Effect of Drought and Recovery on Grazing Animal, Microbial, and Fungal Response in a Diverse Multi-Crop Rotation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Landblom ◽  
Songul Senturklu
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Animal Grazing

<p>Beef cattle grazing, soil microbial respiration, and Rhizobia spp. populations serve important roles in soil nutrient cycling and during periods of drought, when abnormal precipitation declines, forage production for animal grazing and performance are negatively impacted. Soil nutrient availability is essential for adequate crop production and extended drought reduces soil microbial activity and therefore nutrient cycling. During the 2017 growing season between April and October in the northern Great Plains region of the USA, effective precipitation for crop production and animal grazing was severely reduced due an exceptional drought as classified by the US Drought Monitor. At the NDSU – Dickinson Research Extension Center, Dickinson, North Dakota, USA, a long-term integrated system that includes yearling steer grazing within a diverse multi-crop rotation (spring wheat, cover crop, corn, pea-barley intercrop, and sunflower). Within the rotation of cash and forage crops, beef cattle graze the pea-barley, corn, and cover crop (13-specie) within the rotation and is being utilized to monitor the effects of animal, microbial and fungal activity over time and space in the crop and animal production system. Nitrogen fertilizer has been replaced in the system by soil microbial and fungal activity (Potential Mineralizable Nitrogen: 8.4 mg N/kg) such that for each 1% increase in SOM there is a corresponding increase of 18.8 kg of potential nitrogen mineralized per ha. Animal grazing days are severely reduced when precipitation is inadequate for soil microbial respiration to occur. What is even more concerning, when relying on microbial activity to supply plant nutrients, is recovery time for microbial activity to fully recover from exceptional drought as was the case in this research project. Compared to the 2016 crop production year that preceded the 2017 drought, cover crop (13-specie), pea-barley, and corn yields were reduced 86, 33, and 64% during the 2017 drought. This decline in crop production reduced the number of days of grazing by an average 50% and average daily gains were also reduced. Steer average daily gains were 1.05 0.95, and 0.83 kg/steer/day in 2017 when grazing pea-barley, corn, and cover crop, respectively. For this research that relies on soil derived plant nutrients soil analysis for microbial and Rhizobia spp. biomass began recovery in 2018 and continued into 2019 as evidenced by large percentage increases in organism biomass; however, complete production recovery did not occur by the end of the 2019 grazing season in which days of grazing were reduced compared to the 2016 grazing season. Biological animal, crop, microbial, fungal, and nutrient replacement recovery will be presented in the poster.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel I. Haruna ◽  
Nsalambi V. Nkongolo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
N Availability ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Long Term Effects

Cover cropping, tillage and crop rotation management can influence soil nutrient availability and crop yield through changes in soil physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three years of cover crop, tillage, and crop rotation on selected soil nutrients. Twenty-four plots each of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) were established on a 4.05 ha field and arranged in a three-factor factorial design. The three factors (treatments) were two methods of tillage (no-tillage (NT) vs. moldboard plow [conventional] tillage (CT)), two types of cover crop (no cover crop (NC) vs. cover crop (CC)) and four typess of rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn/soybean and soybean/corn). Soil samples were taken each year at four different depths in each plot; 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm, and analyzed for soil nutrients: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (NO3 and NH4), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The results in the first year showed that CT increased NO3-N availability by 40% compared with NT. In the second year, NH4-N was 8% lower under CC compared with NC management. In the third year, P was 12% greater under CC management compared with NC management. Thus, CC can enhance crop production systems by increasing P availability and scavenging excess NH4-N from the soil, but longer-term studies are needed to evaluate long-term effects.

Effect of Drought and Recovery on Microbial, Fungal, and Crop Response in a Diverse Multi-Crop Rotation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songul Senturklu ◽  
Douglas Landblom ◽  
Joshua Steffan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
The Usa

<p>Soil nutrient availability is essential for adequate crop production and drought conditions that result in abnormally low amounts of precipitation for extended periods of time have a substantial impact on soil microbial activity and therefore nutrient cycling. The northern Great Plains region of the USA suffered an extended period of time in which effective precipitation for crop production was severely reduced and based on the USA Drought Monitor the drought during the growing season from April through October 2017 was classified as exceptional drought. At the NDSU – Dickinson Research Extension Center, a long-term integrated system that includes a diverse multi-crop rotation (spring wheat, cover crop, corn, pea-barley intercrop, and sunflower), beef cattle grazing of the pea-barley, corn, and a 13-specie cover crop within the rotation, is being utilized to monitor the effects soil microbial and fungal activity have on production over time and space in this crop and animal production system. Moreover, the overall effects of increased soil health indices on production are being monitored. Research results have previously been reported showing that soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization has resulted in reduced nitrogen fertilizer application. Regression analysis of SOM and potential nitrogen mineralization suggests that 8.4 mg N/kg are mineralized for each 1% increase in SOM. However, during periods of restricted precipitation on rain-fed crops, soil microbial respiration and fungal activity are negatively impacted, and crop production and animal grazing days are sharply reduced. Soil microbial biomass was correlated to overall production with the exception of spring wheat in rotation which may be due to increased water use by the previous crop (sunflower). Further analysis indicated that most soil microbial organisms recovered two years post drought with the exception of Rhizobia spp. populations which did not recover two years post drought. However, compared to the pre-drought 2016 production year, overall crop production yields had not fully recovered by 2019. Compared to the 2016 crop production, overall crop production in the rotation was reduced 64% in 2017, recovered to 54% of 2016 in 2018, and recovered to 66% of 2016 by the 2019 crop year. Whether crop yields are on par with 2016 by the end of the 2020 crop year is still to be determined. These yield observations point to the amount of time needed to fully recover from the long-term effects of exceptional drought on crop production.</p>

scholarly journals Labile carbon limits late winter microbial activity near Arctic treeline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. Sullivan ◽  
Madeline C. Stokes ◽  
Cameron K. McMillan ◽  
Michael N. Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Labile C ◽  
Soil Temperatures

It is well established that soil microbial communities remain active during much of the Arctic winter, despite soil temperatures that are often well below −10°C1. Overwinter microbial activity has important effects on global carbon (C) budgets2, nutrient cycling and vegetation community composition3. Microbial respiration is highly temperature sensitive in frozen soils, as liquid water and solute availability decrease rapidly with declining temperature4. Thus, temperature is considered the ultimate control on overwinter soil microbial activity in the Arctic. Warmer winter soils are thought to yield greater microbial respiration of available C, greater overwinter CO2 efflux and a flush of nutrients that could be available for plant uptake at thaw3. Rising air temperature, combined with changes in timing and/or depth of snowpack development, is leading to warmer Arctic winter soils5. Using observational and experimental approaches in the field and in the laboratory, we demonstrate that persistently warm winter soils can lead to labile C starvation of the microbial community and reduced respiration rates, despite the high C content of most arctic soils. If Arctic winter soil temperatures continue to rise, microbial C limitation will reduce cold season CO2 emissions and alter soil nutrient cycling, if not countered by greater labile C inputs.

scholarly journals Effect of Buckwheat and Potato as Forecrops on Soil Microbial Properties in Crop Rotation

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Vilhelmīne Šteinberga ◽  
Olga Mutere ◽  
Inga Jansone ◽  
Ina Alsiņa ◽  
Laila Dubova
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Microbial Respiration ◽  
Cereal Breeding ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Field trials were carried out at the experimental cereal breeding fields in Stende (Latvia), an area characterized by a northern temperate climate. The soil had been under short-term organic or conventional crop management and was then subjected to crop rotation, using buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the forecrops; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) as the following crops; and two fertilizer regimes under common organic and conventional practices. As the evaluation criteria of the soil quality, physico-chemical (pH value, organic matter, N, P, K) were tested. In addition, the following biological properties were estimated: plate counts of different physiological groups of microorganisms, soil microbial respiration, enzymatic activity (urease, dehydrogenase and fluoresceine diacetate hydrolysis) of soil microorganisms. Soil microbial respiration activity, FDA hydrolysis and urease activity showed a tendency to decrease in the soil after potato cultivation as the forecrop. The number of bacteria was higher in plots with wheat, and the actinomycete count was lower after oat cultivation. The number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, as well as soil microbial respiration and enzymatic activity, fluctuated due to weather seasonality.

scholarly journals Is microbial activity in tropical forests limited by phosphorus availability? Evidence from a tropical forest in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiki Mori ◽  
Xiankai Lu ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Qinggong Mao ◽  
Senhao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Prevailing Paradigm ◽  
P Addition

AbstractThe prevailing paradigm for soil microbial activity in tropical forests is that microbial activity is limited by phosphorus (P) availability. Thus, exogenous P addition should increase rates of organic matter decomposition. Studies have also confirmed that soil respiration is accelerated when P is added experimentally. However, we hypothesize that the increased rates of soil microbial respiration could be due to the release of organic material from the surface of soil minerals when P is added, because P is more successful at binding to soil particles than organic compounds. In this study, we demonstrate that P addition to soil is associated with significantly higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in a tropical evergreen forest in southern China. Our results indicate that P fertilization stimulated soil respiration but suppressed litter decomposition. Results from a second sorption experiment revealed that the recovery ratio of added DOC in the soil of a plot fertilized with P for 9 years was larger than the ratio in the soil of a non-fertilized plot, although the difference was small. We also conducted a literature review on the effects of P fertilization on the decomposition rates of litter and soil organic matter at our study site. Previous studies have consistently reported that P addition led to higher response ratios of soil microbial respiration than litter decomposition. Therefore, experiments based on P addition cannot be used to test whether microbial activity is P-limited in tropical forest soils, because organic carbon desorption occurs when P is added. Our findings suggest that the prevailing paradigm on the relationship between P and microbial activity in tropical forest soils should be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Filtered mud improves sugarcane growth and modifies the functional abundance and structure of soil microbial populations

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12753
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yusuf Abubakar ◽  
Muhammed Mustapha Ibrahim ◽  
Caifang Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Nyumah Fallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Growth Properties

Background Exploring high-quality organic amendments has been a focus of sustainable agriculture. Filtered mud (FM), a sugar factory waste derived from sugarcane stems, could be an alternative organic amendment for sugarcane production. However, the effects of its application proportions on soil fertility, nutrient cycling, structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities, and the growth of sugarcane in clay-loam soils remain unexplored. Methods Three application proportions of FM: (FM1-(FM: Soil at 1:4), FM2-(FM: Soil at 2:3), and FM3-(FM: Soil at 3:2)) were evaluated on sugarcane growth and soil nutrient cycling. High throughput sequencing was also employed to explore soil microbial dynamics. Results We observed that FM generally increased the soil’s nutritional properties while improving NO3− retention compared to the control, resulting in increased growth parameters of sugarcane. Specifically, FM1 increased the concentration of NH4+−N, the N fraction preferably taken up by sugarcane, which was associated with an increase in the plant height, and more improved growth properties, among other treatments. An increase in the proportion of FM also increased the activity of soil nutrient cycling enzymes; urease, phosphatase, and β-glucosidase. High throughput sequencing revealed that FM reduced the diversity of soil bacteria while having insignificant effects on fungal diversity. Although increasing FM rates reduced the relative abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria, its class members, the Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria containing some N-cycling related genera, were stimulated. Also, FM stimulated the abundance of beneficial and lignocellulose degrading organisms. These included the bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and the fungal phylum Ascomycota. The distribution of the soil microbial community under FM rates was regulated by the changes in soil pH and the availability of soil nutrients. Since FM1 showed more promise in improving the growth properties of sugarcane, it could be more economical and sustainable for sugarcane production in clay-loam soils.

Impacts of Land-applying Class B Municipal Biosolids on Soil Microbial Activity and Soil Nutrient and Metal Concentrations

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (4) ◽  
pp. 1390-1414
Author(s):  
Virginia L. Jin ◽  
Erin M. Witherington ◽  
Mari-Vaughn V. Johnson ◽  
Richard L. Haney ◽  
J. G. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Class B ◽  
Municipal Biosolids

scholarly journals Responses of Soil Microbial Activity to Swine Manure Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Maria Josiane Martins ◽  
Tânia Santos Silva ◽  
Igor Paranhos Caldas ◽  
Geovane Teixeira de Azevedo ◽  
Isabelle Carolyne Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The allocation of the large amount of swine waste from farms is an international concern. An efficient way of managing such waste is its use in farming. It is already known that the incorporation of organic waste into the soil significantly increases the microbial population. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the impact of the use of swine manure on the soil microbiota in a Eutrophic Oxisol. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design in a 6 × 4 factorial scheme (sixconcentrations of swine manure and four evaluation periods) with four replications. We evaluate the following characteristics: microbial respiration (C-CO2), microbial biomass (µC g-1 soil) and pH.: microbial respiration (C-CO2), microbial biomass (µC g-1 soil) and pH. A significant effect was found in the interaction between concentrations and time of incubation (p < 0.05) of swine manure on microbial activity in the soil. The amount of microbial carbon increased as a function of increased levels of liquid swine manure. No interaction was observed between concentrations and time of incubation for the pH. The evaluation of the isolated factors allowed to observe that the pH decreased as the doses of manure were incremented. Higher and lower pH values were found after 5 and 30 days of incubation. The application of liquid swine manure up to 6000 L ha-1 increases the release of CO2 and carbon in the microbial biomass. The applications of liquid swine manure cause a gradual reduction in soil pH.

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