MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Achatinidae) FOUND IN ILE-IFE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
S I. OLA ◽  
O. AKINLADE ◽  
G. O. BAMIDELE
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

The morphometry of the reproductive organs of the giant African land snail, Archachatina marginata ovum from wild collection at Ile-Ife, southwest Nigeria, was assessed during March - May (early rainy season) and August – October (late rainy season) of 2010. A total 134 snails were dissected and clas-sified into one of five different reproductive states (low mating readiness; high mating readiness; egg production; gravid and post reproductive). The five states were observed in snails collected during the early rainy season, whereas the gravid state was not observed in the collections during late rainy sea-son. Albumen gland was considerably enlarged at egg production state forming about 60 % of the total weight of the reproductive system, while vas deferens was significantly longer in snails at high mating readiness state. The sizes of the reproductive organs were not substantially related to the size of the snail as the coefficient of determination (r2) of the relationship were in most cases below 0.5. The over-all results indicated that variations in the morphology of the reproductive organs of A. marginata ovum are mostly state dependent and less related to the size of the snail and thus could be used reliably to categorise the snails into reproductive states.

scholarly journals Avian Viruses that Impact Table Egg Production

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1747
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. H. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Host Interactions

Eggs are a common source of protein and other nutrient components for people worldwide. Commercial egg-laying birds encounter several challenges during the long production cycle. An efficient egg production process requires a healthy bird with a competent reproductive system. Several viral pathogens that can impact the bird’s health or induce reversible or irreversible lesions in the female reproductive organs adversely interfere with the egg industry. The negative effects exerted by viral diseases create a temporary or permanent decrease in egg production, in addition to the production of low-quality eggs. Several factors including, but not limited to, the age of the bird, and the infecting viral strain and part of reproductive system involved contribute to the form of reproductive disease encountered. Advanced methodologies have successfully elucidated some of the virus–host interactions relevant to the hen’s reproductive performance, however, this branch needs further research. This review discusses the major avian viral infections that have been reported to adversely affect egg productivity and quality and aims to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the observed negative effects.

Egg productivity of quails of Japanese breed under different phase feeding schemes

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
A. A. Kretov
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Risk Zone ◽  
Egg Formation

The primary cause of injuries and inflammation of the reproductive system in female quails in industrial quail farming is the process of egg formation and its passage through the oviduct. With technological injuries females aged from 42 to 55 days are involved into the risk zone, whose weight of laid eggs ranges from 11,6 to 13,7 g. In previous morphological and histological studies, the following patterns of development of the organs of the reproductive system of quails under conditions of intensive technology have been established. The development of the reproductive organs of female quails of Japanese breed proceeds sequentially in seven periods: the first (1–21 days) is the period of relative rest of the growth of organs, the second (21–35 days) is the period of intensive morphogenesis of the ovaries and oviduct departments, the third (35–45 days) is the period of preparation and the beginning of egg laying, the fourth (45–75 days) is the period of egg laying growth or functional formation of the oviduct departments, the fifth (75–185 days) is the period of intensive folliculogenesis and high secretory activity of the departments of the oviduct or the peak of egg production, the sixth (185–200 days) is the beginning of the involution of the reproductive organs and a decrease in the rate of egg production, the seventh (200 days and older) is the involution of the reproductive organs and the termination of egg laying. Taking into account these patterns of development of the reproductive organs of quails, the feeding scheme of female egg quails has been adjusted, which provides for the division of the productive period into 4 phases: phase 1 is the beginning of egg production (36–45 days), phase 2 is the growth of egg production (46–75 days), phase 3 is the peak of egg production (76–185 days) and phase 4 is the decline of egg production (185–200 days). The proposed scheme of phase feeding of female quails of Japanese breed during the productive period is the advantageous technological technique, since it allows to reduce the injuries of the poultry oviduct and improve the quality indicators of the quail egg, as a result of reducing the weight and size of eggs in the initial phase of egg production and the number of large eggs during the entire productive period. The use of the new scheme of phase feeding of female quails of Japanese breed allows us to get more egg mass by 67,5 kg, due to the increase in the gross harvest of commercial quail eggs by 4,5 % and the livability of the quails by 5,6 %.

scholarly journals Toxicity And Accumulation of Lead And Cadmium In The Land Snail, Archachatina Papyracea In A Tropical Alfisol From Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga John Owojori ◽  
Michael Awodiran ◽  
Oluwadunsin Ajana ◽  
Olukayode Jegede
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Lead And Cadmium

Abstract Snails are an important link in the transfer of contaminants, especially metals in the food chain. Yet, few studies have examined the toxicity and accumulation of metals in snails in the tropics. This study assessed the toxicity and accumulation of two non-essential metals (cadmium and lead) to the tropical snail Archachatina papyracea. Specimens of the snail A. papyracea were exposed in a loamy soil collected from Ile-Ife, Nigeria and spiked with varying concentrations of Cd and Pb over 28 days. Survival and weight change of snails were monitored weekly while tissue accumulation was assessed at the end of the 28-day period. Survival was a more sensitive endpoint than the weight change of snails. The Cd median lethal concentration (LC50) value was 93 ± 4.4 mg/kg, while the median effect concentration (EC50) for snail weight change was 131 ± 41mg/kg. For Pb, LC50 value was 1121 ± 457 mg/kg while the EC50 value for weight change was higher at 4541 ± 1180 mg/kg. Therefore, Cd was a factor of about 10 to 30 more toxic than Pb, consistent with findings on the relative toxicity of Cd and Pb to other soil organisms, including earthworms, springtails, and mites. Although not included initially as an endpoint, egg production in the snails decreased with increasing Cd and Pb concentrations in the substrate. Metal analysis of the foot and visceral mass of surviving snails showed progressive accumulation of Cd and Pb as concentration increased, showing the tendency to use body residue of A. papyracea as an indicator of metal pollution. It further suggests the role of this snail species in above-ground metal transfer in the food chain and highlights the potential danger for human consumption.

Comparison of Emission Levels of Motor Cars, Motorcycles, and Tricycles Using Petrol Engines in Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
Odunlami Olayemi Abosede ◽  
Akeredolu Funso Alaba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Standards

The emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon from four stroke-powered motorcars and two stroke-powered motorcycles and tricycles in Southwest Nigeria were examined using an automotive 4-gas analyer. Results show that tricycles produced more hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions than motorcycles, while motorcycles emitted more of these pollutants than the gasoline fueled motor cars. (The gasoline fueled motorcars produced lowest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide while the tricycles produced the highest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions). On the contrary, motor cars had the highest mean value of carbon dioxide followed by the motorcycles, while tricycles had the least. This could be attributed to the presence of the catalytic converters in some of the motor cars oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The mean values of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcars are 630ppm, 10200ppm and 59900ppm. This is much higher than the NESREA (National Environmental standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) standards as well as Euro II and Euro III (European standards) for vehicular emission. The mean values for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcycles and tricycles are (2150ppm, 21530ppm and 31200ppm) and (2820ppm, 24880ppm and 38710ppm) respectively. These results do not comply with Nigeria and European emission standards for hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide. Tricycles and motorcycles account for higher concentrations of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants from mobile sources, while they emit carbon dioxide minimally.

Memoirs: The Reproductive System of the Planarian Artioposthia Triangulata (Dendy)

1937 ◽  
Vol s2-80 (317) ◽  
pp. 99-125
Author(s):  
MARION L. FYFE
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Internal Opening ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Amoeboid Cells

The main subject of this paper is a detailed description of the reproductive organs of a planarian initially described by Dendy as Geoplana triangulata. Five unusual features are observed in the reproductive system: 1. The vas deferens consists of a series of wide convoluted branching tubes extending from the region of the mouth to the anterior end of the seminal vesicle. 2. The penis is very small and inconspicuous. 3. The atrium masculinum is provided with three pairs of muscular gland-organs or adenodactyli. 4. The paired ovaries are situated one on each side of the seminal vesicle, not in the region of the brain as is usual. 5. Each ovary is a long fusiform body enclosing more than one true ovary or germarium, as well as specialized parovarian and amoeboid cells which are probably nutritive, and are associated with the internal opening of the oviduct. The writer refers Geoplana triangulata Dendy to the genus Artioposthia owing to the presence of adenodactyli in the atrium masculinum. Each adenodactylus encloses a glandular reservoir from which a ciliated duct leads to the atrial cavity. The actual function of the adenodactyli is obscure, but the very small size of the penis and the fact that the adenodactyli are extrusible suggests the possibility of these latter performing the function of a penis.

scholarly journals Morphology and Histology of the Reproductive System of Sagitta Planctonis Steinhaus, 1896 (Chaetognatha)

1975 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
A.C. Pierrot-Bults
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Secretory Function

The morphology and histology of the reproductive organs of Sagitta planctonis forma planctonis and of S. planctonis forma zetesios are described. No difference in number of oocytes was observed. The existence of a temporary oviduct is questionable. It may be possible that the so-called accessory fertilization cells are not actually participating in fertilization, but they may have a resorptive or secretory function.

scholarly journals Macrocyclis peruvianus (Gastropoda, Acavidae), an endemic land snail from Chile

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia F. da Silva ◽  
José W. Thomé
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Shell Structure ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Terrestrial Snail ◽  
First Time

Macrocyclis peruvianus (Lamarck, 1822) is a large terrestrial snail which is endemic in Chile. A detailed description of its shell structure, jaw, radula, palial cavity and reproductive system is presented here for the first time.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus Subgroups IA and IB Isolates in Tomatoes in Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1750-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Kayode ◽  
B. O. Odu ◽  
K. A. Ako-Nai ◽  
O. J. Alabi
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Specific Sequences

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major economic crop consumed globally in fresh or processed forms. During a routine field survey of major tomato-producing areas of southwestern Nigeria in May/June 2013, tomato plants cv. Roma VF showing virus-like symptoms including stunting, chlorosis, and narrowing of leaf blades were observed in 10 farmers' fields with varying levels of incidence averaging ~27%. Moderate to high aphid infestations were also observed in affected fields, and fruit production was significantly impacted based on visual observations. Since symptoms observed on affected plants are similar to those described for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection in tomato (5), leaf tissue samples collected from a total of 92 tomato plants across 10 commercial farms were subjected to antigen coated plate (ACP)-ELISA essentially as described previously (2). In ACP-ELISA using a CMV polyclonal antibody, 24 of the 92 samples (26.1%) derived from 7 of the 10 survey locations spread across Oyo, Ogun, Ekiti, and Osun states of southwestern Nigeria tested positive for CMV. Based on the ACP-ELISA results, one randomly selected sample from each of the CMV-positive survey locations, seven samples in total, was subjected to total nucleic acid extraction (1) followed by one step-single tube RT-PCR using primers CMV1/CMV2 and conditions described previously (4) with appropriate virus-positive and -negative controls. A ~500 bp DNA band was amplified from these seven ACP-ELISA-positive samples, thus confirming the presence of CMV. To further confirm these results and to enable molecular typing of CMV isolates from southwest Nigeria, the amplified DNA fragments were precipitated with the addition of 70% ethanol and centrifugation and directly sequenced using the ABI 3130xL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, California) at the Bioscience Center of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Following the removal of primer- and 3′UTR-specific sequences, the remaining 366-bp partial CP-specific sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. KM091952 to 58) and corresponding sequences of global CMV isolates obtained from GenBank were subjected to multiple alignments using the MEGA 6.0 software. This analysis showed that tomato-infecting CMV isolates from southwest Nigeria shared 91.6 to 99.4% and 94.9 to 99.1% nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) identities among themselves and 91.6 to 98.0% and 94.1 to 98.3%, 89.4 to 94.1% and 93.2 to 98.3%, and 75.2 to 78.8% and 84.0 to 87.3% with corresponding nt and aa sequences of representatives of CMV isolates belonging to subgroups IA (D10538), IB (AB008777), and II (M21464), respectively. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of four and three CMV isolates obtained in this study into subgroups IA and IB, respectively, with >70% bootstrap support. CMV has been detected in tomato seeds (3) and its very wide host range includes cultivated crops and weed species (5). It is therefore plausible that contaminated seed lots and alternative weed and crop host plants serve as sources of CMV inoculum to cultivated tomato in affected farms. Although CMV has been reported from tomato from several countries worldwide, to our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence for the occurrence of CMV subgroups IA and IB in cultivated tomato in Nigeria. References: (1) S. L. Dellaporta et al. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1:19, 1983. (2) J. d'A. Hughes and S. A. Tarawali. Trop. Sci. 39:70, 1999. (3) K. H. Park and B. J. Cha. Res. Plant Dis. 8:101, 2002. (4) S. Wylie et al. Aus. J. Agric. Res. 44:41, 1993. (5) T. A. Zitter and J. F. Murphy. Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0518-01, 2009.

scholarly journals II. Researches on the reproductive organs of the annelids

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Proposition

In this paper the author seeks to establish the following general proposition, viz. that there prevails throughout the Actiniadæ, Echinodermata, Rotifera and Annelida, a special organ, which, under different phases, subserves different functions, which is essentially identifiable under every modification, reducible to the same type, and which constitutes the root of the Reproductive system in these families. To this special organ he proposes to apply the provisional name of the " segmental organ .” In the chambers which are enclosed by the vertical dissepiments dividing the body of Actinia , convoluted tubular cords are contained which support the generative structures.

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