Active landslides deformations mapping and monitoring in rural areas using satellite radar interferometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicușor Necula ◽  
Mihai Niculita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Active Landslide ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Differential Sar Interferometry

<p>Landslide hazards pose as one of the greatest risks in today’s context of climate change and settlement expansion. The later process occurs both in the urban and rural areas and significantly changes the terrain morphology and contributes as a conditioning factor for the triggering of new landslide events or reactivation of old dormant ones. Usually, the urban areas are of a greater interest to assess the activity of landslides and their associated risks. On the other hand, the remote areas such as the rural settlements are not as much investigated and monitored, mostly because the in-situ investigations requires additional costs for the deployment of various instruments.</p><p>In the last decades, the development of Advanced Differential SAR Interferometry techniques permits to identify and monitor these geomorphological processes from space. They rely on the microwave’s signal properties to quantify with millimeter accuracy possible deformations in time. The advances of satellite’s acquisition capabilities and the increase of computational power allow the mapping of active landslides over wide areas and even detection of failure precursors.</p><p>In our case, we used the DInSAR techniques to identify the active landslides over a large area in the Moldavian Plateau that affects the human settlements. Even though for the urban areas was much easier to detect the landslide induced deformations, in the case of the rural communities this task was much more challenging. We used the COMET-LiCS Sentinel-1 InSAR data (LiCSAR) and the LiCSBAS software for processing the data for the Moldavian Plateau, Northeastern Romania. Based on the results post-processing we classified the landslides activity based on their velocity and we created an active landslide inventory of the area.</p>

scholarly journals STUDY REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF WASTEWATER SPECIFIC FLOWS IN ROMANIA RURAL AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRCEA-VLAD MUREȘAN ◽  
ELENA-MARIA PICĂ
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

<p>This paper intends to inform the scientific and engineering community on the importance of wastewater treatment plants of small capacity, designed for rural settlements. By analysing the evolution of Romania’s population by towns, on 1st January 2010, the weight of urban population was 55.1 %, and the weight of the rural population was 44.9 % of the total population. The rural environment representing 44.9% of the total population is grouped into 2860 villages with a degree of connection to wastewater treatment plants of only 11.21 %. At the moment the design of treatment plants, regardless of the structure and size of the settlement, is performed in a non-differentiated way, using the same technological methods for urban and rural areas. The implementation of technical solutions that are use for urban areas in case of small and very small towns’ claims high investment costs and especially operational costs, the efficiency of these solutions being unsatisfactory, because of wrong adoption of sizing parameters, for example, the influent specific flow. From this paper will result, based on case studies, that the specific flow sizing treatment plants for rural areas is overrated, much too high, resulting in oversized treatment plants.</p>

scholarly journals Water for the Displaced Population's Health: An Urban-Rural Dichotomy Revisited

Refuge ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Alpaslan Özerdem ◽  
Sultan Barakat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Unsafe Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This paper is a review and analysis of the health impacts of inadequate and unsafe water supplies on displaced populations. The investigation focuses on the overall health implications of the current praxis of water supply recovery and reconstruction, which is often biased towards urban areas, neglecting the water needs of those living in rural areas. Having explored a series of water quantity and quality issues, and their inter-relationship to public health, by comparing urban and rural settlements in the Tuzla Region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, this paper concludes that the overall strategy of responding to water needs of displaced populations requires equal attention and care to both urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Social Capital of Farmers in the Rural Communities of Vojvodina

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Dejan Janković ◽  
Marina Novakov ◽  
Marica Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Cultural Issue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary Focus

Summary The development of rural areas is a complex social, economic, political and cultural issue of immense importance to the development of society as a whole. The vitality of rural communities, which represent a specific socio-spatial phenomenon, affects the development of global society and is inextricably linked to the development and issues of urban areas of each society. Both in theory and development practice, rural development as a complex and enduring process has long been unjustifiably reduced to the economic-agrarian matrix, often reflected in the modernization of agriculture and the centralized and sectoral management of and influence on rural development. The primary focus of this paper is on the social capital of rural communities, i.e. social relations and connections within local rural communities which, alongside other important development factors, are one of the prerequisites to maintaining their vitality. The paper presents the results of a survey on social capital conducted on 281 farms in the region of Vojvodina (Serbia), indicating the characteristics of the social capital on the farms considered and the farmers’ attitudes towards the development and life of their local communities. The social capital of the surveyed farmers was found to be only relatively good, suggesting that the overall social capital in Serbia is underdeveloped because all the farms considered are located in Vojvodina, i.e. the most developed agricultural area in Serbia characterized by rural settlements with the most favorable infrastructural, demographic and economic conditions.

A Review of the Literature on Rural Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameson K. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Prevention And Intervention ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Abstract. Background. Suicide is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Differences in rates of suicide exist between urban and rural areas; however, little rigorous research has examined the phenomena of rural suicide. Objective. This review examines the current body of literature on rural suicide and investigates differences between rural and urban suicide, including socioeconomic, psychological, and cultural variables. Prevention and intervention strategies specific to rural communities are discussed. Description of studies. All empirical and epidemiological studies of rural suicide were included in the review regardless of study design or methodology. Results. Although findings are mixed, research and epidemiological data indicate that suicide is a public health concern in rural areas, with suicide rates often greater than in urban areas. Discussion. Rural locale may create geographic, psychological, and sociocultural barriers to treatment of suicide. A better understanding of the role of rurality in the development and maintenance of suicidal thoughts and behaviors is needed and may inform prevention and intervention efforts.

scholarly journals Active Ageing Index in Siberian Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Elena A. Frolova ◽  
Veronika A. Malanina
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Siberian Federal District ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Considerable inequality among Russian regions is rooted in social and economic disparities, territorial distribution of production and resources, fiscal capacity and ethno-cultural characteristics. Th e Siberia n Federa l Distric t include s regions with pronounced industry and demographic specificity, causing significant differences in the quality of life of the population in different age groups. We assess the parameters of active ageing depending on regional and territorial aspects to develop measures for establishing the active ageing policy, equalising the opportunities for the older generation to lead a productive life after reaching retirement age. We hypothesise that the differences in individual and social conditions shape the activities of older adults in urban and rural settlements. Based on the international methodology of the Active Ageing Index, we assessed the indicators of active ageing for urban and rural areas of the Siberian Federal District. We revealed some shortcomings of the original methodology and suggested relevant proxy indicators, compensating for the lack of data in Russian statistics. The mean Active Ageing Index for the Siberian Federal district is 26.41 for urban and 23.91 for rural areas. The maximum value of the Active Ageing Index among macro-regions of Russia is 32.2 in the Northwestern Federal District; the maximum among European countries is 44.9 in Sweden. The value of employment indicator in urban areas in Siberia exceeds the rural one by 8 percentage points. However, the parameter of participation in society is lower by 3.5 percentage points. In terms of opportunities for active ageing, this indicator is higher by 7 percentage points in urban areas, while values of the indicator of independent and secure living are almost the same in both areas. The study results may be applicable in the development of social policies promoting active ageing among rural population.

Dengue epidemic in Malaysia: urban versus rural comparison of dengue immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among Malaysian adults aged 35–74 years

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 798-811
Author(s):  
Nor Azila Muhammad Azami ◽  
Meng Ling Moi ◽  
Sharifah Azura Salleh ◽  
Hui-min Neoh ◽  
Mohd Arman Kamaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Dengue Epidemic

Abstract Background A periodic serosurvey of dengue seroprevalence is vital to determine the prevalence of dengue in countries where this disease is endemic. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity among healthy Malaysian adults living in urban and rural areas. Methods A total of 2598 serum samples (1417 urban samples, 1181 rural samples) were randomly collected from adults ages 35–74 y. The presence of the dengue IgG antibody and neutralising antibodies to dengue virus (DENV) 1–4 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the plaque reduction neutralisation test assay, respectively. Results The prevalence of dengue IgG seropositivity was 85.39% in urban areas and 83.48% in rural areas. The seropositivity increased with every 10-y increase in age. Ethnicity was associated with dengue seropositivity in urban areas but not in rural areas. The factors associated with dengue seropositivity were sex and working outdoors. In dengue IgG-positive serum samples, 98.39% of the samples had neutralising antibodies against DENV3, but only 70.97% of them had neutralising antibodies against DENV4. Conclusion The high seroprevalence of dengue found in urban and rural areas suggests that both urban and rural communities are vital for establishing and sustaining DENV transmission in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Crime in Socially Distressed Cluster in Oke Ogun Region, Oyo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Ige ◽  
W.M Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The study is a methodological approach to measuring crime in distressed cluster in different geographic resolutions in Oke-Ogun Region of Oyo State with a view to examining spatial variation in crime concentration in the area. Crime reports of Oke-Ogun Region were collated from the Nigeria Police records on eighteen typologies of crime categorised in police blotter into crime against person and property from 2005 to 2015. Analytical techniques adapted to examine crime concentration were Zscore and Location Quotient of Crime (LQC). For the purpose of having the real picture of crime concentration as one moves across different spatial scales of settlements, settlements in the area were spatially disaggregated into three levels; urban, semi urban and rural settlements. Analysis with the use of Z-score showed that store breaking and arson for crime against property and murder for crime against person were more concentrated in rural settlements than every other crime type relatively. House breaking for crime against property, and breach of peace for crime against person were more concentrated in semi urban settlements, while burglary for crime against property, rape and indecent assault and unnatural offence for crime against person were conspicuously concentrated in urban settlements. Concentration of property crime therefore decreases as one move from rural areas to urban areas with Z scores of -1.15, 0.33 and 1.84 in urban, semi urban and rural areas respectively. However, the concentration of crime against person increases as one move from rural areas through semi urban to urban settlement, with Z scores of 4.06, 0.56 and -3.72 in urban, semi urban and rural areas respectively. Further analysis with LQC was done, and it was observed that rural settlements had (LQC =0.98) a disproportionately low share of 2% of crimes against person relative to urban settlement and that armed robbery, arson and false pretense / cheating are endemic nature of both semi urban and rural settlements. The study concluded that the cluster of aggregated crime types conformed to regular spatial pattern with declining crime cluster as one move from urban areas through semi urban to rural settlement.

scholarly journals Gender perspectives on knowledge and practices regarding tuberculosis in urban and rural areas in Pakistan

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-740
Author(s):  
M. Agboatwalla ◽  
G. N. Kazi ◽  
S. K. Shah ◽  
M. Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Urban Males ◽  
Gender Perspectives ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Source Of Information

We investigated gender differences in knowledge of and attitude towards tuberculosis [TB] in urban and rural communities in Sindh province, Pakistan. Knowledge of symptoms was generally deficient, particularly in rural females. Regarding TB prevention, 22.4% of rural and 14.4% of urban males said completing treatment was important; only 9.8% of rural and 7.1% of urban females agreed. Doctors were an important source of information in rural areas and 60.9% of rural males said they would only stop treatment on a doctor’s advice. In contrast, > 65% of respondents in urban areas said they would stop treatment when symptoms ended. Our study highlights the need to increase population awareness about TB in Sindh

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

scholarly journals Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in the PURE Poland Cohort Study and Their Relationship with Health Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zatońska ◽  
Piotr Psikus ◽  
Alicja Basiak-Rasała ◽  
Zuzanna Stępnicka ◽  
Maria Wołyniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
High Level

(1) Background: Alcohol is a leading risk factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of alcohol consumption in the PURE Poland cohort study baseline. (2) Methods: A Polish cohort was enrolled in the baseline study in 2007–2010. The study group consisted of 2021 adult participants of urban and rural areas from the Lower Silesia voivodeship in Poland (747 men and 1274 women). (3) Results: In the overall study population, 67.3% were current drinkers, 10.3% were former drinkers, and 22.4% were abstainers. Current use of alcohol products was more prevalent in men (77.2%), people living in urban areas (73.0%), and people with a higher level of education (78.0%). The percentage of current drinkers decreased with increasing age (from 73.4% in 30- to 44-year-olds to 48.8% in participants aged 64 and more). The majority of participants (89.2%) declared a low level of alcohol intake. The chance of high level of intake of alcohol was four times higher in men than in women (OR 4.17; CI 1.64–10.6). The majority of participants (54.6%) declared most frequent consumption of low-alcohol drinks (beer, wine) and 21% declared most frequent consumption of spirits. Current drinkers had almost 1.5-fold higher odds of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than never drinkers (OR 1.49, CI 1.03–2.17; OR 1.66, CI 1.27–2.18, respectively). Former drinkers had higher odds for hypertension and CVD than never drinkers (1.73, CI 1.05–2.85; OR 1.76, CI 1.22–2.53, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In our cohort study, we observed several socio-demographic factors differentiating the patterns of alcohol consumption. The preventive programs should focus predominantly on men, people aged <45 years, and those with a higher level of education.

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