scholarly journals Paradigm change in hydrogel sensor manufacturing: from recipe-driven to specification-driven process optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
M. Windisch ◽  
K.-J. Eichhorn ◽  
J. Lienig ◽  
G. Gerlach ◽  
L. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Paradigm Change ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Influence Of Process Parameters ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Hydrogel Film ◽  
Manufacturing Tests ◽  
Volume Production

Abstract. The volume production of industrial hydrogel sensors lacks a quality-assuring manufacturing technique for thin polymer films with reproducible properties. Overcoming this problem requires a paradigm change from the current recipe-driven manufacturing process to a specification-driven one. This requires techniques to measure quality-determining hydrogel film properties as well as tools and methods for the control and optimization of the manufacturing process. In this paper we present an approach that comprehensively addresses these issues. The influence of process parameters on the hydrogel film properties and the resulting sensor characteristics have been assessed by means of batch manufacturing tests and the application of several measurement techniques. Based on these investigations, we present novel methods and a tool for the optimization of the cross-linking process step, with the latter being crucial for the sensor sensitivity. Our approach is applicable to various sensor designs with different hydrogels. It has been successfully tested with a sensor solution for surface technology based on PVA/PAA hydrogel as sensing layer and a piezoelectric thickness shear resonator as transducer. Finally, unresolved issues regarding the measurement of hydrogel film parameters are outlined for future research.

Utilization of Soft Computing Techniques in Sputtering Processes: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Norlina M. Sabri ◽  
Mazidah Puteh ◽  
Mohamad Rusop Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Soft Computing ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Computing Technique ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Soft Computing Techniques ◽  
Soft Computing Technique

This paper presents an overview of research works on the utilizing of soft computing in the optimization of process parameters and in the prediction of thin film properties in sputtering processes. The papers from this review were obtained from relevant databases and from various scientific journals. The papers collected were published from 2008 to 2012. The focus of the review is to provide an outlook on the utilization of soft computing techniques in sputtering processes. Based on the review, the soft computing techniques which have been applied so far are ANN, GA and Fuzzy Logic. The first finding of this review is that soft computing technique is a promising and more reliable approach to optimize and predict process parameters compared to the traditional methods. The second finding is that the utilizing of soft computing techniques in sputtering processes are still limited and still in exploratory phase as they have not yet been extensively and stably applied. The techniques applied are also limited to ANN, GA and Fuzzy, whereas the exploration into other techniques is also necessary to be conducted in order to seek the most reliable technique and so as to expand the application of soft computing approach. Future research could focus on the exploration of other soft computing techniques for optimization in order to find the best optimization techniques based on the specific processes.

scholarly journals Sodankylä manual snow survey program

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Leppänen ◽  
Anna Kontu ◽  
Henna-Reetta Hannula ◽  
Heidi Sjöblom ◽  
Jouni Pulliainen
Keyword(s):  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽  
Snow Properties ◽  
Snow Water

Abstract. The manual snow survey program of the Arctic Research Centre of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI-ARC) consists of numerous observations of natural seasonal taiga snowpack in Sodankylä, northern Finland. The easily accessible measurement areas represent the typical forest and soil types in the boreal forest zone. Systematic snow measurements began in 1909 with snow depth (HS) and snow water equivalent (SWE). In 2006 the manual snow survey program expanded to cover snow macro- and microstructure from regular snow pits at several sites using both traditional and novel measurement techniques. Present-day snow pit measurements include observations of HS, SWE, temperature, density, stratigraphy, grain size, specific surface area (SSA) and liquid water content (LWC). Regular snow pit measurements are performed weekly during the snow season. Extensive time series of manual snow measurements are important for the monitoring of temporal and spatial changes in seasonal snowpack. This snow survey program is an excellent base for the future research of snow properties.

scholarly journals A review of biomass burning emissions, part II: Intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 5135-5200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Reid ◽  
R. Koppmann ◽  
T. F. Eck ◽  
D. P. Eleuterio
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Literature Base ◽  
Biomass Burning Particles

Abstract. The last decade has seen tremendous advances in atmospheric aerosol particle research that is often performed in the context of climate and global change science. Biomass burning, one of the largest sources of accumulation mode particles globally, has been closely studied for its radiative, geochemical, and dynamic impacts. These studies have taken many forms including laboratory burns, in situ experiments, remote sensing, and modeling. While the differing perspectives of these studies have ultimately improved our qualitative understanding of biomass burning issues, the varied nature of the work make inter-comparisons and resolutions of some specific issues difficult. In short, the literature base has become a milieu of small pieces of the biomass-burning puzzle. This manuscript, the second part of four, examines the properties of biomass-burning particle emissions. Here we review and discuss the literature concerning the measurement of smoke particle size, chemistry, thermodynamic properties, and emission factors. Where appropriate, critiques of measurement techniques are presented. We show that very large differences in measured particle properties have appeared in the literature, in particular with regards to particle carbon budgets. We investigate emissions uncertainties using scale analyses, which shows that while emission factors for grass and brush are relatively well known, very large uncertainties still exist in emission factors of boreal, temperate and some tropical forests. Based on an uncertainty analysis of the community data set of biomass burning measurements, we present simplified models for particle size and emission factors. We close this review paper with a discussion of the community experimental data, point to lapses in the data set, and prioritize future research topics.

scholarly journals Quantitative Perfusion Measurements in a Novel Large Animal Stroke Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexandra King
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Vasogenic Edema ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Perfusion Measurement ◽  
Parameter Values

<p><b>Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide [1], and is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of serious adult disability in New Zealand[2]. The aim of this project was to quantify perfusion changes in the brains of 20 sheep that underwent a novel surgical model of transient ischemic stroke. The sheep, with its large, gyrencephalic brain, presents a promising, potential animal model for stroke that could help to bridge the historical gap in translational research in stroke therapies [3]. However, we require that an animal model can replicate human patterns of disease in order for it to be a meaningful model for research into potential stroke therapies for humans. It was this replication of human patterns of disease, in terms of perfusion, thatwas under investigation in this project. Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI images were obtained from each animal before stroke, and at 24 hours, 3 days, 6 days, and 28 days post-stroke. It was found that perfusion from the DCE-MRI series was quantifiable using the extended Tofts model in the form of the parameters Ktrans, ve and vp. The parameter values calculated from this project replicate known human patternsof disease in terms of global Ktrans changes in the affected hemisphere [4], which were found to increase by more than 60% in the stroke hemisphere,replicating the increased permeability following blood brain barrier breakdown.</b></p> <p>In manually selected regions of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, it was found that the estimated parameters in these regions replicated known perfusionchanges in these types of edema in humans [5]. Finally, the peak post-stroke permeability time point, as determined by Ktrans, was found to align exactlywith when we would expect vasogenic edema, a type of cerebral swelling that causes increased barrier permeability, to dominate in humans [5].</p> <p>This thesis is the first time these DCE-MRI datasets have been analysed, and there remains a wealth of physiological and MRI data available forthis animal cohort. Avenues for future research include investigation into perfusion-diffusion mismatch in this animal model, further consideration ofindividual animal characteristics in analysis, and use of these results as a point of comparison for future research into pharmaceutical agents for treatment ofstroke, and in new non-contrast perfusion measurement techniques.</p>

scholarly journals Social Capital on Social Media—Concepts, Measurement Techniques and Trends in Operationalization

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Poecze ◽  
Christine Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Individual Social Capital ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Research Domain

The introduction of the Web 2.0 era and the associated emergence of social media platforms opened an interdisciplinary research domain, wherein a growing number of studies are focusing on the interrelationship of social media usage and perceived individual social capital. The primary aim of the present study is to introduce the existing measurement techniques of social capital in this domain, explore trends, and offer promising directions and implications for future research. Applying the method of a scoping review, a set of 80 systematically identified scientific publications were analyzed, categorized, grouped and discussed. Focus was placed on the employed viewpoints and measurement techniques necessary to tap into the possible consistencies and/or heterogeneity in this domain in terms of operationalization. The results reveal that multiple views and measurement techniques are present in this research area, which might raise a challenge in future synthesis approaches, especially in the case of future meta-analytical contributions.

Resilience of firefighters exposed to potentially traumatic events: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Vanessa Laureys ◽  
Marleen Easton
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potentially Traumatic Events

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the empirical literature on the resilience of firefighters related to potentially traumatic events (PTE). This paper identifies how resilience is defined in this particular research field, reveals trends in applied research methods and examines the main topics addressed in previous research.Design/methodology/approachWeb of Science, PsycARTICLES and Google Scholar databases were searched, as well as a secondary manual screening of the reference lists of all the selected studies and Dutch academic journals. Based on this review, 54 empirical articles were included in the current paper.FindingsFirstly, this paper revealed that there is no consensus in how to define the concept of resilience in this specific research area. A second observation was that most of the selected studies used a quantitative, cross-sectional research design. Finally, the 54 empirical studies provided insights on six topics: the role of the organization, demographic factors, personal characteristics, coping strategies, social support and the reactions of firefighters in the aftermath of PTE. Comparing the empirical results was challenged by the different interpretations and denominations of the concept of resilience and the myriad of measurement techniques applied across the selected articles.Originality/valueThis literature review discovered some promising avenues for future research regarding resilience of firefighters. Moreover, it demonstrated that studying resilience is particularly interesting as the identification of supporting factors leads to a better understanding of how to enhance the well-being, job satisfaction and job performance of firefighters.

scholarly journals Convergent Validity of Three Measures of Sexual Sadism: Value of a Dimensional Measure

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Longpré ◽  
Jean Proulx ◽  
Sébastien Brouillette-Alarie
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Sadism ◽  
Sexual Excitation ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual

Sexual sadism can be described as the sexual pleasure produced by acts of cruelty and bodily punishment. The most common method for evaluating sexual sadism is clinical evaluation, that is, evaluation based on the diagnostic criteria of nosological instruments such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is also possible to evaluate sadistic sexual preferences by phallometry, which provides a physiological measure of sexual excitation by deviant and nondeviant scenarios. The most recently developed evaluation method is the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS), a dimensional instrument that has been empirically validated. Despite the availability of all these measurement techniques, very little research has been conducted on their degree of convergence. Consequently, the aim of the current study was to assess the relationship between these three measures of sexual sadism. Our analyses were conducted on a sample of rapists ( N = 72), assessed in a maximum-security penitentiary. There was no significant relation between phallometric scores and other measures of sexual sadism. There was, however, an important correlation between SESAS scores and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) sexual sadism diagnosis. Our results are consistent with other phallometric studies, which reported no difference in the penile responses of individuals diagnosed as sadists and those not diagnosed as sadists. Results and implications for future research are discussed.

Multi-Objective Implementation of Additive Manufacturing in Make-to-Stock Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Chong Chua ◽  
Seung Ki Moon ◽  
Yen Ting Ng
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Implementation Problem ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Make To Stock ◽  
Production Orders

Abstract As additive manufacturing (AM) develops and matures over the years, it has reached a stage where implementation into a conventional production system becomes possible. With additive manufacturing currently suitable for product personalization/high customization yet small volume production, there are various ways of implementation in a conventional production line. This aim of this paper is to explore the implementation of additive manufacturing in a complementary manner to process internal job orders of large quantities in make-to-stock (MTS) production. Splitting of production orders is allowed and production can be carried out by both injection moulding and additive manufacturing processes simultaneously, with the latter being able to produce various MTS parts in a single build. NSGA-III together with scheduling and rule-based heuristic for allocation of parts on build plate of additive manufacturing process is used to solve the multi-objective implementation problem, with performance measures being cost, scheduling and sustainability. The algorithm will be incorporated with scheduling and rule-based heuristic for allocation of parts on build plate of additive manufacturing process. An experiment using an industry case study is conducted to compare the performance measures with and without implementing additive manufacturing.

Patellar Maltracking: No Longer Just a 2D Problem

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Rebmann ◽  
Barry P. Boden ◽  
Frances T. Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Patellar Tilt ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Patellar Maltracking ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses

In order to correctly diagnose and treat pathological knee joint mechanics we must be able to non-invasively quantify the 3D in vivo kinematics of this joint. Unfortunately, the majority of clinical diagnoses, for this joint, are based upon static 2D imaging. This is due to the fact that currently there is a scarcity of noninvasive measurement techniques that acquire 3D in vivo data dynamically. Thus, in vivo patellofemoral (PF) kinematic measurements typically compress a 3D time-dependent joint attitude to a static 2D representation. The purpose of this study was to investigate if patellar maltracking is limited to two dimensions, as assumed clinically, or if it is a complete six-degree of freedom problem. To do this, we quantified the 3D patellofemoral and tibiofemoral (TF) kinematics in both healthy individuals and those with suspected patellofemoral maltracking using fast-phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, a technique developed in our previous work. Our data suggest that variations in kinematics were not confined to the standard axial plane measures (e.g. patellar tilt, patellar subluxation), but variations are exhibited in all six degrees of freedom. Therefore, future clinical diagnoses and interventions along with future research will be most effective if the measures used are broadened to include all six-degrees of freedom.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion over Complex Terrain: Challenges and Needs for Improving Air Quality Measurements and Modeling

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Giovannini ◽  
Enrico Ferrero ◽  
Thomas Karl ◽  
Mathias W. Rotach ◽  
Chantal Staquet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Air Quality Measurements

Pollutant dispersion processes over complex terrain are much more complicated than over flat areas, as they are affected by atmospheric interactions with the orography at different spatial scales. This paper reviews recent findings and progress in this field, focusing on both experimental and modeling perspectives. It highlights open questions and challenges to our capability for better understanding and representing atmospheric processes controlling the fate of pollutants over mountainous areas. In particular, attention is focused on new measurement techniques for the retrieval of spatially distributed turbulence information and air quality parameters, and on challenges for meteorological and dispersion models to reproduce fine-scale processes influenced by the orography. Finally, specific needs in this field are discussed, along with possible directions for future research efforts.

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