Ice-nucleating particles impact the severity of precipitations in West Texas

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence the formation of ice crystals in clouds and many types of precipitation. However, our knowledge of the relationship between INPs and precipitation is still insufficient. This study was conducted to fill this gap by assessing precipitation properties and INP concentrations (nINP) from a total of 42 precipitation events observed in the Texas Panhandle region from June 2018 to July 2019. We used a cold-stage instrument called the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system to estimate nINP through immersion freezing in our precipitation samples. A disdrometer was used to measure the precipitation intensity and size of precipitating particles during each precipitation event. The analysis of yearlong precipitation properties as well as INPs for the samples shed a light on the seasonal variation of the nINP values in West Texas. Furthermore, we characterized the bacteria speciation of the storm and ambient dust samples collected at a commercial feedlot in West Texas to identify potential biological sources of INPs in our precipitation samples. Overall, our results showed a positive correlation between nINP and intensity of precipitation with notably large hydrometeor sizes in storm precipitations. Amongst all observed precipitation types, the highest INPs were found in the snow samples, and hail/thunderstorm samples have the highest INPs at high temperature −5°C.

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Ice-nucleating particles in precipitation samples from the Texas Panhandle

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-4503-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 4503-4520

Author(s):

Hemanth S. K. Vepuri ◽

Cheyanne A. Rodriguez ◽

Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos ◽

Dustin Hume ◽

James Webb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ground Level ◽

Test System ◽

Active Species ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

Bacterial Phyla ◽

West Texas ◽

Texas Panhandle ◽

Bacterial Microbiome ◽

Precipitation Type ◽

Freezing Test

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence the formation of ice crystals in clouds and many types of precipitation. This study reports unique properties of INPs collected from 42 precipitation samples in the Texas Panhandle region from June 2018 to July 2019. We used a cold stage instrument called the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system to estimate INP concentrations per unit volume of air (nINP) through immersion freezing in our precipitation samples with our detection capability of > 0.006 INP L−1. A disdrometer was used for two purposes: (1) to characterize the ground-level precipitation type and (2) to measure the precipitation intensity as well as size of precipitating particles at the ground level during each precipitation event. While no clear seasonal variations of nINP values were apparent, the analysis of yearlong ground-level precipitation observation as well as INPs in the precipitation samples showed some INP variations, e.g., the highest and lowest nINP values at −25 ∘C both in the summer for hail-involved severe thunderstorm samples (3.0 to 1130 INP L−1), followed by the second lowest at the same temperature from one of our snow samples collected during the winter (3.2 INP L−1). Furthermore, we conducted bacteria community analyses using a subset of our precipitation samples to examine the presence of known biological INPs. In parallel, we also performed metagenomics characterization of the bacterial microbiome in suspended ambient dust samples collected at commercial open-lot livestock facilities (cattle feedyards hereafter) in the Texas Panhandle (i.e., the northernmost counties of Texas, also known as “West Texas”) to ascertain whether local cattle feedyards can act as a source of bioaerosol particles and/or INPs found in the precipitation samples. Some key bacterial phyla present in cattle feedyard samples appeared in precipitation samples. However, no known ice nucleation active species were detected in our samples. Overall, our results showed that cumulative nINP in our precipitation samples below −20 ∘C could be high in the samples collected while observing > 10 mm h−1 precipitation with notably large hydrometeor sizes and an implication of cattle feedyard bacteria inclusion.

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Selected Cognitive Abilities in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0129 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 267-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Veronika Baláková ◽

Petr Boschek ◽

Lucie Skalíková

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Factor Model ◽

Test System ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Soccer Teams ◽

Research Findings ◽

Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices ◽

Year 2000 ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The identification of talent in soccer is critical to various programs. Although many research findings have been presented, there have been only a few attempts to assess their validity. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between talent and achievement variables in the Vienna Test System. The participants were 91 Czech soccer players, representing four youth soccer teams, who were born in the year 2000. These boys were divided into two groups according to their coaches’ assessments using a TALENT questionnaire. A two-factor model (component 1: “kinetic finesse”; component 2: “mental strength”) was designed to interpret the responses of the coaches on the questionnaire. The Vienna Test System was used to determine the level of players’ cognitive abilities. In total, the subjects performed seven tests in the following order: Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), a reaction test (RT), a determination test (DT), a visual pursuit test (LVT), a Corsi Block-Tapping Test (CORSI), a time/movement anticipation test (ZBA), and a peripheral perception test (PP). To analyze the relationship between talent and achievement variables within the Vienna Test System, correlation analyses were performed. The results revealed that the talented group attained significantly better results on only 1 of the 16 variables, which was ZBA2: movement anticipation - deviation of movement median (r = .217, p = .019). A comparison of the two talent components showed that component 1 (“kinetic finesse”) was a more significant factor than component 2 (“mental strength”). Although we observed statistically significant correlations, their actual significance remains questionable; thus, further research is required.

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The latitudinal dependence in the trend of snow event to precipitation event ratio

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97451-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shangyong Shi ◽

Guosheng Liu

Keyword(s):

Water Resource Management ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

Global Trends ◽

Latitudinal Dependence ◽

Low Latitudes ◽

Multiple Regions ◽

Land Station ◽

Pe Ratio ◽

Precipitation Phase ◽

Precipitation Events

AbstractPrecipitation phase is expected to shift from solid to liquid with temperature rising, which would in turn bring challenges to regional water resource management. Although in recent decades, consistent decreasing trends in the ratio of snowfall to precipitation rate in a warming climate have been found across multiple regions, a global view of the trends in the precipitation partitioning has not been established. In this study, we investigated the global trends of annual rain and snow frequency of occurrences and the ratio of number of snow events to number of precipitation events (SE/PE ratio) using land station and shipboard synoptic present weather reports from 1978 to 2019. Results show that when averaged over all qualified land stations and over the shipboard reports, both the annual rain frequency and snow frequency decrease over the 42 years. Over both land and ocean, the averaged SE/PE ratio has a significant decreasing trend. Moreover, the trend of SE/PE ratio shows a strong latitudinal dependence. At the mid- and low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the SE/PE ratio has a decreasing trend. In contrast, at high latitudes, the SE/PE ratio has an increasing trend.

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The Vibration Isolation Effect Research of the Floating Raft Isolation System Based on the Adjustable Flexibility of Foundation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.819.115 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 819 ◽

pp. 115-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hui Wang ◽

Ze Yu Weng ◽

Gan Xiang ◽

Bo Lu ◽

Hong Gang Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibration Isolation ◽

Test System ◽

Isolation Effect ◽

Isolation System ◽

Elastic Beams ◽

Floating Raft ◽

Marine Engineering ◽

Flexible Foundation ◽

The Relationship ◽

Theoretical Results

The floating raft isolation system is widely used in the field of marine engineering for its vibration isolation effect. Along with the application of light thinning structure of the ship, the flexibility of foundation of floating raft isolation system makes the vibration isolation effect vary widely between the practical floating raft isolation system and its theoretical results. In order to research the vibration isolation effect of the floating raft isolation system on different flexibility of foundation, the floating raft isolation system with flexible foundation is designed in this paper, and the adjustable flexibility of foundation is achieved by using elastic beams. With simulation and analysis of test system in ADAMS, the results of the relationship between flexibility and vibration isolation effect are obtained.

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Nitrate deposition and preservation in the snowpack along a traverse from coast to the ice sheet summit (Dome A) in East Antarctica

The Cryosphere ◽

10.5194/tc-12-1177-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1177-1194 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Guitao Shi ◽

Meredith G. Hastings ◽

Jinhai Yu ◽

Tianming Ma ◽

Zhengyi Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Aerosol Particles ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Snow Accumulation ◽

East Antarctica ◽

Dome A ◽

Surface Snow ◽

The Relationship ◽

Coexisting Ions ◽

Snow Samples

Abstract. Antarctic ice core nitrate (NO3-) can provide a unique record of the atmospheric reactive nitrogen cycle. However, the factors influencing the deposition and preservation of NO3- at the ice sheet surface must first be understood. Therefore, an intensive program of snow and atmospheric sampling was made on a traverse from the coast to the ice sheet summit, Dome A, East Antarctica. Snow samples in this observation include 120 surface snow samples (top ∼ 3 cm), 20 snow pits with depths of 150 to 300 cm, and 6 crystal ice samples (the topmost needle-like layer on Dome A plateau). The main purpose of this investigation is to characterize the distribution pattern and preservation of NO3- concentrations in the snow in different environments. Results show that an increasing trend of NO3- concentrations with distance inland is present in surface snow, and NO3- is extremely enriched in the topmost crystal ice (with a maximum of 16.1 µeq L−1). NO3- concentration profiles for snow pits vary between coastal and inland sites. On the coast, the deposited NO3- was largely preserved, and the archived NO3- fluxes are dominated by snow accumulation. The relationship between the archived NO3- and snow accumulation rate can be depicted well by a linear model, suggesting a homogeneity of atmospheric NO3- levels. It is estimated that dry deposition contributes 27–44 % of the archived NO3- fluxes, and the dry deposition velocity and scavenging ratio for NO3- were relatively constant near the coast. Compared to the coast, the inland snow shows a relatively weak correlation between archived NO3- and snow accumulation, and the archived NO3- fluxes were more dependent on concentration. The relationship between NO3- and coexisting ions (nssSO42-, Na+ and Cl−) was also investigated, and the results show a correlation between nssSO42- (fine aerosol particles) and NO3- in surface snow, while the correlation between NO3- and Na+ (mainly associated with coarse aerosol particles) is not significant. In inland snow, there were no significant relationships found between NO3- and the coexisting ions, suggesting a dominant role of NO3- recycling in determining the concentrations.

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Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers in Extreme Precipitation on the European Macaronesian Islands

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9080325 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alexandre M. Ramos ◽

Ricardo M. Trigo ◽

Ricardo Tomé ◽

Margarida L. R. Liberato

Keyword(s):

Canary Islands ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Comprehensive Assessment ◽

Atmospheric Rivers ◽

Extreme Precipitation Events ◽

Macaronesian Islands ◽

Weather Stations ◽

The Relationship ◽

Precipitation Events

The European Macaronesia Archipelagos (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands) are struck frequently by extreme precipitation events. Here we present a comprehensive assessment on the relationship between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation events in these three Atlantic Archipelagos. The relationship between the daily precipitation from the various weather stations located in the different Macaronesia islands and the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (obtained from four different reanalyses datasets) are analysed. It is shown that the atmospheric rivers’ influence over extreme precipitation (above the 90th percentile) is higher in the Azores islands when compared to Madeira or Canary Islands. In Azores, for the most extreme precipitation days, the presence of atmospheric rivers is particularly significant (up to 50%), while for Madeira, the importance of the atmospheric rivers is reduced (between 30% and 40%). For the Canary Islands, the occurrence of atmospheric rivers on extreme precipitation is even lower.

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The influence of precipitation origin on the δ18O–T relationship at Neumayer station, Ekstrmisen, Antarctica

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/172756404781814276 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 41-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Elisabeth Schlosser ◽

Carleen Reijmer ◽

Hans Oerter ◽

Wolfgang Graf

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Open Water ◽

Weddell Sea ◽

Air Masses ◽

Ice Coverage ◽

Synoptic Weather ◽

Time Period ◽

The Relationship ◽

Snow Samples

AbstractThe relationship between δ18O and air temperature at Neumayer station, Ekstrmisen, Antarctica, was investigated using fresh-snow samples from the time period 1981–2000. A trajectory model that calculated 5 day-backward trajectories was used to study the influence of different synoptic weather situations and thus of different moisture sources on this correlation. Generally a high correlation between air temperature and δ18O was found, but the quality of the δ18O–T relationship varied with the different trajectory classes. Additionally, the sea-ice coverage on the travel path of the moist air was considered. The amount of open ocean water underneath the trajectory has a large influence on the δ18O–T relationship. For trajectories that lead completely above open water, no significant correlation between δ18O and T was found, because mixing with air masses containing additionally evaporated water vapour from the ocean influences the isotope ratio of precipitation. A very high correlation, however, was found for transports over the completely ice-covered Weddell Sea.

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True Stress and Shakedown Analysis of Pressure Vessel which under Cyclic Loading to Plastic Deformation

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 590 ◽

pp. 8-12

Author(s):

Xiao Liang Jia ◽

Yi Liang Zhang ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Chun Bo Wang

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

Constitutive Model ◽

Pressure Vessel ◽

Axial Stress ◽

Water Pressure ◽

True Strain ◽

Test System ◽

True Stress ◽

Plastic Shakedown ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study is to discuss the plastic shakedown and true stress of the cyclically loaded pressure vessel. A thin-walled cylinder pressure vessel is made according to actual working state and a water pressure test system is built. The vessel is loaded to different strain levels of plastic deformation first. Then it is loaded cyclically to shakedown state. The relationship between plastic strain and shakedown range is given based on numerous experiments. The constitutive model of the true stress-true strain of the vessel is obtained. The experimental results show that the ratcheting obviously occurred when the vessel is cyclically loaded to plastic deformation. The true stress-strain constitutive model which is presented in this paper can show appropriately the constitutive relation of the vessel when it is under multi-axial stress state. The application of uniaxial shakedown constitutive model has been demonstrated in this study.

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Spatial relationship between the atmospheric circulation and the precipitation measured in the western Swiss Alps by means of the analogue method

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-12-777-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 777-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

P. Horton ◽

M. Jaboyedoff ◽

R. Metzger ◽

C. Obled ◽

R. Marty

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

Precipitation Amount ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

Swiss Alps ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

Circulation Patterns ◽

Analogue Method ◽

Western Swiss Alps ◽

Time Extrapolation ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract. An adaptation technique based on the synoptic atmospheric circulation to forecast local precipitation, namely the analogue method, has been implemented for the western Swiss Alps. During the calibration procedure, relevance maps were established for the geopotential height data. These maps highlight the locations were the synoptic circulation was found of interest for the precipitation forecasting at two rain gauge stations (Binn and Les Marécottes) that are located both in the alpine Rhône catchment, at a distance of about 100 km from each other. These two stations are sensitive to different atmospheric circulations. We have observed that the most relevant data for the analogue method can be found where specific atmospheric circulation patterns appear concomitantly with heavy precipitation events. Those skilled regions are coherent with the atmospheric flows illustrated, for example, by means of the back trajectories of air masses. Indeed, the circulation recurrently diverges from the climatology during days with strong precipitation on the southern part of the alpine Rhône catchment. We have found that for over 152 days with precipitation amount above 50 mm at the Binn station, only 3 did not show a trajectory of a southerly flow, meaning that such a circulation was present for 98% of the events. Time evolution of the relevance maps confirms that the atmospheric circulation variables have significantly better forecasting skills close to the precipitation period, and that it seems pointless for the analogue method to consider circulation information days before a precipitation event as a primary predictor. Even though the occurrence of some critical circulation patterns leading to heavy precipitation events can be detected by precursors at remote locations and 1 week ahead (Grazzini, 2007; Martius et al., 2008), time extrapolation by the analogue method seems to be rather poor. This would suggest, in accordance with previous studies (Obled et al., 2002; Bontron and Obled, 2005), that time extrapolation should be done by the Global Circulation Model, which can process atmospheric variables that can be used by the adaptation method.

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Evaluating the skill of satellite data on the individuation of extreme precipitation events in Calabria (southern Italy)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3071 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tommaso Caloiero ◽

Roberto Coscarelli ◽

Giulio Nils Caroletti

Keyword(s):

Satellite Data ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

The European Union ◽

Extreme Precipitation Events ◽

Daily Data ◽

Precipitation Events

In this study, the skill of TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) data to locate spatially and temporally extreme precipitation has been tested over Calabria, a region in southern Italy.Calabria is a very challenging region for hydrometeorology studies, as i) it is a mainly mountainous region with complex orography; ii) it is surrounded by sea, providing&#160; an abundance of available moisture; iii) it belongs to the Mediterranean region, a hot-spot for climate change.TMPA, which provides daily data at a 0.25&#176; resolution (i.e., about 25 km at southern Italy latitudes), was tested with regards to three extreme precipitation events that occurred between 1998 and 2019, i.e., the years of TMPA&#8217;s operational time frame. The first event, taking place on 07-12/09/2000, lasted for several days and involved most of Calabria. The second (01-04/07/2006) was a very localized midsummer event, which hit a very small area with destructive consequences. Finally, the 18-27/11/2013 event was a ten-day long heavy precipitation event that hit the region in spots.TMPA daily data were compared against validated and homogenized rain gauge data from 79 stations managed by the Multi-Risk Functional Centre of the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection. TMPA was evaluated both in relative and absolute terms: i) the relative skill was tested by checking if TMPA evaluated correctly the presence of extreme precipitation, defined as daily precipitation passing the 99th percentile threshold; ii) the absolute skill was tested by checking if TMPA reproduced correctly the cumulated precipitation values during the events.TMPA proved sufficiently able to locate areas subject to heavy cumulated precipitation during large spatially distributed events over the region. However, it showed difficulties in reproducing very localized events, as the 2006 case study was not detected at all, showing that 25-km spatial resolution and daily time resolution proved inadequate to resolve this type of rainfall event.Results might give insights into the possibility of using satellite data for real-time monitoring of extreme precipitation, especially since the transition from the old TMPA to the new Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) set was completed in January 2020.&#160;Acknowledgments:The Project INDECIS is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462).

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