temperature and relative humidity on COVID-19 spreading, as well as the possible transmission risk by seasonal cycles. The result show that temper-ature and relative humidity are shown to be negatively correlated with COVID-19 transmission throughout the world. Further, the effect of temperature and humidity is almost linear based on our samples, with uncertainty sur-rounding any nonlinear effects. Government intervention (e.g. lockdown policies) and lower population movement contributed to the decrease the new daily case ratio. The conclusions withstand several robustness checks, such as observation scales and maximum/minimum temperature. Weather conditions are not the decisive factor in COVID-19 transmission, in that government intervention as well as public awareness, could contribute to the miti-gation of the spreading of the virus. As temperature drops in winter, the transmission possibly speeds up again. It deserves a dynamic government policy to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in winter.

scholarly journals Traffic-originated nanocluster emission exceeds H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-driven photochemical new particle formation in an urban area

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miska Olin ◽  
Heino Kuuluvainen ◽  
Minna Aurela ◽  
Joni Kalliokoski ◽  
Niina Kuittinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust

Abstract. Elevated ambient concentrations of sub-3 nm particles (nanocluster aerosol, NCA) are generally related to atmospheric new particle formation events, usually linked with gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) produced via photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide. According to our measurement results of H2SO4 and NCA concentrations, traffic density, and solar irradiance at an urban traffic site in Helsinki, Finland, the view of aerosol formation in traffic-influenced environments is updated by presenting two separate and independent pathways of traffic affecting the atmospheric NCA concentrations: by acting as a direct nanocluster source and by influencing the production of H2SO4. As traffic density in many areas is generally correlated with solar radiation, it is likely that the influence of traffic-related nanoclusters has been hidden in the diurnal variation and is thus underestimated because new particle formation events also follow the diurnal cycle of sunlight. Urban aerosol formation studies should, therefore, be updated to include the proposed formation mechanisms. The formation of H2SO4 in urban environments is here separated into two routes: primary H2SO4 is formed in hot vehicle exhaust and is converted rapidly to the particle phase; secondary H2SO4 results from the combined effect of emitted gaseous precursors and available solar radiation. A rough estimation demonstrates that ∼85 % of the total NCA and ∼68 % of the total H2SO4 in urban air at noontime at the measurement site are contributed by traffic, indicating the importance of traffic emissions.

scholarly journals Preliminary Measurement of Pb Concentration in the Jawi River Region City of Pontianak

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Winardi
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Monday Morning ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
River Region ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Vehicle Activity ◽  
Pb Concentration

Pb concentration in the air mostly come from motor vehicle exhaust. There is a correlation between the levels of activity of motor vehicles with Pb concentration in the air. Research which is a combination of field and laboratory research is seeing Pb concentrations in the air at  Jalan H. Rais A. Rahman, Sei Jawi Dalam Pontianak which is one of the areas with the densest vehicle activity in Pontianak, in different variations and then compared with the standard quality. This study consists of three variations, namely variations days (Monday till Sunday); variations in time (morning, afternoon, evening); height variation (1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m) were determined on the day and the maximum time to see the horizontal dispersion concentration of Pb in the air. With comparative and tabulation method and sought the maximum Pb concentration in time, the day and altitude. Based on the research results, obtained maximum Pb concentration in the morning and the minimum in the afternoon, except on Friday and Saturday, where the concentration of  Pb afternoon more than the concentration in the afternoon. At the time of maximum Pb concentration morning on Monday and the minimum on Sunday. Tests were carried out on Monday morning, said that a Pb concentrated at a height of ± 1.5 meters from the ground is 4.130 ppm.

scholarly journals Particulate Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: A Putative Proallergic Hazard?

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Polosa ◽  
Sundeep Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Public Attention

Air pollution generated from motor vehicle exhaust has become a major cause for scientific and public concern worldwide over recent years. The rapid and marked increase in the motor vehicle traffic and its associated emissions in urban areas have paralleled a sharp increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between people living in close proximity to roads with high traffic density and increased allergic symptoms, reduced lung function and increased sensitization to common aeroallergens. Several laboratory-based studies have demonstrated that pollutants emitted from motor vehicles can induce allergic inflammation and increase airway hyperresponsiveness, which may provide an underlying mechanism for the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. Although the detrimental effects of air pollution on human health have been brought to public attention, it appears that less attention has been given to the potential role of road traffic fumes in the induction of the allergic state. Legislators should consider pollutants emitted from motor vehicle exhausts as a potential pro-allergic hazard, before making important changes in environmental policy.

scholarly journals Traffic-originated nanocluster emission exceeds H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-driven photochemical new particle formation in an urban area

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miska Olin ◽  
Heino Kuuluvainen ◽  
Minna Aurela ◽  
Joni Kalliokoski ◽  
Niina Kuittinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust

Abstract. Elevated ambient concentrations of sub-3 nm particles (nanocluster aerosol, NCA) are generally related to atmospheric new particle formation events, usually linked with gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) produced via photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide. According to our measurement results of H2SO4 and NCA concentrations, traffic density, and solar irradiance at an urban traffic site in Helsinki, Finland, the view of aerosol formation in traffic-influenced environments is updated by presenting two separate and independent pathways of traffic affecting the atmospheric NCA concentrations: by acting as a direct nanocluster source, and by influencing the production of H2SO4. As traffic density is frequently correlated with solar radiation, it is likely that the influence of traffic-related nanoclusters has been hidden in the diurnal variation, and is thus underestimated because new particle formation events also follow the diurnal cycle of sunlight. Urban aerosol formation studies should, therefore, be updated to include the proposed formation mechanisms. Additionally, the directly emitted NCA poses a potentially elevated health risk, highlighting the need for quantifying the source and loadings in populated areas. The formation of H2SO4 in urban environments is here separated in two routes: primary H2SO4 is formed in hot vehicle exhaust and is converted rapidly to particle phase; secondary H2SO4 results from the combined effect of emitted gaseous precursors and available solar radiation.

scholarly journals Suicidal Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Using Motor Vehicle Exhaust in an Open Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-492
Author(s):  
Czesław Żaba ◽  
Paweł Świderski ◽  
Karina Sommerfeld-Klatta ◽  
Zbigniew Żaba ◽  
Katarzyna Pluta-Hadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Car Exhaust

Objectives: A rare case of a suicidal use of gases from the car exhaust system of the car petrol engine in an open space is presented. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: To verify suicidal intent of poisoning, an experimental reconstruction of the crime scene was performed. This demonstrated that appropriately long exposure to carbon monoxide with unfavorable weather conditions can cause acute carbon monoxide poisoning in an open space. Conclusions: This case was studied to observe the pattern of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning in an open space. This might be helpful for forensic medicine, emergency medicine, and occupational medicine.

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