scholarly journals Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 6311-6331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Lu ◽  
D. G. Streets ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
G. R. Carmichael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Asian Continent ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
So2 Concentration

Abstract. With the rapid development of the economy, the sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission from China since 2000 is of increasing concern. In this study, we estimate the annual SO2 emission in China after 2000 using a technology-based methodology specifically for China. From 2000 to 2006, total SO2 emission in China increased by 53%, from 21.7 Tg to 33.2 Tg, at an annual growth rate of 7.3%. Emissions from power plants are the main sources of SO2 in China and they increased from 10.6 Tg to 18.6 Tg in the same period. Geographically, emission from north China increased by 85%, whereas that from the south increased by only 28%. The emission growth rate slowed around 2005, and emissions began to decrease after 2006 mainly due to the wide application of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants in response to a new policy of China's government. This paper shows that the trend of estimated SO2 emission in China is consistent with the trends of SO2 concentration and acid rain pH and frequency in China, as well as with the increasing trends of background SO2 and sulfate concentration in East Asia. A longitudinal gradient in the percentage change of urban SO2 concentration in Japan is found during 2000–2007, indicating that the decrease of urban SO2 is lower in areas close to the Asian continent. This implies that the transport of increasing SO2 from the Asian continent partially counteracts the local reduction of SO2 emission downwind. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are found to be highly correlated with the surface solar radiation (SSR) measurements in East Asia. Using MODIS AOD data as a surrogate of SSR, we found that China and East Asia excluding Japan underwent a continuous dimming after 2000, which is in line with the dramatic increase in SO2 emission in East Asia. The trends of AOD from both satellite retrievals and model over East Asia are also consistent with the trend of SO2 emission in China, especially during the second half of the year, when sulfur contributes the largest fraction of AOD. The arrested growth in SO2 emissions since 2006 is also reflected in the decreasing trends of SO2 and SO42− concentrations, acid rain pH values and frequencies, and AOD over East Asia.

scholarly journals Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 8657-8715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Lu ◽  
D. G. Streets ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
G. R. Carmichael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Asian Continent ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
So2 Concentration

Abstract. With the rapid development of the economy, the sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission from China since 2000 is of increasing concern. In this study, we estimate the annual SO2 emission in China after 2000 using a technology-based methodology specifically for China. From 2000 to 2006, total SO2 emission in China increased by 53%, from 21.7 Tg to 33.2 Tg, at an annual growth rate of 7.3%. Emissions from power plants are the main sources of SO2 in China and they increased from 10.6 Tg to 18.6 Tg in the same period. Geographically, emission from north China increased by 85%, whereas that from the south increased by only 28%. The emission growth rate slowed around 2005, and emissions began to decrease after 2006 mainly due to the wide application of Flue-Gas Desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants in response to a new policy of China's government. This paper shows that the trend of estimated SO2 emission in China is consistent with the trends of SO2 concentration and acid rain pH and frequency in China, as well as with the increasing trends of background SO2 and sulfate concentration in East Asia. A longitudinal gradient in the percentage change of urban SO2 concentration in Japan is found during 2000–2007, indicating that the decrease of urban SO2 is lower in areas close to the Asian continent. This implies that the transport of increasing SO2 from the Asian continent partially counteracts the local reduction of SO2 emission downwind. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are found to be highly correlated with the Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) measurements in East Asia. Using MODIS AOD data as a surrogate of SSR, we found that China and East Asia excluding Japan underwent a continuous dimming after 2000, which is in line with the dramatic increase in SO2 emission in East Asia. The trends of AOD from both satellite retrievals and model over East Asia are also consistent with the trend of SO2 emission in China, especially during the second half of the year, when sulfur contributes the largest fraction of AOD. The arrested growth in SO2 emissions since 2006 is also reflected in the decreasing trends of SO2 and SO42− concentrations, acid rain pH values and frequencies, and AOD over East Asia.

scholarly journals Up/Down trend in the MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth and its relationship to the Sulfur Dioxide Emission Changes in China during 2000 and 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 21971-21993 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Itahashi ◽  
I. Uno ◽  
K. Yumimoto ◽  
H. Irie ◽  
K. Osada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
So2 Emission

Abstract. Anthropogenic SO2 emissions increased alongside economic development in China at a rate of 12.7 % yr−1 from 2000 to 2005. However, under new Chinese government policy, SO2 emissions declined by 3.9 % yr−1 between 2005 and 2009. Between 2000 and 2010, we found that the variability in the fine-mode (submicron) aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the oceans adjacent to East Asia increased by 4–8 % yr−1 to a peak around 2005–2006 and subsequently decreased by 4–7 % yr−1, based on observations by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board NASA's Terra satellite and simulations by a chemical transport model. This trend is consistent with ground-based observations of the number-size distribution of aerosol particles at a mountainous background observation site in central Japan. These fluctuations in SO2 emission intensity and AOD are thought to reflect the widespread installation of fuel-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants in China because aerosol sulfate is a major determinant of the AOD in East Asia. Using a chemical transport model, we confirmed that the above-mentioned fluctuation in AOD is mainly caused by changes in SO2 emission rather than by varying meteorological conditions in East Asia. High correlation was also found between satellite-retrieved SO2 vertical column density and bottom-up SO2 emissions, both of which were also consistent with observed AOD trends. We proposed a simplified approach for evaluating changes in SO2 emissions in China, combining the use of modeled sensitivity coefficients that describe the variation of AOD with changes in SO2 emissions and satellite retrieval. Satellite measurements of the AOD above Sea of Japan marked the 4.1 % yr−1 declining between 2007 and 2010, and this correspond to the SO2 emissions from China decreased by ~9 % yr−1 between the same period.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Further Demographic Situation and Economy in 2035

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Alexandru Gribincea
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment. Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks. Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress

Ageing Saudi Population in the Facebook Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Aged Population ◽  
Facebook Usage

<p>Data pertaining to 1974, 1992, 2004 and 2010 Censuses in Saudi Arabia was collected. Some reviews and literature on population ageing in Saudi Arabia as well as Facebook usage obtained. Statistics pertaining to Saudi population was utilized.</p> <p>Aged population in 2010 estimated by assuming the annual growth rate of 1974-2004.</p>

scholarly journals Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouling Wu ◽  
Luli Xu ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Youjie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance, has been reported to be associated with arterial stiffness. However, previous studies were limited by the cross-sectional design. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal association between TyG index and progression of arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 6028 participants were derived from the Kailuan study. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Arterial stiffness was measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual growth rate of repeatedly measured baPWV. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional association of TyG index with baPWV, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s increment (95%CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) in baseline baPWV and a 0.29 percent/year increment (95%CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001) in the annual growth rate of baPWV. During 26,839 person-years of follow-up, there were 883 incident cases with arterial stiffness. Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 58% higher risk of arterial stiffness (HR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.25–2.01, P < 0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant dose–response relationship between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness (P non-linearity = 0.005). Conclusion Participants with a higher TyG index were more likely to have a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Subjects with a higher TyG index should be aware of the following risk of arterial stiffness progression, so as to establish lifestyle changes at an early stage.

scholarly journals Estimation of the feeding record of pregnant Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of baleen plates

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-629
Author(s):  
Mayuka Uchida ◽  
Ippei Suzuki ◽  
Keizo Ito ◽  
Mayumi Ishizuka ◽  
Yoshinori Ikenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Pleuragramma Antarcticum ◽  
Minke Whales ◽  
Balaenoptera Bonaerensis ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractAntarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) are migratory capital breeders that experience intensive summer feeding on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Southern Ocean and winter breeding at lower latitudes, but their prey outside of the Antarctic is unknown. Stable isotope analyses were conducted on δ13C and δ15N from the baleen plates of ten pregnant Antarctic minke whales to understand the growth rate of the baleen plate and their diet in lower latitudes. Two to three oscillations along the length of the edge of the baleen plate were observed in δ15N, and the annual growth rate was estimated to be 75.2 ± 20.4 mm, with a small amplitude (0.97 ± 0.21 ‰). Bayesian stable isotope mixing models were used to understand the dominant prey that contributed to the isotopic component of the baleen plate using Antarctic krill from the stomach contents and reported values of Antarctic coastal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), Antarctic silver fish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), Australian krill spp., and Australian pelagic fish spp.. The models showed that the diet composition of the most recent three records from the base of the baleen plates (model 1) and the highest δ15N values in each baleen plate (model 2) were predominantly Antarctic krill, with a contribution rate of approximately 80%. The rates were approximately 10% for Antarctic coastal krill and less than 2.0% for the two Australian prey groups in both models. These results suggest that pregnant Antarctic minke whales did not feed on enough prey outside of the Antarctic to change the stable isotope values in their baleen plates.

Abstract TP80: Incidence And Risk Factors For The Growth And Rupture Of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms. Results Of Annual Radiologic Follow Up Study.

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Matsumoto ◽  
Kouichirou Tsuruzono ◽  
Manabu Sasaki ◽  
Noriyasu Yoshimura ◽  
Toshiki Yoshimine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Rupture Rate ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms

Background: The recent trend of the treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms(UIAs) is going to be conservative. Their natural history of rupture and growth is still unkown. We present the results of annual radiological follow-up study in UIAs. Method: In recent 12 years, we have found 121patients with 148 unruptured cerebral aneurysms were followed annually using 3D-CTA or MRA. Mean follow-up period was 5.5 year. Several factors influencing rupture or growth were statistically examined. Results: Among 121 patients, 9 ruptured and 11 showed growth of UIAs. Annual rupture rate was 1.3% per year and annual growth rate was 1.6% per year. Aneurysm size was the sole factor influencing rupture(P<0.001), whereas female sex and multiplicity were major factors influencing aneurysm growth(P<0.05). Under size 3mm, annual growth rate was 3.0% whereas annual rupture rate was 0.7%. In 4-6mm, growth rate was 1.6% and rupture rate was 1.6%. In 7-9mm, growth rate was 0 and rupture rate was 5.8%. In over 10mm, growth rate was 2.9% and rupture rate was 11.6%. Within 1 year, rupture occurred in 4 cases, and growth was found in 1 case. Conclusions: By annual radiological examination, growth of UIAs was noted more frequently than aneurysm rupture. Especially UIAs under 3mm, growth was 4 times higher than rupture, radiological follow up is effective for aneurysm rupture. Within 1 year, initially found UIAs should be carefully followed in a short interval.

scholarly journals BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Senthilkumar R ◽  
Muthukrishnan M
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
British Journal ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Document Type ◽  
Author Productivity ◽  
Research Document ◽  
Scientometric Study ◽  
Rate Research

The present study examined scientific publication research productivity in British journal of cancer for a period of selected 11 years between 2005 and 2015.Making  use of various scientometric indicators likethe annual growth rate, research document type, author productivity, Degree of collaboration, country wise Distribution, Institution wise distributionwas also used to analyze the data and interpretation. The study reveals that total 6818records were published in the 264 issues of the journal.

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