scholarly journals Experiment to quantify the solar radiative temperature error of radiosondes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph von Rohden ◽  
Michael Sommer ◽  
Tatjana Naebert ◽  
Ruud Dirksen
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Temperature Error ◽  
Data Products ◽  
Set Up

<p>One of the main goals of the GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) is to perform reference observations of profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity for the purpose of monitoring climate change. Two essential criteria for establishing a reference observation are measurement-traceability and the availability of measurement uncertainties. Radiosoundings have proven valuable in providing in-situ profiles of temperature, humidity and pressure at unmatched vertical resolution. Data products from commercial radiosondes often rely on black-box or proprietary algorithms, which are not disclosed to the scientific user. Furthermore, long-term time-series from these products are frequently hampered by changes in the hardware and/or the data processing. GRUAN data products (GDPs) comply with the above-mentioned criteria for a reference product. Correction algorithms are open-source and well-documented and the data include vertically resolved best-estimates of the uncertainties.</p><p>This presentation discusses the quantification and the correction for the temperature error due to solar radiation that is applied in the GRUAN data processing for the Vaisala RS41 radiosonde. Heating of the temperature sensor by solar radiation is the dominant source of error for daytime radiosoundings.</p><p>At Lindenberg Observatory a dedicated laboratory set-up was built to quantify the solar temperature error of radiosondes. The setup allows to create conditions that are similar to those encountered during an actual radiosounding, with special emphasis on parameters such as pressure, air flow (ventilation), and illumination conditions. The radiosonde is placed inside a quartz tube that is integrated in a wind tunnel-like construction that can be operated between ambient pressure and 3 hPa. During the measurements the radiosonde is rotated along its longitudinal axis to mimic the spinning during ascent, and the large quartz window makes it possible to illuminate the temperature sensor together with a considerable part of the sensor boom, allowing to assess the contribution of the heat transfer from the sensor boom to the sensor. A parameterization of the heating of the sensor in terms of flux, pressure, ventilation and solar elevation is presented. This parameterization is the basis of the GRUAN correction algorithm, which in addition includes a radiation model and altitude information. In conclusion the GRUAN data product is compared to the manufacturer-processed data.</p>

scholarly journals Archiving and Managing Remote Sensing Data using State of the Art Storage Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 1153-1158
Author(s):  
B. Lakshmi ◽  
C. Chandrasekhara Reddy ◽  
S. V. S. R. K. Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Ground Segment ◽  
Data Products

Integrated Multi-mission Ground Segment for Earth Observation Satellites (IMGEOS) was established with an objective to eliminate human interaction to the maximum extent. All emergency data products will be delivered within an hour of acquisition through FTP delivery. All other standard data products will be delivered through FTP within a day. The IMGEOS activity was envisaged to reengineer the entire chain of operations at the ground segment facilities of NRSC at Shadnagar and Balanagar campuses to adopt an integrated multi-mission approach. To achieve this, the Information Technology Infrastructure was consolidated by implementing virtualized tiered storage and network computing infrastructure in a newly built Data Centre at Shadnagar Campus. One important activity that influences all other activities in the integrated multi-mission approach is the design of appropriate storage and network architecture for realizing all the envisaged operations in a highly streamlined, reliable and secure environment. Storage was consolidated based on the major factors like accessibility, long term data protection, availability, manageability and scalability. The broad operational activities are reception of satellite data, quick look, generation of browse, production of standard and valueadded data products, production chain management, data quality evaluation, quality control and product dissemination. For each of these activities, there are numerous other detailed sub-activities and pre-requisite tasks that need to be implemented to support the above operations. <br><br> The IMGEOS architecture has taken care of choosing the right technology for the given data sizes, their movement and long-term lossless retention policies. Operational costs of the solution are kept to the minimum possible. Scalability of the solution is also ensured. The main function of the storage is to receive and store the acquired satellite data, facilitate high speed availability of the data for further processing at Data Processing servers and help to generate data products at a rate of about 1000 products per day. It also archives all the acquired data on tape storage for long-term retention and utilization. Data sizes per satellite pass range from hundreds of megabytes to tens of gigabytes <br><br> The images acquired from remote sensing satellites are valuable assets of NRSC and are used as input for further generation of different types of user data products through multiple Data Processing systems. Hence, it is required to collect and store the data within a shared, high speed repository concurrently accessible by multiple systems. After the raw imagery is stored on a high-speed repository, the images must be processed in order for them to be useful for value-added processing or for imagery analysts. The raw image file has to be copied on to data processing servers for further processing. Given the large file sizes, it is impractical to transfer these files to processing servers via a local area network. Even at gigabit Ethernet rates (up to 60 MB/s), a 5 GB file will take at least 83 seconds. For this reason, it is useful to employ a shared file system which allows every processing system to directly access the same pool where raw images were stored. Concurrent access by multiple systems is ensured for processing and generation of data products. With the above reasons, it was chosen to have high speed disk arrays for acquisition and processing purposes and tape based storage systems for long-term huge data (Peta Bytes) archival in a virtualized multitier storage architecture. <br><br> This paper explains the architecture involved in a virtualized tiered storage environment being used for acquisition, processing and archiving the remote sensing data. It also explains the data management aspects involved in ensuring data availability and archiving Peta bytes sized, remote sensing data acquired over the past 40 years.

Long-term evaluation of estimated solar radiation pressure coefficients from Copernicus Sentinel-1, -2, -3 satellites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Peter ◽  
Javier Berzosa ◽  
Jaime Fernández ◽  
Pierre Féménias
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Pressure ◽  
Orbit Determination ◽  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Precise Orbit Determination ◽  
Solar Radiation Pressure ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pressure Coefficients ◽  
Set Up

&lt;p&gt;The Copernicus POD (Precise Orbit Determination) Service is responsible for the generation of precise orbital products of the Copernicus Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions. In the near future, the processing setup of the Copernicus POD Service will be updated to state-of-the-art background models (geopotential, ocean tides and atmospheric gravity) and the use of single-receiver ambiguity fixing using CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) products.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the current orbit parametrization of the six satellites, a solar radiation pressure coefficient is estimated for each daily arc. To provide long-term stability, in particular for the time series of the altimeter Sentinel-3 satellites, it would be preferable to use a constant solar radiation pressure coefficient in the processing. A reprocessing based on the updated models and set-up will be used to compute daily estimates of the solar radiation pressure coefficient for all satellites. The analysis may reveal satellite model deficiencies and might help to improve the satellite macro-models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mean values of the solar radiation pressure coefficients from the long-term series can be used on future operational processing. At the same time a refinement of the selection of the estimated orbit parameters might also be done if necessary, in particular the empirical accelerations. Impact on the orbit determination results and on the quality of the orbits is presented for all six satellites.&lt;/p&gt;

Chilling Out

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Continental Rifts ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
The One ◽  
Tectonic Forces

The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at G&ouml;d&ouml;ll&ouml;. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

scholarly journals A Digital Improvement—Trimming a Digital Temperature Sensor with EEPROM Reprogrammable Fuses

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1700
Author(s):  
Anca Mihaela Vasile (Dragan) ◽  
Alina Negut ◽  
Adrian Tache ◽  
Gheorghe Brezeanu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Temperature Error ◽  
Thermal Sensor ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Read Only Memory ◽  
Digital Temperature Sensor

An EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) reprogrammable fuse for trimming a digital temperature sensor is designed in a 0.18-µm CMOS EEPROM. The fuse uses EEPROM memory cells, which allow multiple programming cycles by modifying the stored data on the digital trim codes applied to the thermal sensor. By reprogramming the fuse, the temperature sensor can be adjusted with an increased trim variation in order to achieve higher accuracy. Experimental results for the trimmed digital sensor showed a +1.5/−1.0 ℃ inaccuracy in the temperature range of −20 to 125 ℃ for 25 trimmed DTS samples at 1.8 V by one-point calibration. Furthermore, an average mean of 0.40 ℃ and a standard deviation of 0.70 ℃ temperature error were obtained in the same temperature range for power supply voltages from 1.7 to 1.9 V. Thus, the digital sensor exhibits similar performances for the entire power supply range of 1.7 to 3.6 V.

scholarly journals Spectrum Based Power Management for Congested IoT Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2681
Author(s):  
Kedir Mamo Besher ◽  
Juan Ivan Nieto-Hipolito ◽  
Raymundo Buenrostro-Mariscal ◽  
Mohammed Zamshed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Power Management ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Channel Allocation ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Packet Routing ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Set Up

With constantly increasing demand in connected society Internet of Things (IoT) network is frequently becoming congested. IoT sensor devices lose more power while transmitting data through congested IoT networks. Currently, in most scenarios, the distributed IoT devices in use have no effective spectrum based power management, and have no guarantee of a long term battery life while transmitting data through congested IoT networks. This puts user information at risk, which could lead to loss of important information in communication. In this paper, we studied the extra power consumed due to retransmission of IoT data packet and bad communication channel management in a congested IoT network. We propose a spectrum based power management solution that scans channel conditions when needed and utilizes the lowest congested channel for IoT packet routing. It also effectively measured power consumed in idle, connected, paging and synchronization status of a standard IoT device in a congested IoT network. In our proposed solution, a Freescale Freedom Development Board (FREDEVPLA) is used for managing channel related parameters. While supervising the congestion level and coordinating channel allocation at the FREDEVPLA level, our system configures MAC and Physical layer of IoT devices such that it provides the outstanding power utilization based on the operating network in connected mode compared to the basic IoT standard. A model has been set up and tested using freescale launchpads. Test data show that battery life of IoT devices using proposed spectrum based power management increases by at least 30% more than non-spectrum based power management methods embedded within IoT devices itself. Finally, we compared our results with the basic IoT standard, IEEE802.15.4. Furthermore, the proposed system saves lot of memory for IoT devices, improves overall IoT network performance, and above all, decrease the risk of losing data packets in communication. The detail analysis in this paper also opens up multiple avenues for further research in future use of channel scanning by FREDEVPLA board.

The Use of Computers to Reduce Animal Experimentation in Pharmacology

1991 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Ian E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Molecular Modelling ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Literature Searching ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Teaching And Research

Computers are now used routinely as tools in pharmacology, particularly in the areas of teaching, data processing and collection, information retrieval and literature searching, and in molecular modelling and drug design. Their use in these areas has enhanced research activity and has extended and increased the availability of new teaching methods. Here, their impact on the use of animals in both teaching and research is discussed. It is concluded that computers may have some potential to reduce animal experimentation in the medium to long term, but their current use as alternatives to animals has made only a marginal impact on the total number of animals utilised for experimental purposes.

scholarly journals LED Rail Signals: Full Hardware Realization of Apparatus with Independent Intensity by Temperature Changes

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Schirripa Schirripa Spagnolo ◽  
Fabio Leccese
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Junction Temperature ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Long Lifetime ◽  
Set Up

Nowadays, signal lights are made using light-emitting diode arrays (LEDs). These devices are extremely energy efficient and have a very long lifetime. Unfortunately, especially for yellow/amber LEDs, the intensity of the light is closely related to the junction temperature. This makes it difficult to design signal lights to be used in naval, road, railway, and aeronautical sectors, capable of fully respecting national and international regulations. Furthermore, the limitations prescribed by the standards must be respected in a wide range of temperature variations. In other words, in the signaling apparatuses, a system that varies the light intensity emitted according to the operating temperature is useful/necessary. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective solution. In order to adjust the intensity of the light emitted by the LEDs, we use an LED identical to those used to emit light as a temperature sensor. The proposed system was created and tested in the laboratory. As the same device as the ones to be controlled is used as the temperature sensor, the system is very stable and easy to set up.

scholarly journals "Communist" dispossession meets "reactionary" resistance

Focaal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (54) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Projit Bihari Mukharji
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Subjectivity ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
Set Up

The reflections in this article were instigated by the repeated and brutal clashes since 2007 between peasants and the state government’s militias—both official and unofficial—over the issue of industrialization. A communist government engaging peasants violently in order to acquire and transfer their lands to big business houses to set up capitalist enterprises seemed dramatically ironic. De- spite the presence of many immediate causes for the conflict, subtle long-term change to the nature of communist politics in the state was also responsible for the present situation. This article identifies two trends that, though significant, are by themselves not enough to explain what is happening in West Bengal today. First, the growth of a culture of governance where the Communist Party actively seeks to manage rather than politicize social conflicts; second, the recasting of radical political subjectivity as a matter of identity rather than an instigation for critical self-reflection and self-transformation.

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