Biogeosystem Technique methodology as a new chemical soil-biological engineering foundation for the safe expanded technological development in the Noosphere

Nature of soil as a main Earth&#8217;s biogeochemical reactor is dramatically underestimated. This is the inappropriate result of outdated technologies of the current industrial stage of development.There are attempts to hide the technological drawbacks under the veil of different modern terms. This, unfortunately, does not change the essence of the current aggravating conflict between biosphere and technology. This is a reluctance to abandon the nature-imitation approach to technology, including environmental, chemical, agrarian technology. The development potential of the biosphere is used now not on the full scale. There is a need now for heuristically qualified intuition to understand the nature of the niche for environmental soil engineering technology strategic development. This approach will ease the current contradiction between biosphere and technology. The global environmental challenge is a transcendental (not a direct imitation of nature) Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) technological platform of the Noosphere. &#160;BGT* is capable to promote a promising niche for the environmental business development and nature-similar technological management.One time BGT* based intra-soil milling of the 20&#8211;50 cm layer provides soil stable fine multilevel aggregate system, soil biome function for up to 40 years. The BGT* based intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering solves the world water scarcity problem. Water consumption is 5&#8211;20 times less compared to standard irrigation. The soil solution matrix potential range is from &#8722;0.2 MPa to &#8722;0.4 MPa, plant stomatal apparatus operates in the regulation mode. Water and nutrient efficacy is high. Intra-soil recycling of the municipal, industrial, waste and gasification byproduct in the soil layer of 20&#8211;50 cm in the course of this layer milling provides safety of the environment and plant nutrition. The yield is higher for 50&#8211;80 % compared to standard technology.BGT* gives the new transcendental prospect to stabilize the Earth&#8217;s biosphere and climate system. The possibilities to achieve a goal are as follows: soil compaction overcoming; freshwater saving and high-level soil solution equilibria control; environmentally safe waste recycling; high biogeochemical barrier for heavy metal; of atmosphere N fixation in photosynthesis; soil organic matter synthesis, better function of humic substances, polymicrobial biofilms, and plant stimulants; plant resistance to phytopathogen, phytopathological, medical and veterinary environmental safety.BGT*chemical soil-biological engineering intensifies the nutrient turnover and fertilizers return, decreases pesticides and nutrients off-target transport. This ensures higher yield and biofuel, higher efficacy of the technology, soil-biological reversible C sequestration, productive biosphere spreading, abundance, and safety; adaptation to climate change. BGT* provides the higher recreational potential of the biosphere. BGT* implementation requires technological and regulatory breakthrough for soil-chemical technology development niche expansion non-contradicting to Nature. BGT* is a promising sphere for worldwide Noosphere ventures.The research was financially supported by the RFBR, project no. 18-29-25071, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, project no. 0852-2020-0029.

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Intra-soil phosphogypsum recycling for environmental safety, higher soil sustainability and productivity

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10612 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Valery Kalinitchenko ◽

Alexey Glinushkin ◽

Tatiana Minkina ◽

Saglara Mandzhieva ◽

Svetlana Sushkova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Solution ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Simultaneous Application ◽

Control Option ◽

Soil Sustainability ◽

Environmentally Safe

Amelioration and remediation technology was developed comprises dispersed application and mixing of the phosphogypsum into the soil layer 20&#8211;45 cm with the intra-soil milling. The phosphogypsum doses 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha&#8722;1 were studied in the model experiment focusing on the intra-soil passivation of Cd contained in phosphogypsum, environmental remediation, and amelioration of the Haplic Chernozem of South-European facies (Russia). The soil total and water-soluble Cd form content depend on geographical location, the ionic composition of soil solution, and soil genesis. The mean total Cd content in soils of South Russia is about 1 mg kg&#8722;1 SDW. The mobility of Cd in the soil solution, as well as its penetration into the plants, depends on the content of carbonates, pH, ionic composition of the soil solution. The mathematical chemical-thermodynamic model and program ION&#8211;3 developed for the quantitative characterization of Cd thermodynamic forms in soil solution. The forms of ion in soil solution were calculated accounting the soil solution calcium-carbonate equilibrium, ionic strength,&#160; and association of ion pairs &#1057;&#1072;&#1057;&#1054;30; CaSO40, MgCO30, MgSO40, CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3&#8722;, NaSO4&#8722;, CaOH+, MgOH+. The coefficient of microelement association kas was proposed for the calculation of the equilibrium concentration of microelement ion or heavy metal (HM) in soil solution. According to calculations, a Cd2+ ion mostly bounded to associates CdOH+, partly to associates CdCO30 and CdHCO3+. The Cd kas was 1.24 units in the control option and decreased to 0.95 units at a phosphogypsum dose 40 t ha&#8722;1. The calculated ratio of &#8220;active [Cd2+] to total Cd&#8221; reduced from 33.5% in control option to 28.0% in the option of a phosphogypsum dose 40 t ha&#8722;1.&#160; According to calculation, the biogeochemical barrier for penetration of HMs from soil to plant roots was high after application of phosphogypsum. The standard soil environmental limitations for the content of Cd in soil overestimate the real toxicity of Cd. Re-evaluation of the current TENORM and other environmental limitations become possible. The new decision for intra-soil milling and simultaneous application of phosphogypsum was developed the chemical soil engineering technology to decide simultaneously the tasks of soil contamination decrease, soil amelioration and soil remediation. The technology based on the transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology provides environmentally safe phosphogypsum application to soil. The BGT* management of ecosphere provides health and productivity. Indirect transcendental nature-similarity of technology provides the new niche of developing capabilities addressing environmental safety concerns of ecosphere management. The technology ensures geophysical, chemical, physicochemical structural and architectural prerequisites for the stable soil evolution, environmentally safe waste recycling, the healthy soil microbiome and phytopathogen suppression, high-quality soil biological production, and human health.The research was financially supported by the RFBR, project no. 18-29-25071, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, project no. 0852-2020-0029.

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Chemical Soil-Biological Engineering Theoretical Foundations, Technical Means, and Technology for Safe Intrasoil Waste Recycling and Long-Term Higher Soil Productivity

ACS Omega ◽

10.1021/acsomega.0c02014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (28) ◽

pp. 17553-17564 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Valery P. Kalinitchenko ◽

Alexey P. Glinushkin ◽

Tatiana M. Minkina ◽

Saglara S. Mandzhieva ◽

Svetlana N. Sushkova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Recycling ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Biological Engineering ◽

Chemical Soil ◽

Theoretical Foundations

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INFLUENCE OF SALTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH MONOCALCIUM AND DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATES ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOVEMENT OF SOIL SOLUTION

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss65-021 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 139-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Herman A. Hamilton ◽

D. J. Lathwell

Keyword(s):

Soil Solution ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Calcium Sulphate ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Soil Solutions ◽

Soluble Phosphorus ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Filter Papers ◽

Chloride Salts

Various salts thoroughly mixed with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DP) were made to react with moist Lima silt loam soil arranged in 5-mm layers and separated by filter papers. After a reaction period of 3 weeks, soil moisture, pH, hot nitric acid-soluble phosphorus, and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus were determined in the different layers. As compared with MCP, the more soluble salts in association with MCP enhanced soil solution movement away from the fertilizer layer, and there was considerably greater movement of soil solution from the fertilizer layer with DP compared with MCP. The movement of soil solution with DP was attendant with greater movement of phosphorus into soil layers than for MCP, with the result that phosphorus was distributed into a greater volume of soil. When calcium sulphate was associated with DP, movement of soil solution and the diffusion of phosphorus into soil layers was markedly restricted because of massive precipitation reactions. At the soil layer closest to the MCP–fertilizer layer, a pH of 2.8 units developed. These very acid conditions were in every case ameliorated when MCP was associated with different soils. No changes in the natural soil pH were occasioned by the use of DP.By sampling soil solutions with filter papers at increasing distances from a fertilizer layer containing MCP, considerable amounts of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ca were detected. When various salts were associated with MCP, the amounts of soluble constituents moved to greater distances than with pure MCP, thereby effecting a greater diffusion of potentially toxic elements into a greater volume of soil. Chloride salts were particularly effective in causing the diffusion of manganese away from the fertilizer layer. No measurable amounts of Al, Fe, or Mn were found in soil solutions when DP reacted in soil.

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Influence of Pinus pinaster age on aluminium fractions in acidic soils

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2020.v10.n2.02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Eimil-Fraga ◽

Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro ◽

María José Fernández-Sanjurjo ◽

Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Soil Solution ◽

Pinus Pinaster ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Lower Layer ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Acidic Soils ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Plantation Age

The influence of plantation age on the chemical properties of acidic soils was studied in 16 plots in adult Pinus pinaster stands established in Galicia (NW Spain). The Al fractions in the soil solid phase and the total Al in soil solution were determined in the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) and the lower soil layer (20-40 cm) in each plot. The pH, total C and N, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Al and Al saturation (% Al) were determined in the solid fraction. Aluminium was extracted from the solid phase with the following solutions: ammonium oxalate (Alo), sodium pyrophosphate (Alp), copper chloride (Alcu) and ammonium chloride (AlNH4). The total Al in the liquid phase was also determined. All soil chemical parameters, except total N, C/N ratio and % Al, were significantly influenced by soil depth. The mean pH was lower in the upper than in the lower layer (4.57 vs. 4.97), but the opposite was observed for the organic C (77.2 vs. 50.4 g kg-1), the effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) (9.43 vs. 6.25 cmol(+) kg-1), P (8.95 vs. 4.65 mg kg-1) and the exchangeable cations. Organic matter, total N and eCEC were significantly and positively correlated with plantation age (r = 0.69 in the upper layer and r = 0.82 in the lower layer, p < 0.01; r = 0.62, p < 0.05 in the upper layer and r = 0.78, p < 0.01 in the lower layer; r = 0.77, p < 0.01 in the upper layer and r = 0.85, p < 0.0001 in the lower layer, respectively), and pHKCl was negatively correlated with plantation age (r = -0.55 in the upper soil layer and r = -0.61 in the lower soil layer, p < 0.05). The concentrations of the different Al forms in all soils decreased in the order Alp > Alo > Alcu > AlNH4. Highly stable organo-aluminium complexes (Alp-cu) predominated over moderate and low stability complexes (Alcu) in all soil plots. The highly stable organo-Al complexes were significantly more abundant in the lower layer, whereas the opposite was observed for the exchangeable Al and the total Al in soil solution. The concentrations of all Al forms (except Alp-cu) were significantly and positively correlated with plantation age (Alo r = 0.50, p < 0.05 for the upper layer and r = 0.67, p < 0.01 for the lower layer; Alp r = 0.64, p < 0.01 for the lower layer; Alcu r = 0.84 for the upper layer and r = 0.83 for the lower layer, p < 0.0001; Alcu-NH4 r = 0.65 for the upper layer and r = 0.78 for the lower layer, p < 0.01; AlNH4 r = 0.76, p < 0.01 for the upper layer and r = 0.84, p < 0.0001 for the lower layer; total Al in soil solution r = 0.61 for the upper layer and r = 0.60 for the lower layer, p < 0.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that plantation age, pH and total C explained between 67% and 93% of the variance in the Al forms. In all regression models, plantation age was a significant predictor variable for the different Al fractions, except total soluble Al, which is an important variable to consider in the study of chemical properties in forest soils.

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Effect of calcined magnesite on soil and Pinus radiata foliage magnesium in pumice soils of New Zealand

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/s98085 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 545 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. D. Mitchell ◽

P. Loganathan ◽

T. W. Payn ◽

R. W. Tillman

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Tree Breeding ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Mg Deficiency ◽

Exchangeable Al ◽

Forest Regions ◽

New Type ◽

Fertiliser Application

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is common in a number of forest regions in the world. It has been linked to a condition in P. radiata called ‘upper mid crown yellowing’ (UMCY) in New Zealand and ‘new type forest decline’ in Europe. Mg concentrations are low in many of New Zealand"s forest soils. With increases in the number of rotations and increased growth rates through tree breeding, Mg deficiency is expected to increase. This study was conducted to determine the fate of calcined magnesite (calmag) fertiliser applied at 150 kg Mg/ha at 2 sites in the Kaingaroa Forest near Rotorua, New Zealand. It also investigated the effectiveness of calmag in increasing the soil solution and soil exchangeable Mg in pumice soils and Mg concentrations in the pine needles, and in reducing the likelihood of UMCY 2 and 3 years after fertiliser application. In both sites and for both years of sampling the application of calmag fertiliser resulted in a significant increase in soil exchangeable and soil solution Mg in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Soil and soil solution pH had also been increased in the top 5 cm soil layer. Two years after application about 90% of the fertiliser applied had dissolved and about 70–80% of the Mg remained in a plant-available form (ammonium acetate exchangeable Mg) in the top 10 cm of soil. Calculations suggest that 3–10% of applied fertiliser had been lost due to leaching. Magnesium fertiliser application also resulted in significant reduction in the exchangeable K: Mg ratio and reduced exchangeable Al in the 0–5 cm soil layer. After 3 years, foliar Mg concentrations increased at all sites in the fertilised trees compared with the control trees, although differences were not yet significant. UMCY severity in the trees was also not significantly affected by the application of Mg fertiliser.

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Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 3. Soil Solution Chemistry

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 826

Author(s):

Geoffrey C. Anderson ◽

Shahab Pathan ◽

David J. M. Hall ◽

Rajesh Sharma ◽

James Easton

Keyword(s):

Ionic Strength ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Solution Chemistry ◽

Soil Solution Chemistry ◽

Short Term ◽

Solution Ionic Strength ◽

Gypsum Application

Aluminum (Al) toxicity imposes a significant limitation to crop production in South Western Australia. This paper examines the impact of surface-applied lime and gypsum on soil solution chemistry in the short term (1 year) and the long-term (10 years) in water limited environments. In the experiments, we measured soil solution chemistry using a paste extract on soil profile samples collected to a depth of 50 cm. We then used the chemical equilibrium model MINTEQ to predict the presence and relative concentrations of Al species that are toxic to root growth (Al associated with Al3+ and AlOH2 or Toxic-Al) and less non-toxic forms of Al bound with sulfate, other hydroxide species and organic matter. A feature of the soils used in the experiment is that they have a low capacity to adsorb sulfate. In the short term, despite the low amount of rainfall (279 mm), sulfate derived from the surface gypsum application is rapidly leached into the soil profile. There was no self-liming effect, as evidenced by there being no change in soil solution pH. The application of gypsum, in the short term, increased soil solution ionic strength by 524–681% in the 0–10 cm soil layer declining to 75–109% in the 30–40 cm soil layer due to an increase in soil solution sulfate and calcium concentrations. Calcium from the gypsum application displaces Al from the exchange sites to increase soil solution Al activity in the gypsum treatments by 155–233% in the short term and by 70–196% in the long term to a depth of 40 cm. However, there was no effect on Toxic-Al due to Al sulfate precipitation. In the long term, sulfate leaching from the soil profile results in a decline in soil solution ionic strength. Application of lime results in leaching of alkalinity into the soil profile leading to a decreased Toxic-Al to a depth of 30 cm in the long term, but it did not affect Toxic-Al in the short term. Combining an application of lime with gypsum had the same impact on soil solution properties as gypsum alone in the short term and as lime alone in the long term.

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Early diagnosis of mineral deficiencies by means of plant analysis.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v9i2.17625 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 108-117

Author(s):

H. Broeshart ◽

J.G. Van Schouwenburg

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Analysis ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Development Stage ◽

Plant Analysis ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

Sand Cultures

The effect of development stage on the chemical composition of oats was determined under conditions of constant temperature, humidity and light. The changes in composition as a function of age were found to be small for K, Na, Ga and Mg but considerable in the case of N and P. In addition, a study was made of early diagnosis of mineral deficiencies by means of chemical analysis, oats being used as the test crop. The data were obtained from 18- and 25-day-old plants growing in sand cultures from which varying amounts of N, P, K or Mg were omitted. It was concluded that early diagnosis is possible provided that the fluctuation in chemical composition of normal plants is known. The rapid changes in chemical composition of crops in the field are most probably due to fluctuating concentrations of ions in the soil solution and not to small differences in stage of development. F. s.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Soil Temperature Influences the Response of Lettuce to Phosphorus

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.864a ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 864A-864

Author(s):

B.R. Gardner ◽

C.A. Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Yield Response ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Soil P ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Soil Solution P

Lettuce is planted in the southwestern U.S. desert from September through December and harvested from November through April each year. During this period mean soil temperatures range from 7 to 30C. Lettuce produced on desert soils shows a large yield response to P. Soil solution P is replenished by desorption from the labile soil P fraction and this process is temperature sensitive. A field study was conducted over 6 years to evaluate the response of lettuce to soil solution P levels under different ambient soil temperature regimes. The soil temperatures under which lettuce was grown were varied each year by altering planting dates. Soil solution P levels were established and maintained each season using P sorption isotherm methodology. Lettuce responded to P in all experiments. Phosphorus levels required for maximum yield varied with each experiment. Soil P levels required for optimal yield were best correlated to mean soil temperatures during the last 20 days before harvest. Lettuce accumulates over 70% of its P during the heading stage of development and it is likely that during this period of rapid growth and nutrient uptake, solution P becomes limiting when soil temperatures are cool.

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Ammonia volatilisation from soil irrigated with urban sewage effluent

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9960789 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 789 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

CJ Smith ◽

JR Freney ◽

WJ Bond

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Passive Samplers ◽

Wagga Wagga ◽

Sewage Effluent ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Effluent Irrigation ◽

Ammonia Volatilisation

Losses of ammonia (NH3) following sewage effluent irrigation of pasture were measured under different climatic conditions at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Ammonia volatilisation was measured by the micrometeorological mass balance technique using 2 different passive samplers, and by an indirect technique based on the measurements of ammoniacal-N (NH4+ + NH3) concentration, pH, and temperature of the soil solution in the 0–3 mm soil layer, and wind speed at 1.2 m above the soil surface. Maximal NH3 emission rates were measured directly following the effluent-irrigation. There was reasonable agreement between the 2 different passive gas samplers used to measure NH3 volatilisation. The NH3 volatilised was well related to the product of wind speed and the equilibrium ammonia concentration (calculated from the soil solution measurements) as was found in other studies. In addition, NH3 flux density was strongly related to evaporation; that is, when the water (effluent) evaporated NH3 was lost to the atmosphere. Under high evaporative conditions, a maximum of 24% of the ammoniacal-N in the effluent was lost by volatilisation within 2 days of application.

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The effects of forty years of spruce cultivation in a zone of beech forest on mt. Maljen (Serbia)

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1203181k ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 1181-1195 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Olga Kostic ◽

Miroslava Mitrovic ◽

Snezana Jaric ◽

L. Djurdjevic ◽

Gordana Gajic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Layer ◽

Base Cations ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Beech Forest ◽

Adsorption Complex ◽

Top Soil ◽

Beech Stand ◽

Chemical Soil ◽

Physical And Chemical

This study investigates the effects of the forty-year cultivation of Picea abies on the floristic composition, physical and chemical soil characteristics, and the intensity of organic matter decomposition in a zone of mountainous beech forest (mt. Maljen, northwestern Serbia). The long-term cultivation of conifers in a deciduous habitat has caused a reduction in biodiversity, as well as changes in the soil which were most pronounced in the top soil layer. There were found to be lower soil moisture levels (p<0.05), lower active (p<0.01) and substitutional acidity (p<0.001), depletion of the adsorption complex in base cations (p<0.001), and lower levels of n, P and K (p<0.001) in the spruce stand in relation to the beech stand (control). The higher C/n ratio of spruce litter (p<0.001) caused its lower decomposition rate in comparison to beech litter (p<0.01). All these changes have led to degradation and a reduction in this ecosystem?s productivity.

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