Effect of Drought and Recovery on Microbial, Fungal, and Crop Response in a Diverse Multi-Crop Rotation

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12151 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Songul Senturklu ◽

Douglas Landblom ◽

Joshua Steffan

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Production ◽

Integrated System ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Fungal Activity ◽

The Usa

Soil nutrient availability is essential for adequate crop production and drought conditions that result in abnormally low amounts of precipitation for extended periods of time have a substantial impact on soil microbial activity and therefore nutrient cycling. The northern Great Plains region of the USA suffered an extended period of time in which effective precipitation for crop production was severely reduced and based on the USA Drought Monitor the drought during the growing season from April through October 2017 was classified as exceptional drought. At the NDSU &#8211; Dickinson Research Extension Center, a long-term integrated system that includes a diverse multi-crop rotation (spring wheat, cover crop, corn, pea-barley intercrop, and sunflower), beef cattle grazing of the pea-barley, corn, and a 13-specie cover crop within the rotation, is being utilized to monitor the effects soil microbial and fungal activity have on production over time and space in this crop and animal production system. Moreover, the overall effects of increased soil health indices on production are being monitored. Research results have previously been reported showing that soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization has resulted in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application. Regression analysis of SOM and potential nitrogen mineralization suggests that 8.4 mg N/kg are mineralized for each 1% increase in SOM. However, during periods of restricted precipitation on rain-fed crops, soil microbial respiration and fungal activity are negatively impacted, and crop production and animal grazing days are sharply reduced. Soil microbial biomass was correlated to overall production with the exception of spring wheat in rotation which may be due to increased water use by the previous crop (sunflower). Further analysis indicated that most soil microbial organisms recovered two years post drought with the exception of Rhizobia spp. populations which did not recover two years post drought. However, compared to the pre-drought 2016 production year, overall crop production yields had not fully recovered by 2019. Compared to the 2016 crop production, overall crop production in the rotation was reduced 64% in 2017, recovered to 54% of 2016 in 2018, and recovered to 66% of 2016 by the 2019 crop year. Whether crop yields are on par with 2016 by the end of the 2020 crop year is still to be determined. These yield observations point to the amount of time needed to fully recover from the long-term effects of exceptional drought on crop production.

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Effect of Drought and Recovery on Grazing Animal, Microbial, and Fungal Response in a Diverse Multi-Crop Rotation

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20195 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas Landblom ◽

Songul Senturklu

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Cycling ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Production ◽

Microbial Respiration ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Animal Grazing

Beef cattle grazing, soil microbial respiration, and Rhizobia spp. populations serve important roles in soil nutrient cycling and during periods of drought, when abnormal precipitation declines, forage production for animal grazing and performance are negatively impacted. Soil nutrient availability is essential for adequate crop production and extended drought reduces soil microbial activity and therefore nutrient cycling. During the 2017 growing season between April and October in the northern Great Plains region of the USA, effective precipitation for crop production and animal grazing was severely reduced due an exceptional drought as classified by the US Drought Monitor. At the NDSU &#8211; Dickinson Research Extension Center, Dickinson, North Dakota, USA, a long-term integrated system that includes yearling steer grazing within a diverse multi-crop rotation (spring wheat, cover crop, corn, pea-barley intercrop, and sunflower). Within the rotation of cash and forage crops, beef cattle graze the pea-barley, corn, and cover crop (13-specie) within the rotation and is being utilized to monitor the effects of animal, microbial and fungal activity over time and space in the crop and animal production system. Nitrogen fertilizer has been replaced in the system by soil microbial and fungal activity (Potential Mineralizable Nitrogen: 8.4 mg N/kg) such that for each 1% increase in SOM there is a corresponding increase of 18.8 kg of potential nitrogen mineralized per ha. Animal grazing days are severely reduced when precipitation is inadequate for soil microbial respiration to occur. What is even more concerning, when relying on microbial activity to supply plant nutrients, is recovery time for microbial activity to fully recover from exceptional drought as was the case in this research project. Compared to the 2016 crop production year that preceded the 2017 drought, cover crop (13-specie), pea-barley, and corn yields were reduced 86, 33, and 64% during the 2017 drought. This decline in crop production reduced the number of days of grazing by an average 50% and average daily gains were also reduced. Steer average daily gains were 1.05 0.95, and 0.83 kg/steer/day in 2017 when grazing pea-barley, corn, and cover crop, respectively. For this research that relies on soil derived plant nutrients soil analysis for microbial and Rhizobia spp. biomass began recovery in 2018 and continued into 2019 as evidenced by large percentage increases in organism biomass; however, complete production recovery did not occur by the end of the 2019 grazing season in which days of grazing were reduced compared to the 2016 grazing season. Biological animal, crop, microbial, fungal, and nutrient replacement recovery will be presented in the poster.

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The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-012-0078-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 486-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Crop Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Production Systems ◽

Integrated System ◽

Integrated Systems ◽

Conventional System ◽

Weed Species ◽

Organic System ◽

Weed Communities

Abstract The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.

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Effectiveness of various elements of grain cultivation technology

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213607001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 07001

Author(s):

Fedor A. Popov ◽

Evgeniya N. Noskova ◽

Lyudmila M. Kozlova

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Streptomyces Hygroscopicus ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Field Crop ◽

Loamy Soil ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Cultivation Technology ◽

Three Factor

The article presents the results of a long-term stationary three-factor experiment on sod-podzolic loamy soil to identify the effectiveness of various methods of basic and pre-sowing treatment of soil, the use of biological preparations in the technology of cultivating grain crops in six-field crop rotation. It was established that the most profitable elements of the technology in energy and economic terms will be: surface-cut treatment with KPS-4 cultivator and introduction of Azotovit and Phosphatovit biologics into the tillering stage of oat in a vetch-oat mixture for green feed; surface-cut treatment with KBM-4,2 cultivator or with pre-sowing treatment with a APPN-2,1 combined aggregate and introduction of Azotovite and Phosphatovite biological preparations into the soil before sowing winter rye for grain; ploughing with pre-sowing treatment with APPN-2,1 combined aggregate for spring wheat; surface-cut treatment with pre-sowing treatment with APPN-2,1 combined aggregate and introduction of biologic preparation based on strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus A4 at tillering stage of oat in pea-oat mixture for grain-hay; ploughing with KPS-4 cultivator and introduction of Pseudobacterin-2 biopreparation at barley tillering stage; ploughing with pre-sowing treatment with APPN-2,1 combined aggregate and introduction of biologic preparation based on strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus A4 at oat tillering stage.

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Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10060225 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 225 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Samuel I. Haruna ◽

Nsalambi V. Nkongolo

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

N Availability ◽

P Availability ◽

Long Term Effects

Cover cropping, tillage and crop rotation management can influence soil nutrient availability and crop yield through changes in soil physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three years of cover crop, tillage, and crop rotation on selected soil nutrients. Twenty-four plots each of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) were established on a 4.05 ha field and arranged in a three-factor factorial design. The three factors (treatments) were two methods of tillage (no-tillage (NT) vs. moldboard plow [conventional] tillage (CT)), two types of cover crop (no cover crop (NC) vs. cover crop (CC)) and four typess of rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn/soybean and soybean/corn). Soil samples were taken each year at four different depths in each plot; 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm, and analyzed for soil nutrients: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (NO3 and NH4), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The results in the first year showed that CT increased NO3-N availability by 40% compared with NT. In the second year, NH4-N was 8% lower under CC compared with NC management. In the third year, P was 12% greater under CC management compared with NC management. Thus, CC can enhance crop production systems by increasing P availability and scavenging excess NH4-N from the soil, but longer-term studies are needed to evaluate long-term effects.

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The influence of fertilisation and crop rotation on soil microbial characteristics in the long-term field experiment

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/326-pse ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O. Mikanová ◽

M. Friedlová ◽

T. Šimon

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Urease Activity ◽

Nitrogenase Activity ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Microbial Characteristics ◽

Rotation Field ◽

Term Field

Soils were sampled from the plots with four variants of fertilisation: Nil – without fertilisation, NPK – mineral fertilisation, FYM – farmyard manure, FYM + NPK – farmyard manure with mineral fertilisation, and two variants of crop rotation: field IV – classical 9-year crop rotation, field B – 2-year rotation of alternative growing. Determination of urease, CFU of Azotobacter spp. and potential nitrogenase activity was conducted during the period 1999–2004. The urease activity was positively affected by manure fertilisation (FYM) and by the combination of FYM + NPK. The statistically significantly highest counts of Azotobacter spp. and the highest nitrogenase activity were determined on field B in variants FYM and FYM + NPK. The results show that there was a higher amount of accessible nitrogen present on field IV than on field B. This might explain the lower counts of Azotobacter spp. and therefore the lower nitrogenase activity. According to our results, activity of urease, CFU of Azotobacter spp. and potential nitrogenase activity are very closely connected with N inputs.

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A long-term vegetable crop rotation study to determine effects on soil microbial communities and soilborne diseases of potato and onion

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science ◽

10.1080/01140671.2016.1229345 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 29-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Peter J. Wright ◽

Richard E. Falloon ◽

Duncan Hedderley

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Vegetable Crop ◽

Soilborne Diseases ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Rotation Study

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Models of the production process of agricultural plants for the analysis of the elements of some farming systems

TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES ◽

10.33952/2542-0720-2021-1-25-8-27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (25) ◽

pp. 8-27

Author(s):

V.L. Badenko ◽

◽

A.G. Topazh ◽

S.A. Medvedev ◽

E.T. Zakharova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Integrated System ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Agricultural Plants ◽

The Impact

Currently, there are major changes in the concept of designing farming systems. They are associated with bridging the gap between socio-economic demands for increasing agricultural production and the scientific justification for sustainable agricultural land use. The article presents the results of solving this problem based on the use of an integrated system for modeling the production process of agricultural plants developed by the authors. This system was applied to analyze various agricultural technologies, in particular, alternative strategies for planning crop rotations in cropping systems. For this, the following tools existing in the environment of the developed system were used: 1) long-term analysis of a possible change in the fertility of agricultural fields when using different agricultural technologies; 2) substantiation of the selected crop rotation scheme, which includes various agricultural technologies and resource-saving measures; 3) model-based approach to assess the comparative effectiveness of alternative land use strategies. The first part of the article presents the results obtained using tools for assessment alternative agricultural technologies for harvesting associated with the abandonment or removal of plant residues from the agricultural field, as well as the impact of these agricultural technologies on the parameters of soil fertility in the long term. The results of the simulation show that the abandonment of crop residues has a positive effect on the dynamics of humus in the soil and on the nitrogen content in the meter soil layer. In the second part of the article, the results of the analysis of the comparative effectiveness of various crop rotation schemes and such agricultural activities as the application of organic fertilizers, the use of leguminous and winter catch crops are presented. The analysis made it possible to rank these measures in terms of the effectiveness of the impact on agricultural production; the use of organic fertilizers (manure) and including legumes in the crop rotation were the most effective ones. The presented results demonstrate the potential demand for the proposed methods and the developed integrated system for modeling the production process of agricultural plants to substantiate the elements of farming systems and analyze their impact on sustainable development.

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