scholarly journals A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbie M. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
System Boundaries ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Minimal Work ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. Since the first estimate of global CO2 emissions was published in 1894, important progress has been made in the development of estimation methods while the number of available datasets has grown. The existence of parallel efforts should lead to improved accuracy and understanding of emissions estimates, but there remains significant deviation between estimates and relatively poor understanding of the reasons for this. Here I describe the most important global emissions datasets available today and – by way of global, large-emitter, and case examples – quantitatively compare their estimates, exploring the reasons for differences. In many cases differences in emissions come down to differences in system boundaries: which emissions sources are included and which are omitted. With minimal work in harmonising these system boundaries across datasets, the range of estimates of global emissions drops to 5 %, and further work on harmonisation would likely result in an even lower range, without changing the data. Some potential errors were found, and some discrepancies remain unexplained, but it is shown to be inappropriate to conclude that uncertainty in emissions is high simply because estimates exhibit a wide range. While true emissions cannot be known, by comparing different datasets methodically, differences that result from system boundaries and allocation approaches can be highlighted and set aside to enable identification of true differences, and potential errors. This must be an important way forward in improving global datasets of CO2 emissions. Data used to generate figures 4–19 are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687042 (Andrew, 2020).

scholarly journals A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1437-1465
Author(s):  
Robbie M. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
System Boundaries ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Minimal Work ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. Since the first estimate of global CO2 emissions was published in 1894, important progress has been made in the development of estimation methods while the number of available datasets has grown. The existence of parallel efforts should lead to improved accuracy and understanding of emissions estimates, but there remains significant deviation between estimates and relatively poor understanding of the reasons for this. Here I describe the most important global emissions datasets available today and – by way of global, large-emitter, and case examples – quantitatively compare their estimates, exploring the reasons for differences. In many cases differences in emissions come down to differences in system boundaries: which emissions sources are included and which are omitted. With minimal work in harmonising these system boundaries across datasets, the range of estimates of global emissions drops to 5 %, and further work on harmonisation would likely result in an even lower range, without changing the data. Some potential errors were found, and some discrepancies remain unexplained, but it is shown to be inappropriate to conclude that uncertainty in emissions is high simply because estimates exhibit a wide range. While “true” emissions cannot be known, by comparing different datasets methodically, differences that result from system boundaries and allocation approaches can be highlighted and set aside to enable identification of true differences, and potential errors. This must be an important way forward in improving global datasets of CO2 emissions. Data used to generate Figs. 3–18 are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687042 (Andrew, 2020).

scholarly journals Soil characteristics and CO2 emissions of ex-burnt peatland in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Astiani ◽  
TRI WIDIASTUTI ◽  
SITI LATIFAH ◽  
DARBIN SIMATUPANG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Burnt Site

Abstract. Astiani D, Widiastuti T, Latifah S, Simatupang D. 2020. Soil characteristics and CO2 emissions of ex-burnt peatland in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3691-3698. West Kalimantan, Indonesia has a large extent of tropical peatland with total ​​1.74 million ha with only 44.5% of such areas remaining as peat forest, while the rests have been converted into plantations, agricultural lands, and shrubs. The conversion of peat forest often uses fires to clear the vegetation and is followed by building canal to drain the water. The lack of vegetation combined with drought soil trigger uncontrolled escaped fire, especially in the dry season or El-Nino events, which is likely to affect soil characteristics and emit carbon dioxide. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in soil characteristics both physical and chemical properties and to investigate CO2 emissions from peat soil post-fire. As a comparison, similar parameters were also assessed in non-burnt sites. The results showed significant differences in some peat soil characters both physically and chemically between ex-burnt and non-burnt peatland. The ex-burnt site had higher pH, available phosphorus and C/N ratio than those in the non-burnt site. Conversely, the total nitrogen and carbon contents, and cation exchange capacity were lower which is likely due to leaching. Peat fires also impacted physical characteristics of the soil such as increasing soil bulk density, reducing soil water content, soil temperature, especially in wet conditions. Carbon dioxide emissions in the ex-burnt site were considered higher than non-burnt site. These results could be brought out as a part of baseline data in managing ex-burnt peatlands to maintain a balance between carbon output and input and efforts on preventing peatland fires from becoming continuous carbon sources.

scholarly journals Variability in historical emissions trends suggests a need for a wide range of global scenarios and regional analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiesper Strandsbjerg Tristan Pedersen ◽  
Detlef P. van Vuuren ◽  
Bruno A. Aparício ◽  
Rob Swart ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Regional Analyses ◽  
Global Emissions

AbstractLong-term developments in carbon dioxide emissions have tracked the middle of projected emission scenario ranges over the past three decades. If this tendency continues, it seems increasingly less likely that future emissions will follow current high-emission scenarios. However, in the past, periods of slow and fast global emissions growth was observed, which have led to previous critiques of scenarios being too low or too high. In the light of such unpredictability and since scenarios are meant to explore plausible futures, we here argue that a broad range of emission scenarios continue to be considered input in scenario-based analyses of future climate change. Furthermore, we find substantial regional differences in emissions trends. Territorial emissions in OECD countries fall on the low side of emission scenario ranges, whereas non-OECD territorial emissions fell closer to the medium or high-end. Since non-OECD emissions will become increasingly important, we recommend further exploring the relationships between regional and global emissions to support scenario assumptions and climate policymaking.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

scholarly journals Burkholderia thailandensis E264 as a promising safe rhamnolipids’ producer towards a sustainable valorization of grape marcs and olive mill pomace

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alif Chebbi ◽  
Massimiliano Tazzari ◽  
Cristiana Rizzi ◽  
Franco Hernan Gomez Tovar ◽  
Sara Villa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Burkholderia Thailandensis ◽  
Rhamnolipid Production ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Olive Mill

Abstract Within the circular economy framework, our study aims to assess the rhamnolipid production from winery and olive oil residues as low-cost carbon sources by nonpathogenic strains. After evaluating various agricultural residues from those two sectors, Burkholderia thailandensis E264 was found to use the raw soluble fraction of nonfermented (white) grape marcs (NF), as the sole carbon and energy source, and simultaneously, reducing the surface tension to around 35 mN/m. Interestingly, this strain showed a rhamnolipid production up to 1070 mg/L (13.37 mg/g of NF), with a higher purity, on those grape marcs, predominately Rha-Rha C14-C14, in MSM medium. On olive oil residues, the rhamnolipid yield of using olive mill pomace (OMP) at 2% (w/v) was around 300 mg/L (15 mg/g of OMP) with a similar CMC of 500 mg/L. To the best of our knowledge, our study indicated for the first time that a nonpathogenic bacterium is able to produce long-chain rhamnolipids in MSM medium supplemented with winery residues, as sole carbon and energy source. Key points • Winery and olive oil residues are used for producing long-chain rhamnolipids (RLs). • Both higher RL yields and purity were obtained on nonfermented grape marcs as substrates. • Long-chain RLs revealed stabilities over a wide range of pH, temperatures, and salinities

scholarly journals Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Traditional Nutrient-Rich Cambodian Diet Food Production System Using Life Cycle Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3660
Author(s):  
Rathna Hor ◽  
Phanna Ly ◽  
Agusta Samodra Putra ◽  
Riaru Ishizaki ◽  
Tofael Ahamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Production System ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Food Production System

Traditional Cambodian food has higher nutrient balances and is environmentally sustainable compared to conventional diets. However, there is a lack of knowledge and evidence on nutrient intake and the environmental greenness of traditional food at different age distributions. The relationship between nutritional intake and environmental impact can be evaluated using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from agricultural production based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The objective of this study was to estimate the CO2 equivalent (eq) emissions from the traditional Cambodian diet using LCA, starting at each agricultural production phase. A one-year food consumption scenario with the traditional diet was established. Five breakfast (BF1–5) and seven lunch and dinner (LD1–7) food sets were consumed at the same rate and compared using LCA. The results showed that BF1 and LD2 had the lowest and highest emissions (0.3 Mt CO2 eq/yr and 1.2 Mt CO2 eq/yr, respectively). The food calories, minerals, and vitamins met the recommended dietary allowance. The country’s existing food production system generates CO2 emissions of 9.7 Mt CO2 eq/yr, with the proposed system reducing these by 28.9% to 6.9 Mt CO2 eq/yr. The change in each food item could decrease emissions depending on the type and quantity of the food set, especially meat and milk consumption.

scholarly journals Sporulation in solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamou Diallo ◽  
Servé W. M. Kengen ◽  
Ana M. López-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Sporulation Initiation ◽  
Solventogenic Clostridia

AbstractThe Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and ethanol, solventogenic clostridia can utilize a wide range of carbon sources to produce commercially valuable carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones by fermentation. Despite their potential, the conversion by these bacteria of carbohydrates or C1 compounds to alcohols is not cost-effective enough to result in economically viable processes. Engineering solventogenic clostridia by impairing sporulation is one of the investigated approaches to improve solvent productivity. Sporulation is a cell differentiation process triggered in bacteria in response to exposure to environmental stressors. The generated spores are metabolically inactive but resistant to harsh conditions (UV, chemicals, heat, oxygen). In Firmicutes, sporulation has been mainly studied in bacilli and pathogenic clostridia, and our knowledge of sporulation in solvent-producing or acetogenic clostridia is limited. Still, sporulation is an integral part of the cellular physiology of clostridia; thus, understanding the regulation of sporulation and its connection to solvent production may give clues to improve the performance of solventogenic clostridia. This review aims to provide an overview of the triggers, characteristics, and regulatory mechanism of sporulation in solventogenic clostridia. Those are further compared to the current knowledge on sporulation in the industrially relevant acetogenic clostridia. Finally, the potential applications of spores for process improvement are discussed.Key Points• The regulatory network governing sporulation initiation varies in solventogenic clostridia.• Media composition and cell density are the main triggers of sporulation.• Spores can be used to improve the fermentation process.

The vulnerability of Arctic shelf sediments to climate change

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robie W. Macdonald ◽  
Zou Zou A. Kuzyk ◽  
Sophia C. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Shelf Sediment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Shelf Sediments ◽  
Ocean Ecosystem

The sediments of the pan-Arctic shelves contribute an important component to the Arctic Ocean ecosystem by providing a habitat for biota (benthos), a repository for organic and inorganic non-conservative substances entering or produced within the ocean, a reactor and source of transformed substances back to the water column, and a mechanism of burial. Sediments interact with ice, ocean, and the surrounding land over a wide range of space and time scales. We discuss the vulnerability of shelf sediment to changes in (i) organic carbon sources, (ii) pathways of sediment and organic carbon supply, and (iii) physical and biogeochemical alteration (diagenesis). Sedimentary environments of the shelves and basins are likely to exhibit a wide variance in their response to global change because of their wide variation in sediment sources, processes, and metabolic conditions. In particular, the Chukchi and Barents shelves are dominated by inflowing waters from oceans to the south, whereas the interior shelves are more closely tied to terrigenous sources due to river inflow and coastal erosion.

Constrained Minimum Discrimination Information: A Unifying Tool for Modeling Spatial and Individual Choice Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1341-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Haynes ◽  
F Y Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Regression Estimation ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Discrimination Information ◽  
Minimum Discrimination Information

Mathematical programming and statistical inference are combined in a constrained minimum discrimination information (MDI) method to provide a basis for a wide range of spatial and individual choice behavior problems. This approach offers an alternative to linear and loglinear regression estimation methods as well as probabilistic models of the logit and probit variety. Some logical and computational difficulties inherent in these approaches are resolved. Further, the approach leads endogenously to alternative hypotheses if the null hypothesis is rejected, and hence has implications for the interaction between research that is oriented toward theory construction and applied research that is empirically oriented.

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