scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN SUSPECTED CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
A.E. OJO ◽  
S.O. ADEBAJO ◽  
O.A. OJO ◽  
A.T. AJIBOLA ◽  
D.A. OJO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Maximum Time

Statement of the Problem: Tuberculosis remains a serious public-health threat in developing countries though it has been eradicated in some advanced countries. This disease constitutes a significant threat to global health, being the second highest cause of morbidity and mortality resulting from infectious agents. Prompt diagnosis of active TB facilitates timely therapeutic intervention and minimizes community transmission. Aim: This study aimed at determining a ‘Point of Care’ diagnostic tool for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) by comparing the efficiency of four different PTB diagnostic tools for different age groups. Methodology: Zeihl Nelson (ZN) staining, culture, Gene xpert (GX) and Lipoarabinomanan (LAM) assay were employed in this study The culture method was used for confirmation. Sputum and urine samples were collected from each of 100 patients symptomatically diagnosed of PTB. Findings: Fifty-seven percent of the population was male while 43% were female. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 9 (9%) of 100 patients. Similarly, GX detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 9 (9%) of the patients while the rate of detection using LAM was 10% and with ZN it was 7%. Gene xpert produced no true or false positive and negative result, LAM had one false positive result and ZN had two false negative results. The maximum time frame to generate result was 25 minutes for LAM, two hours for Gene xpert, eight weeks for culture and two days for ZN. Two positive isolates were observed at the same frequency for age group 21-30 and 31- 40 while age groups 1-10, 10-20, 41-50, 50-60 and above has 1 positive result each. Gene xpert had 98.11% sensitivity while LAM had 96.23% and ZN had 86.79%. The choice of ‘Point of Care’ diagnostic tool is of great concern to clinicians and the general public. Conclusion & Significance: This study identified LAM assay as suitable ‘Point of Care’ diagnostic and an add-on tool for PTB diagnosis because of its relatively high sensitivity and short maximum time frame to generate result compare to other three diagnostic techniques.      

scholarly journals Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika Gupta ◽  
Poonam Sagar ◽  
Nitesh Priyadarshi ◽  
Sunaina Kaul ◽  
Rajat Sandhir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Low Sensitivity

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic has been validated as an extreme clinical calamity and has affected several socio-economic activities globally. Proven transmission of this virus occurs through airborne droplets from an infected person. The recent upsurge in the number of infected individuals has already exceeded the number of intensive care beds available to patients. These extraordinary circumstances have elicited the need for the development of diagnostic tools for the detection of the virus and, hence, prevent the spread of the disease. Early diagnosis and effective immediate treatment can reduce and prevent an increase in the number of cases. Conventional methods of detection such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and chest computed tomography scans have been used extensively for diagnostic purposes. However, these present several challenges, including prolonged assay requirements, labor-intensive testing, low sensitivity, and unavailability of these resources in remote locations. Such challenges urgently require fast, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic techniques for the timely detection and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Point-of-care biosensors that include paper- and chip-based diagnostic systems are rapid, cost-effective, and user friendly. In this article nanotechnology-based potential biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are discussed with particular emphasis on a lateral flow assay, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based biosensor, a localized surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor, Förster resonance energy transfer, an electrochemical biosensor, and artificial intelligence-based biosensors. Several biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, antibodies/enzymes, or aptamers, can serve as potential detection molecules on an appropriate platform, such as graphene oxide, nanoparticles, or quantum dots. An effective biosensor can be developed by using appropriate combinations of nanomaterials and technologies.

scholarly journals Preliminary report on the development of a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification diagnostic assay for deer tick virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon G. Roy ◽  
Eric J. Ryndock
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Target Dna

AbstractDeer tick virus (DTV) is an emerging pathogen in North America. This virus can cause nervous system complications such as encephalitis in humans. Further, no data has been surmounted around long-term effects of infection from DTV patients across variable age groups. Diagnostic tools of DTV used by government laboratories are based on RT-PCR using patient serum or ticks. This paper explores the feasibility of a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to create a point-of-care diagnostic methodology for use in field and in primary care. LAMP consists of six primers that bind to target DNA and amplifies variable length nucleotide strands that can be visualized through side reactions or via electrophoresis. First, a viable LAMP primer set, and a primer set that dimerizes and amplifies DNA regardless of compatibility were created in silico and validated in vitro. Then, a specific LAMP assay was developed. Our findings showed this method can be performed within 30 minutes and can measure with limits of detection comparable to PCR.

scholarly journals Analytical and Clinical Assessment of a Portable, Isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Assay for the Molecular Diagnosis of Urogenital Schistosomiasis

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4175
Author(s):  
John Archer ◽  
Rebecca Barksby ◽  
Tom Pennance ◽  
Penelope Rostron ◽  
Faki Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Accurate diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is crucial for disease surveillance and control. Routine diagnostic methods, however, lack sensitivity when assessing patients with low levels of infection still able to maintain pathogen transmission. Therefore, there is a need for highly sensitive diagnostic tools that can be used at the point-of-care in endemic areas. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool that has been used to diagnose several pathogens at the point-of-care. Here, the analytical performance of a previously developed RPA assay (RT-ShDra1-RPA) targeting the Schistosoma haematobium Dra1 genomic region was assessed using commercially synthesised S. haematobium Dra1 copies and laboratory-prepared samples spiked with S. haematobium eggs. Clinical performance was also assessed by comparing diagnostic outcomes with that of a reference diagnostic standard, urine-egg microscopy. The RT-ShDra1-RPA was able to detect 1 × 101 copies of commercially synthesised Dra1 DNA as well as one S. haematobium egg within laboratory-spiked ddH2O samples. When compared with urine-egg microscopy, the overall sensitivity and specificity of the RT-ShDra1-RPA assay was 93.7% (±88.7–96.9) and 100% (±69.1–100), respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 100% (±97.5–100) and 50% (±27.2–72.8), respectively. The RT-ShDra1-RPA therefore shows promise as a rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tool able to diagnose urogenital schistosomiasis at the point-of-care.

scholarly journals DNA-Detection Based Diagnostics for Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Porcine

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Maxwell W. Waema ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
John M. Kagira ◽  
Eric L. Agola ◽  
Helena A. Ngowi
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Dna Detection ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis

Porcine cysticercosis is a neglected and underestimated disease caused by metacestode stage of the tapeworm, Taenia solium (T. solium). Pigs are the intermediate hosts of T. solium while human are the only known definitive host. The disease has an economic consequence because the affected farmers lose 50−100 percent of the value of pigs if they are infected. Lack of affordable, easy to use, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnostic tools for detection of infections at the farm level hinders the control of porcine cysticercosis in endemic areas. A number of DNA based diagnostic assays for the detection of T. solium infections in pigs have been developed and evaluated but none is applicable at low-resource areas where this disease is an endemic. This review focuses mainly on DNA based diagnostic methods, their sensitivity, specificity, and utilization at low-resource areas. We summarized data from 65 studies on the current DNA-detection based diagnostic techniques for T. solium cysticercosis in porcine, published in English between the years 2000–2018, identified through PubMed search engine. Of the different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays developed for identification of T. solium, the most sensitive (97−100%) and specific (100%) one is nested PCR. One study utilized loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a diagnostic tool for the detection of T. solium infections though its field use was never determined. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has been evaluated as a diagnostic tool for a variety of diseases, but has never been exploited for the diagnosis of cysticercosis/taeniasis. In conclusion, several molecular methods have been developed and evaluated in lab settings. However, there is need to validate these methods as a diagnostic tool to diagnose porcine cysticercosis in low-resource areas.

scholarly journals Crispr-cas 12a combination to alleviate the false-positive in loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngo Tat Trung ◽  
Le Huu Phuc Son ◽  
Trinh Xuan Hien ◽  
Dao Thanh Quyen ◽  
Mai Hong Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
False Positive Result ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Neisseria Meningitides ◽  
Rna Sensors ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Loop mediated Isothermal amplicafication (LAMP) was recently suggested as a diagnostic tool for the identification of Neisseria meningitides. Howevere, this isothermal amplification is challenged by the fact its amplification leads to risks of obtaining false-positive results. Whereas, with abilities to accurately recognize specific sequence, the CRISPR/Cas12a can forms complexes with cognate RNA sensors and cleave pathogen’s DNA targets complimerntary to its cognate RNA and acquires collateral activity to unbiasedly cut nearby off-target fragments. Therefore, if relevant fluorescent-quencher-nucleic probes are present in the reaction, the non-specific cleavage of probes releases fluorescences and establish diagnostic read-outs. In this study, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept that in relevant biochemical conditions, CRISPR/Cas12a and LAMP can work synchronously to identify genetics materials of Nesseria menitigistis at the level of 0.00004% in less than 2 h. Additionally, our clinical data also showed that the combinatory of CRISPR/Cas12a help to alleviate false positive result therefore enhance the specificity gained by the LAMP assays.

scholarly journals Subsequent attendance in a breast cancer screening program after a false-positive result in the Local Health Authority of Bologna (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Squillace ◽  
Lorenzo Pizzi ◽  
Flavia Rallo ◽  
Carmen Bazzani ◽  
Gianni Saguatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Local Health Authority ◽  
Local Health ◽  
False Positive Result

AbstractWe conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the likelihood of returning for routine breast cancer screening among women who have experienced a false-positive result (FPR) and to describe the possible individual and organizational factors that could influence subsequent attendance to the screening program. Several information were collected on demographic and clinical characteristics data. Electronic data from 2014 to 2016 related to breast screening program of the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Bologna (Italy) of women between 45 and 74 years old were reviewed. A total of 4847 women experienced an FPR during mammographic screening and were recalled to subsequent round; 80.2% adhered to the screening. Mean age was 54.2 ± 8.4 years old. Women resulted to be less likely to adhere to screening if they were not-Italian (p = 0.001), if they lived in the Bologna district (p < 0.001), if they had to wait more than 5 days from II level test to end of diagnostic procedures (p = 0.001), if the diagnostic tests were performed in a hospital with the less volume of activity and higher recall rate (RR) (p < 0.001) and if they had no previous participation to screening tests (p < 0.001). Our results are consistent with previous studies, and encourages the implementation and innovation of the organizational characteristics for breast cancer screening. The success of screening programs requires an efficient indicators monitoring strategy to develop and evaluate continuous improvement processes.

scholarly journals Cytokine Biosignature of Active and Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Children

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Magdalena Druszczynska ◽  
Michal Seweryn ◽  
Sebastian Wawrocki ◽  
Magdalena Kowalewska-Pietrzak ◽  
Anna Pankowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Multiplex Bead

None of the currently used diagnostic tools are efficient enough in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in children. The study was aimed to identify cytokine biosignatures characterizing active and latent tuberculosis (TB) in children. Using a multiplex bead-based technology, we analyzed the levels of 53 Th17-related cytokines and inflammatory mediators in sera from 216 BCG-vaccinated children diagnosed with active TB (TB) or latent TB (LTBI) as well as uninfected controls (HC). Children with active TB, compared to HC children, showed reduced serum levels of IL-17A, MMP-2, OPN, PTX-3, and markedly elevated concentrations of APRIL/TNFSF13. IL-21, sCD40L, MMP-2, and IL-8 were significantly differentially expressed in the comparisons between groups: (1) HC versus TB and LTBI (jointly), and (2) TB versus LTBI. The panel consisting of APRIL/TNFSF13, sCD30/TNFRSF8, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-2, sIL-6Rα, IL-8, IL-11, IL-29/IFN-λ1, LIGHT/TNFSF14, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, osteocalcin, osteopontin, TSLP, and TWEAK/TNFSF12 possessed a discriminatory potential for the differentiation between TB and LTBI children. Serum-based host biosignatures carry the potential to aid the diagnosis of childhood M.tb infections. The proposed panels of markers allow distinguishing not only children infected with M.tb from uninfected individuals but also children with active TB from those with latent TB.

scholarly journals Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Springer ◽  
Antje Glass ◽  
Julia Probst ◽  
Christina Strube
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

AbstractAround the world, human health and animal health are closely linked in terms of the One Health concept by ticks acting as vectors for zoonotic pathogens. Animals do not only maintain tick cycles but can either be clinically affected by the same tick-borne pathogens as humans and/or play a role as reservoirs or sentinel pathogen hosts. However, the relevance of different tick-borne diseases (TBDs) may vary in human vs. veterinary medicine, which is consequently reflected by the availability of human vs. veterinary diagnostic tests. Yet, as TBDs gain importance in both fields and rare zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia spp., are increasingly identified as causes of human disease, a One Health approach regarding development of new diagnostic tools may lead to synergistic benefits. This review gives an overview on zoonotic protozoan, bacterial and viral tick-borne pathogens worldwide, discusses commonly used diagnostic techniques for TBDs, and compares commercial availability of diagnostic tests for humans vs. domestic animals, using Germany as an example, with the aim of highlighting existing gaps and opportunities for collaboration in a One Health framework.

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