scholarly journals Watershed regulation and local action: analysis of the Senegal River watershed management by a regional organisation and public participation

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1917-1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sène ◽  
S. Bonin ◽  
O. Soubeyran
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Local People ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Action Analysis ◽  
Participative Approach ◽  
Regional Organisation ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Several social scientists have dealt with the usefulness of a participative approach in development plans. The call for sustainable development has increased the focus on this type of approach in a very classical way, which is the case for the creation of new water tanks. Most of these scientists have also pinpointed the major difficulties and failures faced during the execution of this new approach in developing countries. This study is a concrete example which underlines the lack of this type of approach as far as water management in the Senegal River is concerned, mainly in relation to watershed. We base our study on the analysis and criticism of the regional organization OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River) which is in charge of water management in the Senegal River. The results of the study can, therefore, be summed up as follows: (i) An on-site direct observation, individual interviews, group discussion and information analysis point out the lack of participation of local people in water management in the Senegal River and, in general, the harmful socio-economic impacts resulting from it. (ii) The reasons for this lack of participative approach are mainly due to the model set up by the OMVS in terms of water management in the Senegal River, a model that has excluded or tackled in a very light way the issue of public participation in decision-making through out its juridical and regulation instruments. (iii) Elements of consideration on some measures, which could possibly improve the level of participation of local people in river water management.

ORAL HISTORY SOURCES AS LEARNING MATERIALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Gugulethu Shamaine Nkala ◽  
Rodreck David
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
National Archives ◽  
National University ◽  
Set Up

Knowledge presented by Oral History (OH) is unique in that it shares the tacit perspective, thoughts, opinions and understanding of the interviewee in its primary form. While teachers, lecturers and other education specialists have at their disposal a wide range of primary, secondary and tertiary sources upon which to relate and share or impart knowledge, OH presents a rich source of information that can improve the learning and knowledge impartation experience. The uniqueness of OH is presented in the following advantages of its use: it allows one to learn about the perspectives of individuals who might not otherwise appear in the historical record; it allows one to compensate for the digital age; one can learn different kinds of information; it provides historical actors with an opportunity to tell their own stories in their own words; and it offers a rich opportunity for human interaction. This article discusses the placement of oral history in the classroom set-up by investigating its use as a source of learning material presented by the National Archives of Zimbabwe to students in the Department of Records and Archives Management at the National University of Science and Technology (NUST). Interviews and a group discussion were used to gather data from an archivist at the National Archives of Zimbabwe, lecturers and students in the Department of Records and Archives Management at NUST, respectively. These groups were approached on the usability, uniqueness and other characteristics that support this type of knowledge about OH in a tertiary learning experience. The findings indicate several qualities that reflect the richness of OH as a teaching source material in a classroom set-up. It further points to weak areas that may be addressed where the source is considered a viable strategy for knowledge sharing and learning. The researchers present a possible model that can be used to champion the use of this rich knowledge source in classroom education at this university and in similar set-ups. 

Institutional and legislative structure of water quality management in Turkey

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selmin Burak ◽  
I. Ethem Gönenç ◽  
Arzu Erol
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legislative Structure

This paper examines the administrative and legal structure of the wastewater sector in Turkey, identifying its shortcomings and their causes, and suggests solutions. The study begins by outlining the existing administrative and legal structure, then focusing on the areas where difficulties are faced and seeking solutions to them. Those administrative and legal facets which have produced improvements and/or function effectively have been analysed so as to provide examples for other areas. When examining the sector it was observed that problems common to every area are the failure to adequately define powers and responsibilities, the lack of coordination between sectoral organisations, and the fact that attention is generally concentrated on routine matters of secondary importance. The fact that numerous organisations share powers in the same area causes confusion. Plurality also creates difficulties where enforcement is concerned. The existence of more than one set of regulations relating to the same area gives rise to loopholes. At the same time, unrealistic, and hence unenforceable standards undermine the effectiveness of sanctions. It has been concluded that a single organisation should be invested with the legal powers to lay down the principles of water management, that environmental courts should be set up to enforce legislation by means of sanctions; and that for this purpose existing legislation should be reexamined and revised as necessary and/or brought up to date.

scholarly journals Developing a comprehensive tool to assess professional attitude among physicians and medical students

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Yavari ◽  
Fariba Asghari ◽  
Zahra Shahvari ◽  
Saharnaz Nedjat ◽  
Bagher Larijani
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Professional Attitude ◽  
Final Questionnaire ◽  
Students Attitudes

It appears that up until now, no comprehensive tool has been developed to assess medical students’ attitudes toward the different dimensions of professionalism. The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive quantitative tool to evaluate medical students’ attitudes toward professionalism. This study consisted of two phases: The first phase was item generation and questionnaire design based on literature review and a qualitative survey. The qualitative data were extracted from 49 semi-structured individual interviews and one focus group discussion. In the second phase, the questionnaire was developed and its face, content, and structure validity and reliability were evaluated. To measure the construct validity of the questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 354 medical students at different academic levels at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The final questionnaire was loaded on five factors. The factors accounted for 43.5% of the total variance. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha was 0.84 for the total scale, and the interclass correlation coefficient was 0.77 for the test-retest reliability. The 17-item questionnaire measuring medical students’ professional attitude had acceptable validity and reliability and can be adopted in other studies on physicians’ and medical students’ professional attitudes.   

Rediscovering Traces of Memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber ◽  
Chris Schwarz ◽  
Jason Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Local People ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jewish Heritage ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Bear Witness

The present-day traces of the Jewish past in Poland are complex. Jewish life lay in ruins after the Holocaust. Much evidence of ruin remains, but there are also widespread traces that bear witness to the elaborate Jewish culture that once flourished there, even in villages and small towns. One also sees places where Jews were murdered by the Germans in the war: not only in death camps and ghettos, but also in fields, forests, rivers, and cemeteries. After the war, forty years of communism suppressed even the memory of the destroyed Jewish heritage. Today, by contrast, the historic Jewish culture of Poland is increasingly being memorialized, by local Poles as well as by foreign Jews. Synagogues and cemeteries are being renovated, monuments and museums are being set up. There are festivals of Jewish culture, hasidic pilgrims, and Jewish tourists; and local people who rescued Jews during the war are being honoured. In rediscovering the traces of memory one also finds clear signs of a local Jewish revival. This extensively revised second edition includes forty-five new photographs and updated explanatory texts. Together they suggest how to make sense of the past and discover its relevance for the present. This book will appeal to everyone concerned with questions of history, memory, and identity.

scholarly journals The coexistence center for elderly people and its importance in the support to the family and the Health Care Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Maria Derhun ◽  
Giovana Aparecida de Souza Scolari ◽  
Vivian Carla de Castro ◽  
Maria Aparecida Salci ◽  
Vanessa Denardi Antoniassi Baldissera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Care Network ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The Family ◽  
Health Care Network ◽  
Set Up

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the perception of relatives of elderly people about the coexistence center and its importance in supporting the Health Care Network. Methodology: A qualitative study carried out with 14 relatives of elderly people participating in a coexistence center. Data collection took place in January 2016 through individual interviews, which were recorded, transcribed and submitted to content analysis. The results were discussed in the light of the theoretical referential of health promotion. Results: The elderly's participation in the coexistence center was an alternative to support care and institutionalization, provided time for self-care and to maintain or engage in the formal labor market and positively influenced the family relationships. Conclusion: The coexistence center was set up as a health promotion institution, being jointly responsible for the care of the elderly with the Health Care Network and the families.

Public Participation GIS, Participatory GIS, and Participatory Mapping

Geography ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Participatory Development ◽  
Local People ◽  
Participatory Mapping ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Participatory Gis ◽  
Public Participation Gis ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Definition Of

Participatory mapping (PM) and public/participation GIS (P/PGIS) are umbrella terms under which a variety of mapping research and practice takes place. Local people who reside “in the map” are included in the collection, analysis, sharing, and visualization of geospatial data with the goal to make GIS and cartographic practice more inclusive and democratic. To make a map, the map-maker must elicit knowledge from local people to capture the human geography of the area. Until relatively recently this cartographic process was practiced either by, or for, those in positions of power. The subsequent use of the maps most often reinforced power relations between rulers and the populations “in the map.” In post–Second World War development circles, and as a part of inclusive social science initiatives such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and participatory action research (PAR), PM emerged as a response to criticisms of such cartographic practices. During the same period, native peoples in Canada used land use and occupancy mapping to defend their ancestral territorial rights. Two fundamental assumptions emerged from these parallel processes that remain relevant to all participatory map-making. First, information gathered by local populations in a participatory/inclusive research design is more useful than information compiled by outside cartographers. Second, PM can empower local communities. With the advent of relatively inexpensive and readily available GIS technology in the 1990s, P/PGIS emerged as a close cousin to PM. While the power of these tools for planning and development is undeniable, researchers and practitioners recognized that P/PGIS might cause negative social effects such as marginalization of underprivileged populations and that P/PGIS lacks methods to represent qualitative aspects of culture. Indeed, debates around empowerment, inclusion, access, application, and representation of culture comprise the core of PM and P/PGIS research. Notwithstanding, there is no one definition of PM or P/PGIS and several other synonymous terms exist including participatory 3D modeling (P3DM), public participation GIS (PPGIS), community-integrated GIS (CiGIS), community GIS (CGIS), bottom-up GIS (BuGIS), and volunteered graphic information (VGI). While there are subtle differences between these terms, with VGI as a recognized outlier, definitions overlap substantially. This bibliography traces the emergence of PM and P/PGIS from the original participatory development and occupancy mapping work, follows it through the critical cartography debates in the 1980s and 1990s, covers their crystallization as fields at the turn of the 20th century, and closes with their continuing development as active research programs.

Cooperating internationally over water: explaining l'espace OMVS

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-199
Author(s):  
Undala Alam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Debt ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Increasing Demand

ABSTRACTSince the early 1960s, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have cooperated over the Senegal river. Contrary to the norms of managing international rivers, the riparians have subjugated their sovereignty and incurred national debt to jointly develop the benefits from their shared river, despite intra-basin tensions and conflict. The Senegal experience highlights an alternative path to tackling the consequences of climate change, poor water management and increasing demand. In seeking to explain the intensity of international cooperation displayed in the basin, this article examines the characteristics of international rivers and the Senegal basin's history, and concludes that Pan-Africanism, francophonie and the political leaders' attitudes to regional cooperation shaped l'espace OMVS.

Tanzanian water policy reforms—between principles and practical applications

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haakon Lein ◽  
Mattias Tagseth
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Main River ◽  
Water Legislation ◽  
Set Up

The paper presents and discusses different approaches to water management, termed “state centred”, “market-based” and “community-based”. Each provides different answers to how and by whom limited water resources best could and should be managed. They are based on different development ideologies and advocated by different professions. The article elaborates on the strengths, limitations and compatibility of the three models. These models provide a basis for discussing national water policy and water management reforms in Tanzania as well as the more practical implications of this in one of the main river basins in the country: the Pangani River Basin. Central to the water management problem in this basin are conflicts between communities and the water bureaucracy over what constitutes “proper” management of water. The policy and the activities of the river basin authorities continue to reflect a traditional top-down bureaucratic approach to water management, with colonial roots. The water legislation and the formal water management system seem neither to be set up to facilitate the active participation of local communities in water management, nor to facilitate the development of a water market.

Public participation in water management in northern Thai highlands

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Heyd ◽  
Andreas Neef
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Local People ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Decentralized Governance ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right

In the early 1990s, Thailand launched an ambitious program of decentralized governance, conferring greater responsibilities upon sub-district administrations and providing fiscal opportunities for local development planning. This process was reinforced by Thailand's new Constitution of 1997, which explicitly assures individuals, communities and local authorities the right to participate in the management of natural resources. Drawing on a study of water management in the Mae Sa watershed, northern Thailand, this article analyzes to what extent the constitutional right of participation has been put into practice. To this end, a stakeholder analysis was conducted in the watershed, with a focus on local people's interests and strategies in water management and the transformation of participatory policies through government agencies at the local level. While government officers stressed the importance of stakeholder inclusion and cooperation with the local people, there is a sharp contrast between the official rhetoric and the reality on the ground. The analysis reveals that government officers, particularly in the conservation-oriented agencies, are not disposed to devolve power to lower levels and that participation of local people in water management seems currently to be passive or, at best, consultative in nature. In order to deal with the increasingly severe water problems in northern Thailand, decision makers have to recognize the value of participation and promote a profound change in government officers' attitudes towards local people through training programs and incentives.

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