scholarly journals UFlow 1.0: A Computer Model for Projections of Urban Sprawl

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Koscianski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reverse Mode ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Cities concentrate most of the world’s population and are the stage of difficult problems around logistics, economy, or quality of life, to enumerate just a few. As an object of research on itself, a urban agglomeration is difficult to characterize; it is both an ensemble of various disconnected heterogeneous elements, and the product of numerous actions and effects between those elements. Studies of the structure and the functioning of cities date back to one century ago, with an increased interest in the last decades on the phenomenon of expansion and all of its impacts. Models of city growth face the complex nature of this system and are approximative. Different representations seek to balance characteristics as data availability, level of detail of internal processes, or precision. The uflow model approaches the problem with the metaphor of an abstract field, which evolves over time and signals the conversion from empty to urban cells. The procedure for calibration adjusts parameters according to the history of the region under study, and is able to capture local conditions. The implementation takes advantage of parallel hardware, and the simulation can be performed in reverse mode, a feature that can be useful to verify the adaptation of the tool to a given scenario, or to compute approximations of the past state of a region. Tests confirmed the expected behaviour of the algorithms, and good agreement with actual data. The flexibility of the concept of intensity of urbanization is open to the integration of different data sources into the model, and the possibility of simulating their evolution over time.

scholarly journals Secondary education in transition in Nigeria: The question of quality

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
R. A. Alani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
School Curricula

The paper traced the history of the development of secondary education in Nigeria since its inception in J859. The paper noted the emphasis on traditional art and science subjects in the past and the innovations that have been brought into the secondary school curricula by the National Policy 011 Education published in 1977, but revised in J981 and J998. The problems of implementing the curricula were briefly mentioned. The paper finally highlighted steps that could be taken to improve the quality of secondary education, such as provision of physical and material resources, adequate financing of education, teacher training and development, improvement of the conditions of service for teachers and supervision of instruction, among others.

Toward an Institutional Theory of Community and Community Associations: a Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Milofsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Urban Sociology ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Associations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article argues the position that the symbolic sense of community is a product of action by associations and larger community-based organizations. It draws on a theory from urban sociology called “the community of limited liability.” In the past this theory, first articulated by Morris Janowitz, has mostly been used to argue that residents living in a local neighborhood feel a sense of identification with that area to the extent that the symbolism of that neighborhood has been developed. This article extends Janowitz’s theory to apply to local associations and their efforts to create activities, movements, and products that encourage residents to expand their sense of symbolic attachment to a place. We argue that this organizational method has long been used by local associations but it has not been recognized as an organizational theory. Because associations have used this approach over time, communities have a historical legacy of organizing and symbol creating efforts by many local associations. Over time they have competed, collaborated, and together developed a collective vision of place. They also have created a local interorganizational field and this field of interacting associations and organizations is dense with what we call associational social capital. Not all communities have this history of associational activity and associational social capital. Where it does exist, the field becomes an institutionalized feature of the community. This is what we mean by an institutional theory of community.

scholarly journals Integument: Guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548
Author(s):  
Patricia Beierwaltes ◽  
Sharon Munoz ◽  
Jennifer Wilhelmy
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Consensus Building ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

PURPOSE: Skin-related issues have a significant impact on health, activities of daily living, and quality of life among people with spina bifida. Data presented by select clinics that participate in the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry reported that 26% of individuals had a history of pressure injuries with 19% having had one in the past year. The spina bifida community lack direct guidelines on prevention of these and other skin related issues. The Integument (skin) Guidelines focus on prevention, not treatment, of existing problems. METHODS: Using a consensus building methodology, the guidelines were written by experts in spina bifida and wound care. RESULTS: The guidelines include age-grouped, evidence-based guidelines written in the context of an understanding of the whole person. They are presented in table format according to the age of the person with spina bifida. CONCLUSION: These guidelines present a standardized approach to prevention of skin-related issues in spina bifida. Discovering what results in successful minimization of skin-related issues with testing of technology or prevention strategies is the next step in protecting this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals The Position of the UN Conventions to Determine and Guarantee Human Rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Bahman Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Past History ◽  
Main Question ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Representative ◽  
Privity Of Contract

In the present era, providing human rights represents the governance quality of a government and human rights treaties are criteria for its assessment. Also the UN human rights conventions, because of their international nature in the past seven decades, have been the main representative to reflect man's fundamental demands. Now the main question is that to what extent these conventions are remarkable and effective in order to explain and guarantee human rights in the international arena? The author believes that the conventions are the most important international mechanisms to identify human rights which compared to the past history of mankind have offered the most comprehensive international regulations in order to reflect the fundamental human rights. But then, two main factors undermined the effectiveness of the conventions. The first factor is intratextual drawbacks of the conventions which are divided into three drawbacks: reservation, withdrawal and arbitrary essence of accepting the committees’ competence. The second and more important factor is the reasons out of the conventions which are divided into two categories: the doctrine of privity of contract and disobedience by some governments under the ideological or moral reasons. The first factor can be addressed by the secondary amendments. However, the big challenge is the second factor which mechanism to settle it are to inform the international community about the importance of the UN human rights conventions, creating intersubjective understanding and eventually accepting the supremacy of international human rights over internal law.

scholarly journals Enhancing Collaborative Filtering by User-User Covariance Matrix

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyuan Xiao ◽  
Jingjing Shi ◽  
Wenguang Zheng ◽  
Hongya Wang ◽  
Ching-Hsien Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Covariance Matrix ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Similarity Matrix ◽  
User Similarity ◽  
Filtering Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Over Time

The collaborative filtering (CF) approach is one of the most successful personalized recommendation methods so far, which is employed by the majority of personalized recommender systems to predict users’ preferences or interests. The basic idea of CF is that if users had the same interests in the past they will also have similar tastes in the future. In general, the traditional CF may suffer the following problems: (1) The recommendation quality of CF based system is greatly affected by the sparsity of data. (2) The traditional CF is relatively difficult to adapt the situation that users’ preferences always change over time. (3) CF based approaches are used to recommend similar items to a user ignoring the user’s demand for variety. In this paper, to solve the above problems we build a new user-user covariance matrix to replace the traditional CF’s user-user similarity matrix. Compared with the user-user similarity matrix, the user-user covariance matrix introduces the user-user covariance to finely describe the changing trends of users’ interests. Furthermore, we propose an enhancing collaborative filtering method based on the user-user covariance matrix. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the diversity of recommendation results and ensure the good recommendation precision.

Death and survival in the city: approaches to the history of disease

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Elusive Concept

Now that the debate about the standard of living during the first half of the nineteenth century appears to have entered a relatively quiescent phase, historians have begun to turn their attention towards the more elusive concept of the quality of life. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal disease is clearly central to research of this type and so, too, is a delineation of the physical context in which infections have flourished and in which those who have been afflicted by them have lived. Although there has been a tendency to underestimate the ferocity of epidemics in rural areas in the period after about 1750, historians working on disease in the modern period are inevitably most usually concerned with processes which are specifically urban in character. And urban historians, especially those interested in such topics as the development of utilities, the growth of administrative bureau-cracies or the spatial segregation and different life experiences of the classes, can undoubtedly benefit from a knowledge of patterns of infection in the past.

References and Bibliography: Citing the Internet

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
M. Theodore Farris II ◽  
Jeanne D. Maes ◽  
Ulla K. Bunz
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electronic Sources

<span>Over the past six years scholars have found the Internet to be a source of quick information. While the quality of information on the Internet may be questionable, nonetheless, sources of online studies are beginning to merge with library-based research. This article discusses the history of the Internet; concerns of using the Internet as a source, the importance of citing sources and how to cite electronic sources.</span>

English Acting, Interactive Technology, and the Elusive Quality of Englishness

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (45) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Simon Trussler
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Interactive Technology ◽  
Outstanding Contribution ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

Acting style is arguably the most elusive of the theatre's always ephemeral traces – not least because each generation, while proclaiming its own actors to be more ‘natural’ than their predecessors, has tended in its criticism, as in actors' memoirs, to take style as a ‘given’. Anecdotage and plot synopsis have accordingly taken precedence over analysis of how performers actually worked and appeared on stage – let alone prepared their performances. Here, Simon Trussler introduces a project being launched at Goldsmiths, University of London, where he is Reader in Drama, to utilize the immense storage capacity of the CD-ROM both to record the evidence, verbal and pictorial, that has come down to us from the past, and to assess its relevance to present approaches to acting and to the playing of the classical repertoire. Specifically, the project aims to explore the ways in which the national identity – the quality of ‘Englishness’ – has been both reflected in and influenced by the ways in which it has been rendered on stage. In the succeeding article, Nesta Jones outlines the history and development of the English acting tradition, and some of the issues its consideration raises in relation to the Goldsmiths project. Simon Trussler was one of the founding editors of the original Theatre Quarterly in 1971, and has been co-editor of New Theatre Quarterly since its inception. The most recent of his many books on theatre and drama, The Cambridge Illustrated History of British Theatre, was runner-up for the 1994 George Freedley Award of the Theatre Libraries Association, being cited as ‘an outstanding contribution to the literature of the theatre’.

scholarly journals Collaborative Development of High Resolution Pluvial Flood Maps for Flanders

10.29007/nxqj ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Cauwenberghs ◽  
Tom Feyaerts ◽  
Neil Hunter ◽  
Joost Dewelde ◽  
Thomas Vansteenkiste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flood Maps

As part of the low countries and with one of the highest population densities worldwide, the Flemish region has experienced a long history of flooding causing tens of millions euro damage each year. In response to this, water managers invested over the past decade in flood modelling and mapping with a fluvial origin. In recent years, pluvial flooding has also occurred numerous times in Flanders, but a region-wide map describing these processes more in detail in terms of extent, depth and probability was lacking. Following a pilot-study in 2016, the VMM undertook in 2017 the VLAGG1- project to develop a region-wide, high-resolution pluvial flood map for Flanders. Via a combination of state-of-the art methodologies and web technologies, a draft flood map was presented to a broad reviewing community across Flanders, who were then able to improve it further by adding local knowledge on known flooding and more detailed data on key hydraulic structures. In a three month period, over 7000 additions were made by 370 delegates from 165 organizations that have been incorporated into, and significantly improved the quality of the final flood maps which are due to be published in 2019.

scholarly journals STREET ANTHROPOLOGY – A CULTURE OF MOBILITY

space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 109-136
Author(s):  
Marek Czyński ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Space Of Flows

The street anthropology is identical with the anthropology of urban life. In the past, a street was a place to socialize and, on equal footing with its architecture, it was part of the cultural identity of its inhabitants. The street reflects residents’ social, cultural and economic capital. Over time, mobility and communication accessibility have dominated the urban spatial policy. The contemporary street has become a "space of flows". The restoration of its original role requires a more balanced approach to cultural factors that determine the quality of life in a city. The article discusses characteristic features that determine patterns of mobility in modern streets.

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