Impact of vertical succussion strokes vs. vortex potentization on droplet evaporation patterns obtained from Iscador Quercus 3x potency

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 03-03
Author(s):  
Maria Olga Kokornaczyk ◽  
Clifford Kunz ◽  
Stephan Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Grey Level ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Fractal Parameters ◽  
Pharmaceutical Processing ◽  
Textural Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Microscope Slides ◽  
Systematic Control

Background Pharmaceutical processing of homeopathic potencies consists of consecutively performed dilution and succussion steps. While the dilution steps are well defined, the manner of performing the succussions varies broadly among potency producers. Aims To study the impact of potentization consisting in the performance of vertical succussion strokes vs. vortex-like flow on droplet evaporation patterns obtained from Iscador Quercus 3x (ISCQ 3x). Methodology ISCQ 3x was prepared in three following variants: potentized for 2.5 min (i) by application of mechanically performed vertical strokes, or (ii) hand-made vortex-like flows; or (iii) only diluted and not-succussed control. Droplet evaporation method was performed as described in (1); in short: droplets of the three ISCQ 3x variants were evaporated on microscope slides (56 droplets of each variant distributed on four slides were evaporated in one experimental repetition). The experimental setup robustness was monitored by means of positive systematic control experiments, where on all 12 slides droplets of the ISCQ 3x variant potentized by the application of strokes were evaporated. The experiments were repeated five times. The resulting droplet residues were photographed in magnification 100x; the patterns were analyzed by means of the Image J software for their grey level distribution and textural and fractal parameters. Results and discussion All three ISCQ 3x variants could be significantly differentiated regarding some textural and fractal parameters; most parameters differentiated between the variant potentized by means of vertical strokes and the control and vortex-potentized variants. Fractal and textural parameters ranked the samples differently. Control experiments showed a reasonable experimental setup robustness. Conclusion The potentization by performing mechanical strokes vs. hand-made vortex-like flows influenced some phenomenological aspects of droplet evaporation patterns. This might indicate that some changes occurred on substance level as consequence of the mechanical impact. Further studies are necessary in this field.

Failure Mechanism Analysis of Electromagnetic Relay under Mechanical Impact

2013 ◽  
Vol 473 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Wei Zhao ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
De Yong Li ◽  
Bin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Magnetic Circuit ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Electromagnetic Relay ◽  
Electromagnetic Relays ◽  
The Impact

The aim was to analyze failure mechanism of electromagnetic relay caused by mechanical impact. The principle of electromagnetic relays was studied and the effect of mechanical impact on electromagnetic relays was analyzed in this paper. Based on the established magnetic circuit model, the relationship of the magnetic field strength, the electromagnetic attraction and the impact damage degree was studied. Then, the damage intensity of mechanical impact on magnetic circuit was decided. Afterwards, the structure of electromagnetic relays was improved, and the mechanical impact simulation was studied by ANSYS. The results show that the uncontrollability of electromagnetic relay is mainly caused by air gap, which is aroused by mechanical impact; in addition, the size of air gap is inversely proportional to electromagnetic attraction force. Moreover, the improved structure of relays can increase impact resistance and broaden the scope of engineering application of electromagnetic relay.

scholarly journals Absolute calibration method for frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) cloud radars based on corner reflectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6853-6875
Author(s):  
Felipe Toledo ◽  
Julien Delanoë ◽  
Martial Haeffelin ◽  
Jean-Charles Dupont ◽  
Susana Jorquera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Cloud Radar ◽  
Calibration Uncertainty ◽  
Radar Calibration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Uncertainty Source

Abstract. This article presents a new cloud radar calibration methodology using solid reference reflectors mounted on masts, developed during two field experiments held in 2018 and 2019 at the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA) atmospheric observatory, located in Palaiseau, France, in the framework of the Aerosol Clouds Trace gases Research InfraStructure version 2 (ACTRIS-2) research and innovation program. The experimental setup includes 10 and 20 cm triangular trihedral targets installed at the top of 10 and 20 m masts, respectively. The 10 cm target is mounted on a pan-tilt motor at the top of the 10 m mast to precisely align its boresight with the radar beam. Sources of calibration bias and uncertainty are identified and quantified. Specifically, this work assesses the impact of receiver compression, temperature variations inside the radar, frequency-dependent losses in the receiver's intermediate frequency (IF), clutter and experimental setup misalignment. Setup misalignment is a source of bias, previously undocumented in the literature, that can have an impact of the order of tenths of a decibel in calibration retrievals of W-band radars. A detailed analysis enabled the quantification of the importance of each uncertainty source to the final cloud radar calibration uncertainty. The dominant uncertainty source comes from the uncharacterized reference target which reached 2 dB. Additionally, the analysis revealed that our 20 m mast setup with an approximate alignment approach is preferred to the 10 m mast setup with the motor-driven alignment system. The calibration uncertainty associated with signal-to-clutter ratio of the former is 10 times smaller than for the latter. Following the proposed methodology, it is possible to reduce the added contribution from all uncertainty terms, excluding the target characterization, down to 0.4 dB. Therefore, this procedure should enable the achievement of calibration uncertainties under 1 dB when characterized reflectors are available. Cloud radar calibration results are found to be repeatable when comparing results from a total of 18 independent tests. Once calibrated, the cloud radar provides valid reflectivity values when sampling midtropospheric clouds. Thus, we conclude that the method is repeatable and robust, and that the uncertainties are precisely characterized. The method can be implemented under different configurations as long as the proposed principles are respected. It could be extended to reference reflectors held by other lifting devices such as tethered balloons or unmanned aerial vehicles.

Effects of the Self-Healing Microcapsules on the Impact Property of Polymer Composite Gear

2011 ◽  
Vol 66-68 ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan Jue Gong ◽  
Shuo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
The Self ◽  
Impact Property ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
The Impact

By designing the different formulations of the composites and adopting optimized technology including extrusion and molding, the effects of the Micro-capsules on the properties of nylon composites are analyzed by the impact property test. The mechanical impact property of the glass fiber reinforced nylon composites is influenced little if the content of the self-healing microcapsules added is less than 3.5%, and the technology of self-healing microcapsules used in the polymer composite gear is feasible.

scholarly journals Some Aspects Concerning The Impact Of The End Of Stroke On Hydraulic Cylinders

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-824
Author(s):  
Niculai Hauk
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Cylinder ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Hydraulic Cylinders ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Simulation Systems ◽  
Classical Calculation

Abstract The increase of speeds for mechanical systems operated with hydraulic cylinder raises risks of mechanical impact of the end of the race. We are considering a number of measures to limit the impact intensity. Its size is estimated according to the masses in motion, to work pressures and to the geometry of the mechanism. Elasticity of the components is also an important variable. This paper presents a method which combines the classical calculation with numerical simulation systems.

Development and characterization of structural adhesives for aerospace industry with alumina nanoparticles under shear and thermo-mechanical impact loads

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
UA Khashaba ◽  
Ramzi Othman ◽  
Ismael MR Najjar
Keyword(s):  
Contact Force ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Alumina Nanoparticles ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Impact Machine ◽  
Impact Properties ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
Impact Bending ◽  
The Impact

The present work aims to improve the mechanical properties of Epocast 50-A1/946 epoxy via incorporation of alumina nanoparticles using an ultrasonic agitation method. The optimum weight percentage of alumina nanoparticles was determined based on the improvement in the shear and impact properties of the nanocomposites at room temperature and 50 ℃. Accordingly, neat epoxy panels and nanocomposite panels with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt% alumina nanoparticles were fabricated. The shear and thermo-mechanical impact properties of the panels were measured using an instrumented drop-weight impact machine and an Iosipescu shear test fixture, respectively, according to ASTMs D5379 and D7136. The maximum improvement in shear strength and modulus was 10.9% and 8.1%, respectively, for the nanocomposites containing 1.0 and 1.5 wt% alumina nanoparticles. The predicted shear moduli of the nanocomposites agreed well with the measured values with a maximum error of 6.52%. The optimal performance of impact properties was achieved by incorporating 1.0 wt% of alumina nanoparticles. Namely, the maximum impact-bending stiffness, contact force, and absorbed energy were increased by 12.9%, 13.0%, and 23.4%, respectively. The test temperature of 50 ℃ was found to have a negative effect on the impact-bending stiffness and the maximum contact force. On the other hand, the absorbed energy was increased up to 12.1%.

Input and Design Optimization Under Uncertainty to Minimize the Impact Velocity of an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Switch

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Allen ◽  
J. E. Massad ◽  
R. V. Field ◽  
C. W. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Optimization Under Uncertainty ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Rf Switch ◽  
Voltage Waveform ◽  
Rigid Barrier ◽  
Mechanical Impact ◽  
The Impact

The dynamic response of a radio-frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system to a time-varying electrostatic force is optimized to enhance robustness to variations in material properties and geometry. The device functions as an electrical switch, where an applied voltage is used to close a circuit. The objective is to minimize the severity of the mechanical impact that occurs each time the switch closes because severe impacts have been found to significantly decrease the life of these switches. Previous works have demonstrated that a classical vibro-impact model, a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator subject to mechanical impact with a single rigid barrier, captures the relevant physics adequately. Certain model parameters are described as random variables to represent the significant unit-to-unit variability observed during fabrication and testing of a collection of nominally identical switches; these models for unit-to-unit variability are calibrated to available experimental data. Our objective is to design the shape and duration of the voltage waveform so that impact kinetic energy at switch closure is minimized for the collection of nominally identical switches, subject to design constraints. A voltage waveform designed using a deterministic model for the RF switch is found to perform poorly on the ensemble. An alternative waveform is generated using the proposed optimization procedure with a probabilistic model and is found to decrease the maximum impact velocity by a factor of 2 relative to the waveform designed deterministically. The methodology is also applied to evaluate a design change that reduces the impact velocity further and to predict the effect of fabrication process improvements.

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of a Polydyne Cam With Translated Roller Follower Mechanism With Clearance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louay S. Yousuf ◽  
Anis Drira
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Lyapunov Exponent ◽  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Phase Plane ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Power Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Largest Lyapunov Exponent ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a polydyne cam with translated roller follower over a range of speeds are analyzed. There is a clearance between the follower and the guide. The dynamic simulation is investigated taking into account the impact and the friction. The simulation has been done by using Solidworks program. The effect of follower guides’ clearances on roller follower non-periodicity is considered based on Lyapunov exponent technique. Rosenstein method is used to calculate largest Lyapunov exponent for different angular velocities of the cam. The experimental setup has been implemented by using OPTOTRAK/3020 through a 3-D infrared markers to track follower motion. The power spectrum analysis of Fast Fourier Transform and phase plane contour are examined roller follower non-periodicity.

An Impact-Based Experimental Setup for Evaluation of Rapid Electromechanical Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alshaikh Ali ◽  
Eric C. Nolan ◽  
Steven R. Anton ◽  
Mohsen Safaei
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Excitation Signal ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work investigates the application of structural health monitoring (SHM) in a dynamic environment with the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method. Classically, the EMI method monitors civil or mechanical structures for damage in static environments. Advances in data acquisition (DAQ) now allow the possibility of rapid damage detection in dynamic environments. An impact-based experimental setup is developed to create a repeatable dynamic event through a collision between a pneumatically actuated striker bar and a static incident bar instrumented with a piezoelectric transducer. The EMI method is employed to detect the change of state at the interface of the two colliding bars. Experimental results prove the pneumatic launching system is capable of repeatable dynamic events, but the duration of contact is only 0.03 ms and the current DAQ system is incapable of detecting the event. A 3D printed programming material interface is placed at the location of impact to increase the duration of contact to approximately 1 ms. An excitation signal is created to continuously sweep a 0.5 ms chirp signal with a frequency bandwidth from 60–70 kHz (previously identified damage sensitive frequency bandwidth from static testing) for 7.5 seconds. Results indicate that due to the sampling rate and sweep time of the excitation signal, the frequency resolution is not adequate to properly assess if the impact is detected. Improvements in the DAQ hardware must be considered for future work.

scholarly journals Further examination of the thermodynamic modification of the inflow layer of tropical cyclones by vertical wind shear

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Riemer ◽  
M. T. Montgomery ◽  
M. E. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Power Machine ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Recent work has developed a new framework for the impact of vertical wind shear on the intensity evolution of tropical cyclones. A focus of this framework is on the frustration of the tropical cyclone's power machine by shear-induced, persistent downdrafts that flush relatively cool and dry (lower equivalent potential temperature, θe) air into the storm's inflow layer. These previous results have been based on idealised numerical experiments for which we have deliberately chosen a simple set of physical parameterisations. Before efforts are undertaken to test the proposed framework with real atmospheric data, we assess here the robustness of our previous results in a more realistic and representative experimental setup by surveying and diagnosing five additional numerical experiments. The modifications of the experimental setup comprise the values of the exchange coefficients of surface heat and momentum fluxes, the inclusion of experiments with ice microphysics, and the consideration of weaker, but still mature tropical cyclones. In all experiments, the depression of the inflow layer θe values is significant and all tropical cyclones exhibit the same general structural changes when interacting with the imposed vertical wind shear. Tropical cyclones in which strong downdrafts occur more frequently exhibit a more pronounced depression of inflow layer θe outside of the eyewall in our experiments. The magnitude of the θe depression underneath the eyewall early after shear is imposed in our experiments correlates well with the magnitude of the ensuing weakening of the respective tropical cyclone. Based on the evidence presented, it is concluded that the newly proposed framework is a robust description of intensity modification in our suite of experiments.

scholarly journals Microdialysis on Ex Vivo Porcine Ear Skin Can Validly Study Dermal Penetration including the Fraction of Transfollicular Penetration—Demonstrated on Caffeine Nanocrystals

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2387
Author(s):  
Anna Lena Klein ◽  
Markus Lubda ◽  
David Specht ◽  
Sung-Min Pyo ◽  
Loris Busch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Dermal Penetration ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Penetration Kinetics ◽  
The Impact

Common ex vivo methods for penetration investigations often fail to monitor transfollicular penetration appropriately. In the present investigation, the validity of dermal microdialysis on the ex vivo porcine ear skin to investigate penetration kinetics, including transfollicular penetration, was studied. In setup A, a caffeine nanocrystal formulation was compared to a non-particular caffeine gel formulation. In setup B, two caffeine nanocrystal formulations of different sizes (200 nm, 700 nm) were compared to each other. Microdialysis samples were collected for 46 h. After sampling, the skin layers were separated, homogenized, and caffeine was quantified in all samples. In setup A the area under the curve (AUC) after crystal gel formulation application was 12 times higher than after non-particular formulation application. Setup B showed an increased AUC of 42% in the microdialysis data when the 700 nm caffeine crystals were applied compared to the 200 nm crystals. The microdialysis data was supported by the separation, homogenization and extraction data. Microdialysis performed on ex vivo porcine ear skin is a novel experimental setup. It is of high interest for further investigations since it is able to also capture the impact of follicular and transfollicular penetration kinetics as no other ex vivo setup can.

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