scholarly journals Large estragole fluxes from oil palms in Borneo

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 4343-4358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Misztal ◽  
S. M. Owen ◽  
A. B. Guenther ◽  
R. Rasmussen ◽  
C. Geron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Biogenic Emissions ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Oil Palms

Abstract. During two field campaigns (OP3 and ACES), which ran in Borneo in 2008, we measured large emissions of estragole (methyl chavicol; IUPAC systematic name 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene; CAS number 140-67-0) in ambient air above oil palm canopies (0.81 mg m−2 h−1 and 3.2 ppbv for mean midday fluxes and mixing ratios respectively) and subsequently from flower enclosures. However, we did not detect this compound at a nearby rainforest. Estragole is a known attractant of the African oil palm weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus), which pollinates oil palms (Elaeis guineensis). There has been recent interest in the biogenic emissions of estragole but it is normally not included in atmospheric models of biogenic emissions and atmospheric chemistry despite its relatively high potential for secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation and high reactivity with OH radical. We report the first direct canopy-scale measurements of estragole fluxes from tropical oil palms by the virtual disjunct eddy covariance technique and compare them with previously reported data for estragole emissions from Ponderosa pine. Flowers, rather than leaves, appear to be the main source of estragole from oil palms; we derive a global estimate of estragole emissions from oil palm plantations of ~0.5 Tg y−1. The observed ecosystem mean fluxes (0.44 mg m−2 h−1) and mean ambient volume mixing ratios (3.0 ppbv) of estragole are the highest reported so far. The value for midday mixing ratios is not much different from the total average as, unlike other VOCs (e.g. isoprene), the main peak occurred in the evening rather than in the middle of the day. Despite this, we show that the estragole flux can be parameterised using a modified G06 algorithm for emission. However, the model underestimates the afternoon peak even though a similar approach works well for isoprene. Our measurements suggest that this biogenic compound may have an impact on regional atmospheric chemistry that previously has not been accounted for in models and could become more important in the future due to expansion of the areas of oil palm plantation.

scholarly journals Large estragole fluxes from oil palms in Borneo

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1517-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Misztal ◽  
S. M. Owen ◽  
A. B. Guenther ◽  
R. Rasmussen ◽  
C. Geron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Biogenic Emissions ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Oil Palms

Abstract. During two field campaigns (OP3 and ACES), which ran in Borneo in 2008, we measured large emissions of estragole (methyl chavicol; IUPAC systematic name 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene; CAS number 140-67-0) in ambient air above oil palm canopies (0.81 mg m−2 h−1 and 3.2 ppbv for mean midday fluxes and mixing ratios, respectively) and subsequently from flower enclosures. However, we did not detect this compound at a nearby rainforest. Estragole is a known attractant of the African oil palm weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus), which pollinates oil palms (Elaeis guineensis). There has been recent interest in the biogenic emissions of estragole but it is normally not included in atmospheric models of biogenic emissions and atmospheric chemistry despite its relatively high potential for secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation and high reactivity with OH radical. We report the first direct canopy-scale measurements of estragole fluxes from tropical oil palms by the virtual disjunct eddy covariance technique and compare them with previously reported data for estragole emissions from Ponderosa pine. Flowers, rather than leaves, appear to be the main source of estragole from oil palms; we derive a global estimate of estragole emissions from oil palm plantations of ~0.5 Tg y−1. The observed ecosystem mean fluxes (0.44 mg m−2 h−1) and mean ambient volume mixing ratios (3.0 ppbv) of estragole are the highest reported so far. The value for midday mixing ratios is not much different from the total average as, unlike other VOCs (e.g. isoprene), the main peak occurred in the evening rather than in the middle of the day. Despite this, we show that the estragole flux can be parameterised using a combination of a modified G06 algorithm for emission and a canopy resistance approach for deposition. However, the model underestimates the afternoon peak even though a similar approach works well for isoprene. Our measurements suggest that this biogenic compound may have an impact on regional atmospheric chemistry that previously has not been accounted for in models and could become more important in the future due to expansion of the areas of oil palm plantation.

scholarly journals Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO<sub>2</sub>) at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 7859-7875 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Frey ◽  
H. K. Roscoe ◽  
A. Kukui ◽  
J. Savarino ◽  
J. L. France ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Bromine Oxide ◽  
Diurnal Cycles ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Air Chemistry

Abstract. Mixing ratios of the atmospheric nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 were measured as part of the OPALE (Oxidant Production in Antarctic Lands &amp; Export) campaign at Dome C, East Antarctica (75.1° S, 123.3° E, 3233 m), during December 2011 to January 2012. Profiles of NOx mixing ratios of the lower 100 m of the atmosphere confirm that, in contrast to the South Pole, air chemistry at Dome C is strongly influenced by large diurnal cycles in solar irradiance and a sudden collapse of the atmospheric boundary layer in the early evening. Depth profiles of mixing ratios in firn air suggest that the upper snowpack at Dome C holds a significant reservoir of photolytically produced NO2 and is a sink of gas-phase ozone (O3). First-time observations of bromine oxide (BrO) at Dome C show that mixing ratios of BrO near the ground are low, certainly less than 5 pptv, with higher levels in the free troposphere. Assuming steady state, observed mixing ratios of BrO and RO2 radicals are too low to explain the large NO2 : NO ratios found in ambient air, possibly indicating the existence of an unknown process contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of reactive nitrogen above the Antarctic Plateau. During 2011–2012, NOx mixing ratios and flux were larger than in 2009–2010, consistent with also larger surface O3 mixing ratios resulting from increased net O3 production. Large NOx mixing ratios at Dome C arise from a combination of continuous sunlight, shallow mixing height and significant NOx emissions by surface snow (FNOx). During 23 December 2011–12 January 2012, median FNOx was twice that during the same period in 2009–2010 due to significantly larger atmospheric turbulence and a slightly stronger snowpack source. A tripling of FNOx in December 2011 was largely due to changes in snowpack source strength caused primarily by changes in NO3− concentrations in the snow skin layer, and only to a secondary order by decrease of total column O3 and associated increase in NO3− photolysis rates. A source of uncertainty in model estimates of FNOx is the quantum yield of NO3− photolysis in natural snow, which may change over time as the snow ages.

scholarly journals Secondary organic aerosol formation and composition from the photo-oxidation of methyl chavicol (estragole)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 33105-33144
Author(s):  
K. L. Pereira ◽  
J. F. Hamilton ◽  
A. R. Rickard ◽  
W. J. Bloss ◽  
M. S. Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Methyl Chavicol

Abstract. The increasing demand for palm oil for uses in biofuel and food products is leading to rapid expansion of oil palm agriculture. Methyl chavicol (also known as estragole and 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene) is an oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compound that was recently identified as the main floral emission from an oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo. The emissions of methyl chavicol observed may impact regional atmospheric chemistry, but little is known of its ability to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The photo-oxidation of methyl chavicol was investigated at the European Photoreactor chamber as a part of the atmospheric chemistry of methyl chavicol (ATMECH) project. Aerosol samples were collected using a particle into liquid sampler (PILS) and analysed offline using an extensive range of instruments including; high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-ITMS), high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOFMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The SOA yield was determined as 18–29% depending on initial precursor (VOC : NOx) mixing ratios. In total, 59 SOA compounds were observed and the structures of 10 compounds have been identified using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The addition of hydroxyl and/or nitro functional groups to the aromatic ring appears to be an important mechanistic pathway for aerosol formation. This results in the formation of compounds with both low volatility and high O : C ratios, where functionalisation rather than fragmentation is mainly observed as a~result of the stability of the ring. The SOA species observed can be characterized as semi-volatile to low volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA and LVOOA) components and therefore may be important in aerosol formation and growth.

scholarly journals Growth assessment of juvenile oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) intercropped with fruit vegetables in a rainforest zone of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI ◽  
Kehinde Stephen OLORUNMAIYE ◽  
Olabisi Fatimo ADEKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Assessment

<p>Improper intercropping of <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> with other crops has impaired the growth and development of the oil palm due to competition for environmental resources. The study was conducted to investigate the impact of intercropping on the growth of juvenile oil palm for 2 years. The research commenced during the rainy season of 2016 at an established juvenile oil palm plantation in Ala, Akure-North Local Government of Ondo State. Four fruit vegetables were intercropped separately within the alley of the plantation at 1, 2 or 3 m away from the oil palms in a randomized complete block design. Growth parameters of the juvenile oils were assessed. Results revealed that at 16 weeks after intercropping (WAI), the intercropped oil palm recorded better growth performance with higher canopy spread, number of frond, number of leaflets and trunk height (218.20, 37.00, 87.48 and 38.17 cm) respectively, than the sole oil palms (214.67, 32.83, 72.89 and 31.67 cm) respectively. There were no significant difference in all the growth parameters examined except canopy height (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Juvenile oil palm cultivated in rainforest agroecological zone of Nigeria can be intercropped with fruit vegetables without any deleterious effect when intercropped at minimum of 1 m away from the oil palms.</p>

ISOPRENE EMISSION ESTIMATE IN REGION CONTAINING EUCALYPTUS FOREST AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LOCAL TROPOSPHERIC OZONE: CASE STUDY

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Dos Santos Zepka ◽  
Kelly Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Biogenic Emissions ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Eucalyptus Forest ◽  
Emission Estimate ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Commercial Forest

ABSTRACT. In order to study the biogenic emissions of isoprene by a commercial eucalyptus forest and its relationship with the local tropospheric ozone, two intensivesurveys were conducted in Fibria Celulose e Papel company, Cac¸apava, Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The samples were analyzed for isoprene via thermaldesorption gas chromatography. Ozone was monitored using a UV Photometric O3 Analyzer, Model 49i. The highest mixing ratios of isoprene were detected at noonand ranged from the maximum of 8.3 ppbv on November 29, 2010 to 3.5 ppbv on June 30, 2011. On the evaluated days, it was observed that isoprene and ozone peakedwith about two hours delay; this is explained by the time required for the isoprene to react with other precursors and, in the presence of sunlight, to form ozone. Duringthe winter days when both temperature and photosynthetic active radiation are lower, the emission of isoprene was also 65% lower than in the summer. Based on themaximum ozone (27.9 ppbv) detected, the atmosphere in this region is considered clean according to Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) stipulates amaximum of 81.5 ppbv of ozone for good air quality.Keywords: commercial forest, chemical compounds, atmospheric chemistry. RESUMO. Com o objetivo de estudar a emissão de isopreno biogênico por floresta comercial de eucalipto e sua relação com o ozônio troposférico local, foramrealizadas duas campanhas intensivas na companhia Fibria Celulose e Papel, em Caçapava, no Vale do Paraíba Paulista. As amostras coletadas de isopreno foramanalisadas por cromatografia gasosa via dessorção térmica. O ozônio foi monitorado pelo Analisador UV Photometric O3, Modelo 49i. Ao meio-dia foram detectadasas maiores razões de mistura de isopreno, variando do máximo de 8,3 ppbv em 29 de novembro de 2010 a 3,5 ppbv em 30 de junho de 2011. Nos dias avaliados,observou-se que o ozônio apresentou pico máximo atrasado em cerca de duas horas em relação ao máximo de isopreno, o que é justificável devido ao tempo necessário para que este gás reaja com outros precursores, e que na presença de luz solar levem à formação de ozônio. Durante os dias avaliados de inverno, com temperaturae radiação fotossinteticamente ativa menores, a emissão de isopreno foi 65% menor do que na semana estudada do verão. Baseado no máximo detectado de ozônio(27,9 ppbv), a atmosfera dessa região é considerada limpa de acordo com o Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) que estipula o máximo de 81,5 ppbv de ozônio para um ar de boa qualidade.Palavras-chave: floresta comercial, compostos químicos, química atmosférica.

Polyalthia longifolia (False Ashoka) is an ideal choice for better air quality at kerbside locations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidit Parkar ◽  
Savita Datta ◽  
Haseeb Hakkim ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Muhammed Shabin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Polyalthia Longifolia ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Tropospheric ozone is a major pollutant and it is harmful for humans at sustained exposures of 40 ppb or more in ambient air. In this study we calibrate the deposition of ozone for stomatal exchange (DO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;SE) model for &lt;em&gt;Polyalthia longifolia&lt;/em&gt; (False Ashoka), a tree that accounts for 5-20% of the urban plantations in Indian cities and subsequently use the model to estimate not only the stomatal O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; uptake by this tree but also its capability to sequester other criteria air pollutants. We discuss the impact of planting this tree on ozone precursors NOx and VOCs in a roadside plantation scenario for mitigating air pollution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stomatal conductance of &lt;em&gt;Polyalthia longifolia&lt;/em&gt; was measured, using a SC-1 Leaf Porometer, at IISER Mohali-Punjab in the NW-IGP (Northwest Indo-Gangetic Plane) which has a sub-tropical dry climate. Stomatal conductance was measured during all the four (Summer, Monsoon, Post-Monsoon, Winter) seasons, while BVOC emission fluxes were quantified using a dynamic plant cuvette during post monsoon, winter and summer season. We use ambient mixing ratios of ozone, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;in combination with the meteorological parameters such as temperature, RH, soil moisture and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from the IISER Mohali Atmospheric chemistry facility to quantify &lt;em&gt;Polyalthia longifolia&lt;/em&gt; roadside plantations&amp;#8217; impact on urban air quality through stomatal uptake of air pollutants (primarily NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and BVOC emissions. &lt;em&gt;Polyalthia longifolia&lt;/em&gt; displays a number of very interesting characteristics that include being a low isoprene and monoterpene emitter, having an extremely high leaf area index thanks to its height, straight shape and dense canopy. It displays extreme resistance to drought and high vapour pressure deficits in summer allowing stomatal uptake of pollutants and evaporative cooling to continue even under unfavourable meteorological conditions.&lt;/p&gt;

A new Hispid Beetle injurious to the Oil Palm in the Gold Coast

1920 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Maulik
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
Extent Of Damage

Through the courtesy of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall I have had the opportunity of examining specimens of a beetle belonging to the subfamily Hispinae of the Chrysomelidae, which is reported to be injurious to oil palms (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) in the Gold Coast. Concerning this insect Mr. W. H. Patterson, Government Entomologist in the Gold Coast, writers as follows:—“The beetle has suddenly become a pest, being reported as having destroyed all the expanded foliage of many thousands oil palms in one district. A similar epidemic occurred in 1909, but entirely disappeared during the following rainy season, since which time the beetle has been very rare”. From this it would appear that the extent of damage is considerable when the insect becomes numerous. Although Mr. Patterson does not indicate the nature of the damage there is no doubt that the larvae mine into the young shoots and the adults defoliate the young leaves. In a recent work (Hispinae and Cassidinae, Fauna of Brit. Ind., London 1919, pp. 10–18) I have reviewed all the Hispid pests of plants useful to man. Only two African Hispids have hitherto been noted as harmful, and these attack maize in East Africa.

scholarly journals Evaporating brine from frost flowers with electron microscopy, and implications for atmospheric chemistry and sea-salt aerosol formation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Vilém Neděla ◽  
Jiří Runštuk ◽  
Gabriela Ondrušková ◽  
Ján Krausko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Frost Flowers ◽  
External Forces

Abstract. An environmental scanning electron microscope was used for the first time to obtain well-resolved images, in both temporal and spatial dimensions, of lab-prepared frost flowers (FFs) under evaporation within the chamber temperature range from −5 °C to −18 °C and pressures above 500 Pa. Our scanning shows temperature-dependent NaCl speciation: the brine covering the ice was observed at all conditions, whereas the NaCl crystals were formed at temperatures below −10 °C as the brine oversaturation was achieved. Finger-like ice structures covered by the brine, with a diameter of several micrometres and length of tens to one hundred micrometres, are exposed to the ambient air. The brine-covered fingers are highly flexible and cohesive. The exposure of the liquid brine on the micrometric fingers indicates a significant increase in the brine surface area compared to that of the flat ice surface at high temperatures, whereas the NaCl crystals can become sites of heterogeneous reactivity at lower temperatures. There is no evidence that, without external forces, salty FFs could automatically fall apart to create a number of sub-particles at the scale of micrometres as the exposed brine fingers seem cohesive and hard to break in the middle. The fingers tend to combine together to form large spheres and then join back to the mother body, eventually forming a large chunk of salt after complete dehydration. A present microscopic observation rationalizes several previously unexplained observations, namely, that FFs are not a direct source of sea salt aerosols and that saline ice crystals under evaporation could accelerate the heterogeneous reactions of bromine liberation.

scholarly journals Evaporating brine from frost flowers with electron microscopy and implications for atmospheric chemistry and sea-salt aerosol formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 6291-6303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Vilém Neděla ◽  
Jiří Runštuk ◽  
Gabriela Ondrušková ◽  
Ján Krausko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Frost Flowers ◽  
External Forces

Abstract. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used for the first time to obtain well-resolved images, in both temporal and spatial dimensions, of lab-prepared frost flowers (FFs) under evaporation within the chamber temperature range from −5 to −18 °C and pressures above 500 Pa. Our scanning shows temperature-dependent NaCl speciation: the brine covering the ice was observed at all conditions, whereas the NaCl crystals were formed at temperatures below −10 °C as the brine oversaturation was achieved. Finger-like ice structures covered by the brine, with a diameter of several micrometres and length of tens to 100 µm, are exposed to the ambient air. The brine-covered fingers are highly flexible and cohesive. The exposure of the liquid brine on the micrometric fingers indicates a significant increase in the brine surface area compared to that of the flat ice surface at high temperatures; the NaCl crystals formed can become sites of heterogeneous reactivity at lower temperatures. There is no evidence that, without external forces, salty FFs could automatically fall apart to create a number of sub-particles at the scale of micrometres as the exposed brine fingers seem cohesive and hard to break in the middle. The fingers tend to combine together to form large spheres and then join back to the mother body, eventually forming a large chunk of salt after complete dehydration. The present microscopic observation rationalizes several previously unexplained observations, namely, that FFs are not a direct source of sea-salt aerosols and that saline ice crystals under evaporation could accelerate the heterogeneous reactions of bromine liberation.

scholarly journals Influence of Manure, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Application on Growth of One-year-old Oil Palms on Marginal Soil in Jonggol, Bogor, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudradjat Sudrajat ◽  
Yan Sukmawan ◽  
Sugiyanta Sugiyanta
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
One Year

The oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are highlyefcient oil producers. It produces ve to seven timesmore vegetable oil per hectare than soybean, sunower,and rapeseed. The objectives of this research were tostudy the role of organic and N, P, and K fertilizers ongrowth of one-year-old immature oil palm on marginalsoil in Jonggol. The research was conducted at IPBCargill Teaching Farm (ICTF) of Oil Palm, Jonggol,Bogor,West Java from March 2013 to March 2014. Theexperiment was arranged in a factorial experimentfollowing a randomized block design with threereplications. The rst factor was organic fertilizer(manure) consisting of 0 (O), 15 (O1) and 30 (O2) kg pertree per year. The second factor was inorganic fertilizerconsisting of 0 (S0); 0.25 kg N + 0.25 kg P O + 0.39 kg 2 5K O(S ) 0.50 k N+ 0.50 kg P O + 0.78 kg K O(S ) 2 25 2 1and g 2per tree. The results demonstrated that application ofmanure up to 30 kg per tree per year did not affect thegrowth of one-year-old oil palm. Application of 0.50 kg N+ 0.50 kg P O + 0.78 kg K O highest 2 5 2 per tree gave theresult in increasing frond production, stem girth, and leafnutrient concentration. The results of leaf analysis andplant growth responses suggested that the rates ofmanure and inorganic fertilizers applied in this study arenot sufcient to improve young oil palm growth inmarginal soil in Jonggol.Keywords: cow manure, critical nutrient level, inorganicfertilizer, soil fertility, vegetative growth

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