Intra-soil phosphogypsum recycling for environmental safety, higher soil sustainability and productivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Kalinitchenko ◽  
Alexey Glinushkin ◽  
Tatiana Minkina ◽  
Saglara Mandzhieva ◽  
Svetlana Sushkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Soil Sustainability ◽  
Environmentally Safe

<p>Amelioration and remediation technology was developed comprises dispersed application and mixing of the phosphogypsum into the soil layer 20–45 cm with the intra-soil milling. The phosphogypsum doses 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha<sup>−1</sup> were studied in the model experiment focusing on the intra-soil passivation of Cd contained in phosphogypsum, environmental remediation, and amelioration of the Haplic Chernozem of South-European facies (Russia). The soil total and water-soluble Cd form content depend on geographical location, the ionic composition of soil solution, and soil genesis. The mean total Cd content in soils of South Russia is about 1 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> SDW. The mobility of Cd in the soil solution, as well as its penetration into the plants, depends on the content of carbonates, pH, ionic composition of the soil solution. The mathematical chemical-thermodynamic model and program ION–3 developed for the quantitative characterization of Cd thermodynamic forms in soil solution. The forms of ion in soil solution were calculated accounting the soil solution calcium-carbonate equilibrium, ionic strength,  and association of ion pairs СаСО<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>; CaSO<sub>4</sub><sup>0</sup>, MgCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>, MgSO<sub>4</sub><sup>0</sup>, CaHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, MgHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, NaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NaSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, CaOH<sup>+</sup>, MgOH<sup>+</sup>. The coefficient of microelement association k<sub>as</sub> was proposed for the calculation of the equilibrium concentration of microelement ion or heavy metal (HM) in soil solution. According to calculations, a Cd<sup>2+</sup> ion mostly bounded to associates CdOH<sup>+</sup>, partly to associates CdCO<sub>3</sub><sup>0 </sup>and CdHCO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>. The Cd k<sub>as</sub> was 1.24 units in the control option and decreased to 0.95 units at a phosphogypsum dose 40 t ha<sup>−1</sup>. The calculated ratio of “active [Cd<sup>2+</sup>] to total Cd” reduced from 33.5% in control option to 28.0% in the option of a phosphogypsum dose 40 t ha<sup>−1</sup>.  According to calculation, the biogeochemical barrier for penetration of HMs from soil to plant roots was high after application of phosphogypsum. The standard soil environmental limitations for the content of Cd in soil overestimate the real toxicity of Cd. Re-evaluation of the current TENORM and other environmental limitations become possible. The new decision for intra-soil milling and simultaneous application of phosphogypsum was developed the chemical soil engineering technology to decide simultaneously the tasks of soil contamination decrease, soil amelioration and soil remediation. The technology based on the transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology provides environmentally safe phosphogypsum application to soil. The BGT* management of ecosphere provides health and productivity. Indirect transcendental nature-similarity of technology provides the new niche of developing capabilities addressing environmental safety concerns of ecosphere management. The technology ensures geophysical, chemical, physicochemical structural and architectural prerequisites for the stable soil evolution, environmentally safe waste recycling, the healthy soil microbiome and phytopathogen suppression, high-quality soil biological production, and human health.</p><p>The research was financially supported by the RFBR, project no. 18-29-25071, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, project no. 0852-2020-0029.</p>

Root exposure to apple replant disease soil triggers local defense response and rhizoplane microbiome dysbiosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Balbín-Suárez ◽  
Samuel Jacquiod ◽  
Annmarie-Deetja Rohr ◽  
Benye Liu ◽  
Henryk Flachowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease

Abstract A soil column split-root experiment was designed to investigate the ability of apple replant disease (ARD) causing agents to spread in soil. ‘M26’ apple rootstocks grew into a top layer of Control soil, followed by a barrier-free split-soil layer (Control soil/ARD soil). We observed a severely reduced root growth, concomitant with enhanced gene expression of phytoalexin biosynthetic genes and phytoalexin content in roots from ARD soil, indicating a pronounced local plant defense response. Amplicon sequencing (bacteria, archaea, fungi) revealed local shifts in diversity and composition of microorganisms in the rhizoplane of roots from ARD soil. An enrichment of OTUs affiliated to potential ARD fungal pathogens (Ilyonectria and Nectria sp.) and bacteria frequently associated with ARD (Streptomyces, Variovorax) was noted. In conclusion, our integrated study supports the idea of ARD being local and not spreading into surrounding soil, as only the roots in ARD soil were affected in terms of growth, phytoalexin biosynthetic gene expression, phytoalexin production, and altered microbiome structure. This study further reinforces the microbiological nature of ARD, being likely triggered by a disturbed soil microbiome enriched with low mobility ARD-causing agents that induce a strong plant defense and rhizoplane microbiome dysbiosis, concurring with root damage.

scholarly journals Zero Budget Natural Farming in India: Aiming Back to the Basics

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Saikat Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Natural Farming

Crisis of Indian agriculture is very pertinent at this moment as green revolution is gradually losing its hope. Excessive, pointless exploitation of broods of green revolution has left bad footprints on country’s food security and environmental safety. With the motto to ensure food security by reviving Indian agriculture in environmentally safe way as well as to release farmers from debt cycle and suicides, zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) has come in the picture, which discards uses of all the chemical farming inputs and relies on natural way of farming i.e. rejuvenating soil and crop health through its own practices (Jivamrita, Bijamrita, mulching, soil aeration, intercropping, crop diversification, bunds, bio-pesticides etc.). ZBNF movement right now is the most popular agrarian movement which begun in 2002 in Karnataka and later successfully spread in many states (specially, of South India) of the nation through numbers of trainings, demonstrations and various promotional activities. Successful outcomes from farmers’ fields of south Indian states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka etc. are encouraging and grabbing attention of farmers, public and private organisations towards ZBNF in recent times. Yet, various controversies regarding its transparency,      inadequate information, efficacy, practices, idealisms, even the term ‘zero budget’ etc. have agglutinated around ZBNF over the years since it debuted. Critics in fact have cited several references of drastic yield reductions with ZBNF practices in many places. Adequate scientific evaluation or monitoring of ZBNF’s successes or failures through multi-locational trials is now therefore the needful before allowing or restraining its run in Indian agriculture.

Temporal changes of mobile forms of 90Sr on Pripyat River floodplain in vicinity of Chornobyl NPP: measurements and risk assessments for river water contamination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennady Laptev ◽  
Oleg Voitsekhovych ◽  
Valentyn Protsak ◽  
Mark Zheleznyak ◽  
Kenji Nanba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Computational Grids ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Fuel Particles

<p>Since the 1986 Chornobyl accident transport of radionuclides by Pripyat River shares more than 90% of the annual total flux of radioactivity coming out the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ).  90Sr was the main contributor to this flux. In course of time destruction of the accidentally dispersed "fuel particles" leads to increase of mobile, e.g. water-soluble, forms of 90Sr  on territories affected by, while fixation of 137Cs in soil is reflected by significant reduction in 137Cs aquatic transport outside the ChEZ.</p><p>Heavily contaminated floodplain of the Pripyat River, located in vicinity of ChNPP upstream of Yaniv Bridge up to Ukrainian - Belorussian border, was considered as a “hotspot” with highest risks to the Pripyat and Dnipro water contamination due to recurrent flooding of these territories. This was evidently elucidated after the 1991 ice jam event when drastic increase of 90Sr in water was observed. The dikes splitting leftbank floodplain from the Pripyat river channel were constructed in 1992-1993. Yet, it is still important to quantify the amount of 90Sr that can be washed off the floodplain due to potential dike breakage caused by the extreme floods. </p><p>Key parameters used to describe status of radionuclide in reaching equilibrium in soil-water system are the distribution coefficient (Kd) and kinetic rate that is reciprocal of typical time scale of desorption processes. These parameters subsequently were estimated in 1991 on the basis of batch experiment carried out with the soil monoliths sampled from the Pripyat floodplain ( Laptev and Voistekhovich, 1991). Results were used in the 2D model COASTOX for justification the construction of protecting dikes (Zheleznyak at al., 1992).</p><p>To analyze current ability of 90Sr to be washed off the floodplain, soils monoliths were collected in 2020. The experimental studies of the soil cores collected from same location as the monoliths allowed to estimate mobile speciation of 90S and calibrate mass-exchange parameters. Amount of the readily exchangeable forms of 90Sr in soils significantly increased from 10-30% in the first years after the accident up to 65-75% as to 2020. Results of field and laboratory  studies were used for simulation the scenarios of 90Sr washing off the floodplain during the dikes breaks on the basis of contemporary version of COASTOX model, that includes the parallel algorithms for numerical solution of the model equations on the unstructured computational grids for multi CPU and GPU systems. Approaches for the modelling of the secondary release of 90Sr due the rapid destruction of “fuel particles” are considered. Taking into account two concurrent processes - decrease of amount of 90Sr in uppermost soil layer due to decay and downward vertical migration (1), amid increased amount of exchangeable forms of 90Sr (2), one could project subsequent increasing of 90Sr  in Pripyat and Dnipro river waters downstream the source in case of the dike breakage scenarios. On the other hand, computer simulation suggests that the maximal values of the 90Sr concentrations expected to be not higher than the measured ones during the high floods events after the accident.</p><p> </p>

ПРИНЦИПЫ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ БЕЗОПАСНОГО ВОДОРЕСУРСНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ АГРОЛАНДШАФТОВ

2020 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
V.B. Zhezmer ◽  
A.O. Shcherbakov
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Database Structure ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Разработка принципов экологически безопасной эксплуатации агроландшафта при условии обеспечения оросительной водой не только используемых в настоящее время орошаемых площадей, но и выбывших из оборота мелиорированных земель, является актуальной и востребованной. Экологическая безопасность водообеспечения предполагает как экономию водных ресурсов, так и повышение безопасности эксплуатации гидромелиоративных систем (ГМС). В статье обоснована необходимость, с целью обеспечения безопасности гидротехнических сооружений, создания системы автоматизированного ведения мониторинга гидротехнических сооружений (ГТС) на основе современных веб-технологий, представлена концептуальная модель системы мониторинга, а также структура базы данных и принципы работы с массивами информации.The development of the principles of the environmentally safe operation of the agro-landscap, provided that irrigated water is provided not only for the currently used irrigated areas, but also all reclaimed land, is relevant and in demand. Environmental safety of water supply involves both saving water resources and improving the safety of the operation of irrigation and drainage systems (HMS). The article substantiates the need, in order to ensure the safety of hydraulic structures, the creation of a system for automated monitoring of hydraulic structures (GTS) based on modern web technologies, presents a conceptual model of a monitoring system, as well as a database structure and principles for working with arrays of information.

INORGANIC SOIL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS AS STUDIED USING ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE AND SOLUBILITY CRITERIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Measurable Amount ◽  
P Fraction ◽  
Solubility Studies ◽  
Inorganic Phosphates

The water soluble and inorganic phosphates associated with aluminum (Al-P), iron (Fe-P) and calcium (Ca-P) were studied in eight Ontario soils. Isotopic exchange studies indicated that in most of the soils the Al-P fraction was in equilibrium with the water soluble phosphorus. Exceptions were thought to be a result of high or low pH values. Solubility studies in 0.01M CaCl2 indicated that the Al-P fraction supplied most of the phosphorus to the soil solution. In one soil the Fe-P fraction may have supplied a measurable amount of phosphorus to the soil solution also.

scholarly journals Soil biological quantity and quality parameters of grasslands in various landscape zones

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Duffková ◽  
H. Macurová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Discharge Zone ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Transient Zone ◽  
The One

In three landscape zones of a permanent grassland catchment (discharge zone, D; transient zone, T; and recharge zone, R; Crystallinicum, Czech Republic), soil moisture by volume (&theta;) and soil biological quantity and quality parameters, e.g. oxidizable C (C<sub>ox</sub>), hot water soluble C (C<sub>hws</sub>), microbial biomass C (C<sub>mic</sub>), nitrification (NITR), aerobic N mineralization (MIN) and basal respiration rates (R<sub>bas</sub>), metabolic quotient (qCO<sub>2</sub>: R<sub>bas</sub>/C<sub>mic</sub>) and microbial quotient (C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub>) were estimated in the surface soil layer. We found out positive correlation of C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> with &theta;, or NITR, MIN, R<sub>bas</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub> with C<sub>hws</sub>, but no relationship between &theta; on the one hand and NITR, MIN, R<sub>bas</sub> or C<sub>ox</sub> on the other. The wettest zone D with extremely low pH displayed the highest C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> (1081&nbsp;mg/kg, 5.29%) and the lowest qCO<sub>2</sub> (31 &micro;gC/day/mgC<sub>mic</sub>). Soil drought in zones T and R reduced C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> (939, 1029, and 3.72, 3.83, respectively) and augmented qCO<sub>2</sub> (42; 51). Rainfall following a prolonged dry period reduced MIN and NITR in permeable zone R as a result of fast microbial regeneration (average in D: 2.24; 2.48 kg N/ha/day, T: 2.62; 2.82 kg N/ha/day, R: 1.51; 1.95 kg N/ha/day).

Purification of Water from Fluoride Ions by a Lanthanum-Containing Ceramic Material

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Chukhlanov ◽  
O.G. Selivanov ◽  
E.S. Pikalov ◽  
C.M. Chesnokova ◽  
A.A. Podolets
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Material ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Purification Of Water

Studies have been carried out to create a lanthanum-containing ceramic material that can be used to purify water from fluoride ions. A composition was developed for the preparation of a ceramic material, the physico-mechanical characteristics of its samples were determined, and their binding capacity to fluoride ions was investigated. There was researched environmental safety of a material. It is proved that when 6% by weight of lanthanum carbonate is added to the charge, an environmentally safe material for cleaning aqueous systems with a fluoride ion content of up to 10 mg/l can be obtained. It has been established that this material can be used with sufficient efficiency to purify water from phosphate ions.

The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Effect of fire intensity on solution chemistry of surface soil under a Eucalyptus pauciflora forest

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Khanna ◽  
RJ Raison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Soluble Silica ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Heated Soil

The chemical composition of soil solutions (field percolates collected in situ and laboratory saturation extracts) was measured at three sites subjected to widely varying fire intensity in subalpine Eucalyptus paucfiora forest near Canberra. The sites were unburnt forest, areas prescribed burnt resulting in almost complete canopy scorch, and ashbeds (intensely heated soil). Saturation extracts were obtained 1, 58, 375, 745 and 1095 days after the fire, and soil percolates were collected on 17 occasions during the initial year after burning. Large quantities of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , NH+4) and anions (Cl-, SO24-) and soluble silica were mobilized by burning, especially under ashbeds. Mobilization resulted from deposition of water-soluble elements in ash, immediate effects of soil heating, and enhanced rates of mineralisation of soil organic matter indicated by high concentrations of NH+4 which persisted for more than one year in surface soils under the ashbeds. After burning Ca2+ became the dominant cation in saturation extracts of surface (0-5 cm) soils for the entire 3-year study period. In the 5-15 cm soil layer, firstly NH+4 and later K+ replaced some of the Na+ in the solution phase. Most of the Cl- deposited in ash was leached below 15 cm depth within one year and was probably accompanied by transport of K+, Mg2+, Na+ and NH+4, but very little transfer of Ca2+ occurred. Concentrations of NO-3 and phosphate were always low in saturation extracts and soil percolates, and levels were unaffected by burning, despite the presence of large amounts of exchangeable NH+4 in the soil and the deposition of significant amounts of phosphate in ash. Burning increased the concentrations of soluble silica and SO24- in saturation extracts for at least 3 years after the fire. Most of the changes in soil solution chemistry measured would increase nutrient availability to the vegetation during the initial year after burning, but these changes must be balanced against losses of organic matter and nutrients during and after fires.

scholarly journals β-Mercaptoethanol-modified ELISA for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1193-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfadil M. Abass ◽  
Durria Mansour ◽  
Mohamed el Mutasim ◽  
Muna Hussein ◽  
Abdallah el Harith
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Endemic Population ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Visual Reading ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Following antigen preparation procedures similar to those of the direct agglutination test (DAT), an IgG ELISA employing intact β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME)-treated Leishmania donovani promastigotes was developed. The performance of the β-ME ELISA thus developed was assessed in patients with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (VL), revealing slightly lower sensitivity (39/40=97.5 %) than that of the DAT (40/40=100 %). When challenged with sera of individuals with non-VL conditions, including leukaemia and African trypanosomiasis, the specificity of the β-ME ELISA was 100 % (158/158), compared to 98.8 % (156/158) for DAT. In an endemic population (n=145) manifesting a clinical suspicion of VL, results obtained with the β-ME ELISA were highly concordant with those of DAT, both in the seropositive (65/68=95.6 %) and seronegative (77/80=96.3 %) groups. Furthermore, the incorporated intact antigen demonstrated higher sensitivity in ELISA (16/18=88.9 %) than the water-soluble equivalent (13/18=72.2 %). The stability of the formaldehyde-fixed antigen (2 months at 4 °C) in β-ME ELISA, as well as the option for direct testing of whole-blood samples and visual reading of results (within 2 h, compared to 18 h for DAT), advocate the simultaneous application of the technique with DAT for confirmation of VL in laboratories with limited facilities.

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