scholarly journals Inter-group Transfer of Anti-alcoholic Effect of Nux vomica 200 CH through the Body of a Live Toad

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (46) ◽  
pp. 03-12
Author(s):  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Anirban Sukul ◽  
Rathin Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Water Structure ◽  
Uv Spectra ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Capillary Water ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Drug Solution

Background: A homeopathic potency is usually given to the nursing mother for the treatment of her baby. Potencies above 12 CH cross the Avogadro number and are, therefore, too dilute to contain any original drug molecules. A potency is thought to be specifically structured water carrying the imprint of original drug molecules. It may convert the water structure in the body of the mother and through her milk reach the suckling baby. Using a toad model we have recently demonstrated that the antialcoholic effect of Nux vomica 200 CH could be transferred from one group of toads to another through capillary water which carries the information of Nux vomica. Homeopathic potencies show UV spectra distinct from its diluent medium of aquous ethanol. Does a potency remain effective even after passage through a living body? Objectives: To demonstrate that a potency effect can be transferred through the body of a live toad to other groups of toads connected through water to the live toad. Further, we want to see whether the UV spectra of drug solution and of water connected to the drug are similar in nature. Methods: A live toad was held vertically with one hind limb dipped in Nux vomica 200 CH solution in a beaker and another limb in distilled water in another beaker. The second beaker was connected by wet cotton threads encased in polythene tubes to 5 beakers, each of which contained adult toads in distilled water. A batch of toads was directly treated with Nux vomica 200 CH. An equal number of toads in distilled water served as the untreated control. After 30 min the control and the two batches of treated toads were kept separately in 209 mM ethanol solution. Toads, that stopped movement, were placed in supine position on a dry surface. Failure to assume a normal sitting posture within a cutoff time of 60 sec was regarded as loss of righting reflex (RR). The experiment was replicated using large number of toads. UV spectra of Nux vomica 200 CH solution and of water before and after connection with the drug were obtained. Results: The percentage of toads losing RR in the three groups of toads increased with time of exposure to 209 mM ethanol solution. The loss of RR was significantly delayed with the direct treatment group ( P < 0.001, chi square test) and the connected groups ( P < 0.01 , χ2 test ) as compared to the control. The two former groups did not differ from each other significantly. UV spectra of Nux vomica 200 CH solution were similar to that of water connected to the drug solution. Conclusion: The antialcoholic effect of Nux vomica 200 CH could be transferred through the body of a live toad to other groups of toads. The drug did not undergo denaturation during its passage through the living body. That water carries the information of original drug is further evidenced by the spectral properties of water connected to the drug solution through capillary water.

a Novel Combinational Nanodrug Delivery System Induces Synergistic Inhibition of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingliang Fan ◽  
Jiping Li
Keyword(s):  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anticancer Efficacy ◽  
Nanodrug Delivery ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Cellular Assays ◽  
Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line ◽  
M Phase

Background: The combination of two or more therapeutic drugs is an attractive approach to improve the treatment of experimental tumors. Leveraging nanocarriers for combinational drug delivery can allow a control over drug biological fate and promote co-localization in the same area of the body. However, there are certain concerns regarding the biodegradability and potential long-term toxicity arising from these synthetic nanoscale carriers. Objective: Our aim was to develop a combinational nanodrug delivery system formed by self-assembling of amphiphilic drug molecules，minimizing potential toxicities associated with using additional synthetic nanocarriers. Methods: A novel prodrug chlorambucil gemcitabine conjugate was synthesized, this prodrug was used for the encapsulation of an additional hydrophobic anticancer drug paclitaxel, taking the form of combinational nanodrugs. Particle size and zeta potential were evaluated, cytotoxicity assay and apoptosis/cell cycle analysis were also performed to validate the anticancer efficacy of the combinational nanodrugs. Results: The combinational nanodrugs were acquired by means of nanoprecipitation. In A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line, cellular assays revealed that co-delivery of low dosage paclitaxel with chlorambucil gemcitabine conjugate can act synergistically to inhibit cell growth and induce accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase with a concomitant decrease in G0/G1 compartment. Conclusion: Chlorambucil gemcitabine conjugate and paclitaxel can co-assemble into composite nanoparticles by a nanoprecipitation process and the resulting combinational nanodrugs showed synergistic anticancer effect. This synthetic nanocarrier-free approach might broaden the nanodrug concept and have potential in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Section II.—The Principle and Construction of the Closed Hydrometer

1912 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
J. Y. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Vertical Pressure ◽  
Standard Temperature

The instrument being closed, its true weight is constant.Let it be assumed that our experiments are actually made in vacuo, at the sea-level in lat. 45°. In these conditions the standard gram exerts a vertical pressure of 1 gram (true).We weigh the hydrometer and find its weight to be W grams. We now float it in distilled water contained in a suitable cylinder. In the construction of the hydrometer the internal load has been so adjusted that, when immersed in distilled water of the standard temperature T, which is to remain unaltered during the whole of the experiments, the surface of the water shall cut the stem in some line C, near its junction with the body of the instrument. Then the weight of the water displaced by the hydrometer is exactly W grams.

scholarly journals Staining Interactions of Bixa Orellana (Annatto) Seed Extracts with Tissues of Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasogbon Samuel Ayobami
Keyword(s):  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Giemsa Stain ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bixa Orellana ◽  
Seed Extracts

Introduction: Bixa orellana is an ancestral multi use plant popularly known as Achiote or lipstick tree in view of its reddish – orange dye on its seeds, Central and South American populations used these seeds to color their bodies and lips, B. orellana is the only species of Bixaceae family. Aim: The aim of this study was to stain the organs such as skin, liver, kidney, brain, intestines, and bone marrow of a wistar rats with solutions of Bixa orellana (Annatto) seed extracts. Methods: The study design was experimental research, the seeds of Bixa orellana were extracted in distilled water, absolute ethanol and acetone, using maceration methods and the fractions of the extracts were determined using column chromatography while preliminary, the solutions of the extracts were used to stain tissues listed above at varying pH to establish staining interactions of the crude extracts and fractions eluted from the column chromatography. Results: The most significant staining interaction were observed in ethanol solution of bixa extract, followed by acetone and distilled water and staining were also observed at column fraction(9-26), with background yellowish appearance in all the staining solutions which was contrast to controls (haematoxylin and eosin) stained sections and no staining reaction was observed in blood smear of wistar rat. The staining interactions of great quality was observed at pH 5.0 and 7.5, despite its staining ability it was neither superior to eosin nor a substitute to giemsa stain due to the yellowish background appearance and its complete inactivity on blood smear. Conclusion: Bixa orellana dye extracts can be grouped under compound dyes or neutral dyes due to its interaction at both pH 5.0 and 7.5 and cannot be used as substitute for Giemsa stain.

scholarly journals The disorderly body: considerations of The Book of Numbers, 19 and ritual impurity after contact with a corpse

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Sandra Junker
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Living Body ◽  
The People ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Living Creature

This article deals with the idea of ritual bodily impurity after coming into contact with a corpse in the Hebrew Bible. The evanescence and impermanence of the human body testifies to the mortality of the human being. In that way, the human body symbolizes both life and death at the same time; both conditions are perceivable in it. In Judaism, the dead body is considered as ritually impure. Although, in this context it might be better to substitute the term ‘ritually damaged’ for ‘ritually impure’: ritual impurity does not refer to hygienic or moral impurity, but rather to an incapability of exercising—and living—religion. Ritual purity is considered as a prerequisite for the execution of ritual acts and obligations. The dead body depends on a sphere which causes the greatest uncertainty because it is not accessible for the living. According to Mary Douglas’s concepts, the dead body is considered ritually impure because it does not answer to the imagined order anymore, or rather because it cannot take part in this order anymore. This is impurity imagined as a kind of contagious illness, which is carried by the body. This article deals with the ritual of the red heifer in Numbers 19. Here we find the description of the preparation of a fluid that is to help clear the ritual impurity out of a living body after it has come into contact with a corpse. For the preparation of this fluid a living creature – a faultless red heifer – must be killed. According to the description, the people who are involved in the preparation of the fluid will be ritually impure until the end of the day. The ritual impurity acquired after coming into contact with a corpse continues as long as the ritual of the Red Heifer remains unexecuted, but at least for seven days. 

scholarly journals Seconds-resolved pharmacokinetic measurements of the chemotherapeutic irinotecan in situ in the living body

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (35) ◽  
pp. 8164-8170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Idili ◽  
Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás ◽  
Kyle L. Ploense ◽  
Andrew T. Csordas ◽  
Masayasu Kuwahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body

The ability to measure drugs in the body rapidly and in real time would advance both our understanding of pharmacokinetics and our ability to optimally dose and deliver pharmacological therapies.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF POTASH ADMINISTRATION ON THE BODY WEIGHT OF PREGNANT WISTAR RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
VIDONA WB ◽  
ADUEMA WADIONI ◽  
AKUNNEH-WARISO C ◽  
AMAH AK
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pregnant Animal ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Doses

Objective: Potash known as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a mixture of salt with other components, including impurities which coexist in mineral and salt is highly consumed in various forms by pregnant women. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of potash on the weight index of pregnant Wistar rats. Methods: A total of 25 albino Wistar rat with weights ranging from 180 to 300 g were used and allocated into five groups of five animals each (four females and one male) designated as Groups A, B, C, D, and E. The experimental Groups B, C, D, and E were administered through oral route different doses of potash of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, after pregnancy was detected by checking for mucus plug in the vagina. Group A served as the control group and was administered distilled water only. The animals were allowed for 1 week for acclimatization under normal temperature (270–300°C), which they were being fed with normal feed (grower’s mash) and water ad libitum for 1 week. Results: The result showed a significant (p˂0.05) reduction in weight with the highest level seen with the 1200 mg/kg group when compared to the control. Conclusion: Therefore, the effect of potash alters the physical activity and decreases weight, by implication may induce growth retardation of the Wistar rats which is not healthy for a pregnant animal.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Is Promising for Medical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-541
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Hirano ◽  
Yusuke Ichikawa ◽  
Bunpei Sato ◽  
Fumitake Satoh ◽  
Yoshiyasu Takefuji
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Highly Active

Hydrogen (H2) is promising as an energy source for the next generation. Medical applications using H2 gas can be also considered as a clean and economical technology. Since the H2 gas based on electrolysis of water production has potential to expand the medical applications, the technology has been developed in order to safely dilute it and to supply it to the living body by inhalation, respectively. H2 is an inert molecule which can scavenge the highly active oxidants including hydroxyl radical (·OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and which can convert them into water. H2 is clean and causes no adverse effects in the body. The mechanism of H2 is different from that of traditional drugs because it works on the root of many diseases. Since H2 has extensive and various effects, it may be called a “wide spectrum molecule” on diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the current medical applications of H2 including its initiation and development, and we also proposed its prospective medical applications. Due to its marked efficacy and no adverse effects, H2 will be a next generation therapy candidate for medical applications.

scholarly journals Advanced characterizations of nanoparticles for drug delivery: investigating their properties through the techniques used in their evaluations

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mahmood ◽  
Uttam Kumar Mandal ◽  
Bappaditya Chatterjee ◽  
Muhammad Taher
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Molecule ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Preparation Techniques

AbstractNanomedicine has achieved a huge success in delivering a wide variety of drug molecules into the target site of the body. In this respect, the characterization of nanoformulation is very important to investigate the drug molecule together with its carrier as a nanoform during formulation, storage, and in vivo transport through the body. This review article summarizes important advanced characterization techniques of nanoformulation with respect to their theories, use of required instrumental parameters, sample preparation techniques, data interpretation, etc., to exploit them for the best possible results. This review article also sheds a glimpse to the shortcomings of these techniques together with further advancements required in future.

The Key Role of Headrest Optimization in Driver Comfort

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-599
Author(s):  
Hamid Gheibollahi ◽  
Masoud Masih-Tehrani ◽  
Mohammadmehdi Niroobakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Stiffness And Damping

In this study, adding a headrest to the conventional vehicle driver seat is investigated to improve the driver comfort and decrease the driver damages. For this purpose, a conventional biomechanical human body model of wholebody vibrations is provided and modified by adding a head degree of freedom to the body model and a headrest to the seat model. The basic model is in the sitting posture, lumped parameters and has nine DOFs for the human body, on contrary to the proposed model which has ten DOFs. The new human body DOF is the twisting motion of the head and neck. This new DOF is generated because of headrest adding to the driver’s seat. To determine the head discomforts, the Seat to Head (STH) indexes are studied in two directions: horizontal and vertical. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the STH in different directions. The optimization variables are stiffness and damping parameters of the driver’s seat which are 12 for the basic model and are 16 for a new seat. The integer programming is used for time reduction. The results show that new seat (equipped by headrest) has very better STH in both directions.

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