ARISE - Atmospheric Dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Hupe ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Research Infrastructure ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Ctbt Verification

<p>The Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE) project has integrated different meteorological and geophysical station networks and technologies providing observations from the ground to the lower thermosphere. A particular emphasis is on improving observations in the middle atmosphere, as this is a crucial region affecting tropospheric weather and climate. Besides supporting innovative prototypes of mobile lidars and microwave radiometers, ARISE utilized the global infrasound network developed for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) verification, the lidar Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), meteor radars, wind radiometers, ionospheric sounders and satellites.</p> <p>This presentation highlights the objectives and results as well as perspectives of the first two project phases – one within the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme and the second within the Horizon 2020 programme. ARISE has facilitated multi-instrument stations and collocated measurement campaigns at different latitudes in Europe, including the observatories ALOMAR in northern Norway, OHP in southern France and Maïdo on Reunion Island (France), as well as the infrasound station in southern Germany. One ARISE study, for instance, analyzed different ground-based and space-borne observation technologies, revealing systematic biases for temperature and wind in both analysis and reanalysis models. Such biases are critical to the CTBT verification when validating infrasound signal detections by propagation modelling. Also, the potential of infrasound to be assimilated in weather or climate models was proposed, as infrasound can be used to probe winds and cross-wind effects in the middle atmosphere. Meanwhile, offline assimilation tests relying on infrasound data from ground-truth explosion events and wind data of ECMWF’s ERA5 model have been conducted. Overall, the interest of ARISE is to provide atmospheric data products and services for both scientific and civilian-security applications, including the monitoring of extreme events that have an atmospheric signature, such as meteors, thunderstorms or volcanic eruptions. For early warnings on volcanic eruptions, the Volcano Information System (VIS) was proposed as an ARISE product in cooperation with the CTBT organization and the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC).</p>

scholarly journals Unusually strong nitric oxide descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early 2013 as observed by Odin/SMR

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3563-3581
Author(s):  
K. Pérot ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
D. P. Murtagh
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Polar Stratosphere ◽  
Energetic Particle Precipitation

Abstract. The middle atmosphere has been affected by an exceptionally strong midwinter stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) during the Arctic winter 2012/2013. These unusual meteorological conditions led to a breakdown of the polar vortex, followed by the reformation of a strong upper stratospheric vortex associated with particularly efficient descent of air. Measurements by the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR), on board the Odin satellite, show that very large amounts of nitric oxide (NO), produced by Energetic Particle Precipitation (EPP) in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT), could thus enter the polar stratosphere in early 2013. The mechanism referring to the downward transport of EPP generated-NOx during winter is generally called the EPP indirect effect. SMR observed up to 20 times more NO in the upper stratosphere than the average NO measured at the same latitude, pressure and time during three previous winters where no mixing between mesospheric and stratospheric air was noticeable. This event turned out to be an unprecedently strong case of this effect. Our study is based on a comparison with the Arctic winter 2008/2009, when a similar situation was observed and which was so far considered as a record-breaking winter for this kind of events. This outstanding situation is the result of the combination between a relatively high geomagnetic activity and an unusually high dynamical activity, which makes this case a prime example to study the EPP impacts on the atmospheric composition.

EARLINET/ACTRIS Early Warning System for atmospheric aerosol aviation hazards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos ◽  
Vassilis Amiridis ◽  
Aldo Amodeo ◽  
Sara Barsotti ◽  
Giuseppe D'Amico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Aviation Hazards

<p>Volcanic eruptions have the capacity to significantly impact human life, consequently, tools for mitigating them are of high importance. The early detection of a potentially hazardous volcanic eruption and the issuance of early warnings concerning volcanic hazards (e.g. ash dispersal), are key elements in the initiation of operational response procedures. Historically, lidars have not typically played a key operational role during volcanic eruptions, with other remote sensing instruments such as radars, infrared and ultraviolet cameras being preferred. Recently, a tailored product of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) for the early warning of the presence of volcanic ash and desert dust plumes at cruising altitudes has been developed. Here, we extend the applicability of this methodology to lidars and ceilometers near active volcanoes in Iceland and Mt. Etna in Italy. The tailored methodology and selected case studies will be presented, demonstrating its potential for real-time application during volcanic eruptions.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong>: This work has been conducted within the framework of the E-shape (Grant Agreement n. 820852) and EUNADICS-AV (Grant agreement no. 723986) H2020 projects. Furthermore, the authors acknowledge the ACTRIS-2 and ACTRIS Preparatory Phase projects that have received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 654109) and from European Union’s Horizon 2020 Coordination and Support Action (grant agreement No. 739530), respectively.</p>

scholarly journals EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 (24) ◽  
pp. 3675-4284
Author(s):  
R. W. Assmann ◽  
M. K. Weikum ◽  
T. Akhter ◽  
D. Alesini ◽  
A. S. Alexandrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
Research Infrastructure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Energy Frontier

AbstractThis report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years.

Middle atmosphere ionization from auroral particle precipitation as observed by the SSUSI satellite instruments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bender ◽  
Patrick Espy ◽  
Larry Paxton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Auroral Zone ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Electron Densities ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Initial Comparison ◽  
Eiscat Radar ◽  
Satellite Instruments

<p>Solar, auroral, and radiation belt electrons enter the atmosphere at polar regions leading to ionization and affecting its chemistry. Climate models usually parametrize this ionization and the related changes in chemistry based on satellite particle measurements. Precise measurements of the particle and energy influx into the upper atmosphere are difficult because they vary substantially in location and time. Widely used particle data are derived from the POES and GOES satellite measurements which provide electron and proton spectra.</p><p>We present electron energy and flux measurements from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) satellite instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. This formation of now four satellites observes the auroral zone in the UV from which electron energies and fluxes are inferred in the range from 2 keV to 20 keV. We use these observed electron energies and fluxes to calculate ionization rates and electron densities in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (≈ 70–200 km). We present an initial comparison of these rates to other models and compare the electron densities to those measured by the EISCAT radar. This comparison shows that with the current standard parametrizations, the SSUSI inferred auroral (90–120 km) electron densities are larger than the ground-based measured ones by a factor of 2–5. It is still under investigation if this difference is due to collocation (in space and time) and EISCAT mode characteristics or caused by incompletely modelling the ionization and recombination in that energy range.</p>

scholarly journals Late spring ultraviolet levels over the United Kingdom and the link to ozone

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Austin ◽  
C. M. H. Driscoll ◽  
S. F. G. Farmer ◽  
M. J. Molyneux
Keyword(s):  
Total Ozone ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chemical Effects ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Erythemally-weighted ultraviolet (UVery) levels measured over southern England, during anticyclonic weather between 30 April and 2 May, 1997, were almost 50 higher than normally expected for clear skies and were similar to mid-summer values for the first time since measurements began in 1990. Investigation of this episode suggests that a combination of both meteorological and chemical effects were responsible for generating record low ozone amounts for the time of year. Further, comparisons between the A band ultraviolet (315 to 400 nm wavelength) amounts, and radiative calculations confirm that the high UVery was primarily due to the reduction in total ozone. These results are contrasted with a similar period for 1998, in which near climatological ozone amounts were measured. The prospects for enhanced UVery levels in future years are briefly reviewed in the light of expected increases in stratospheric halogen levels and greenhouse gases.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere · composition and chemistry) · Meterology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; radiative processes)

scholarly journals Simulation of the climate impact of Mt. Pinatubo eruption using ECHAM5 – Part 1: Sensitivity to the modes of atmospheric circulation and boundary conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 9209-9238
Author(s):  
M. A. Thomas ◽  
C. Timmreck ◽  
M. A. Giorgetta ◽  
H.-F. Graf ◽  
G. Stenchikov
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Dynamical Response ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
Pinatubo Eruption

Abstract. Large volcanic eruptions and their subsequent climate responses are relatively short-lived perturbations to the climate system. They provide an excellent opportunity to understand the response of the climate system to a global radiative forcing and to assess the ability of our climate models to simulate such large perturbations. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in Philippines in June 1991 was one of the strongest volcanic eruptions in the 20th century and this well observed eruption can serve as an important case study to understand the subsequent weather and climate changes. In this paper, the most comprehensive simulations to date of the climate impact of Mt. Pinatubo eruption are carried out with prescribed volcanic aerosols including observed SSTs, QBO and volcanically induced ozone anomalies. This is also the first attempt to include all the known factors for the simulation of such an experiment. Here, the climate response is evaluated under different boundary conditions including one at a time, thereby, investigating the radiative and dynamical responses to individual and combined forcings by observed SSTs, QBO and volcanic effects. Two ensembles of ten members each, for unperturbed and volcanically perturbed conditions were carried out using the middle atmosphere configuration of ECHAM5 model. Our results show that the pure aerosol response in lower stratospheric temperature is insensitive to the boundary conditions in the tropics and does not show some observed features which results from the boundary conditions. To simulate realistically the lower stratospheric temperature response, one must include all the known factors. The pure QBO and ocean responses are simulated consistent with earlier studies. The dynamical response manifested as the winter warming pattern is not simulated in the ensemble mean of the experiments. Our analysis also shows that the response to El Niño conditions is very strong in the model and that it partially masks the effects due to volcanic forcing.

The Role of the Middle Atmosphere in Simulations of the Troposphere during Northern Hemisphere Winter: Differences between High- and Low-Top Models

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 3048-3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Sassi ◽  
R. R. Garcia ◽  
D. Marsh ◽  
K. W. Hoppel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Conventional Model ◽  
Downward Propagation ◽  
Hemisphere Winter ◽  
Mean State

Abstract This paper compares present-day simulations made with two state-of-the-art climate models: a conventional model specifically designed to represent the tropospheric climate, which has a poorly resolved middle atmosphere, and a configuration that is built on the same physics and numerical algorithms but represents realistically the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere. The atmospheric behavior is found to be different between the two model configurations, and it is shown that the differences in the two simulations can be attributed to differences in the behavior of the zonal mean state of the stratosphere, where reflection of quasi-stationary resolved planetary waves from the lid of the low-top model is prominent; the more realistic physics in the high-top model is not relevant. It is also shown that downward propagation of zonal wind anomalies during weak stratospheric vortex events is substantially different in the two model configurations. These findings extend earlier results that a poorly resolved stratosphere can influence simulations throughout the troposphere.

scholarly journals Unusually strong nitric oxide descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early 2013 as observed by Odin/SMR

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 8009-8015 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Pérot ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
D. P. Murtagh
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Polar Stratosphere ◽  
Energetic Particle Precipitation

Abstract. The middle atmosphere was affected by an exceptionally strong midwinter stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) during the Arctic winter 2012/2013. These unusual meteorological conditions led to a breakdown of the polar vortex, followed by the reformation of a strong upper stratospheric vortex associated with particularly efficient descent of air. Measurements by the submillimetre radiometer (SMR), on board the Odin satellite, show that very large amounts of nitric oxide (NO), produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT), could thus enter the polar stratosphere in early 2013. The mechanism referring to the downward transport of EPP-generated NOx during winter is generally called the EPP indirect effect. SMR observed up to 20 times more NO in the upper stratosphere than the average NO measured at the same latitude, pressure and time during three previous winters where no mixing between mesospheric and stratospheric air was noticeable. This event turned out to be the strongest in the aeronomy-only period of SMR (2007–present). Our study is based on a comparison with the Arctic winter 2008/2009, when a similar situation was observed. This outstanding situation is the result of the combination of a relatively high geomagnetic activity and an unusually high dynamical activity, which makes this case a prime example to study the EPP impacts on the atmospheric composition.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Observed by SABER

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4384-4399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolando R. Garcia ◽  
Ruth Lieberman ◽  
James M. Russell ◽  
Martin G. Mlynczak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Zonal Winds ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Mean Structure ◽  
Mesosphere And Lower Thermosphere ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract Observations made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board NASA’s Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite have been processed using Salby’s fast Fourier synoptic mapping (FFSM) algorithm. The mapped data provide a first synoptic look at the mean structure and traveling waves of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) since the launch of the TIMED satellite in December 2001. The results show the presence of various wave modes in the MLT, which reach largest amplitude above the mesopause and include Kelvin and Rossby–gravity waves, eastward-propagating diurnal oscillations (“non-sun-synchronous tides”), and a set of quasi-normal modes associated with the so-called 2-day wave. The latter exhibits marked seasonal variability, attaining large amplitudes during the solstices and all but disappearing at the equinoxes. SABER data also show a strong quasi-stationary Rossby wave signal throughout the middle atmosphere of the winter hemisphere; the signal extends into the Tropics and even into the summer hemisphere in the MLT, suggesting ducting by westerly background zonal winds. At certain times of the year, the 5-day Rossby normal mode and the 4-day wave associated with instability of the polar night jet are also prominent in SABER data.

Middle Atmosphere Temperature Changes Derived from SABER Observations during 2002-2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
X. R. Zhao ◽  
Z. Sheng ◽  
H. Q. Shi ◽  
L. B. Weng ◽  
Y. He
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature ◽  
Temperature Responses

AbstractUsing temperature data measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument from February 2002 to March 2020, the temperature linear trend and temperature responses to the solar cycle (SC), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated from 20 km to 110 km for the latitude range of 50°S-50°N. A four-component harmonic fit was used to remove the seasonal variation from the observed monthly temperature series. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to analyze the linear trend, SC, QBO, and ENSO terms. In this study, the near-global mean temperature shows consistent cooling trends throughout the entire middle atmosphere, ranging from -0.28 to -0.97 K/decade. Additionally, it shows positive responses to the solar cycle, varying from -0.05 to 4.53 K/100sfu. A solar temperature response boundary between 50°S and 50°N is given, above which the atmospheric temperature is strongly affected by solar activity. The boundary penetrates deep below the stratopause to ~ 42 km over the tropical region and rises to higher altitudes with latitude. Temperature responses to the QBO and ENSO can be observed up to the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In the equatorial region, 40%-70% of the total variance is explained by QBO signals in the stratosphere and 30%-50% is explained by the solar signal in the upper middle atmosphere. Our results, obtained from 18-year SABER observations, are expected to be an updated reliable estimation of the middle atmosphere temperature variability for the stratospheric ozone recovery period.

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