scholarly journals Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Amrutha ◽  
V. Sanil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
One Year

Abstract. In coastal gulfs generally, predominance of wind-seas are expected. Waves measured at a location having a water depth of 15 m in the nearshore waters of Gulf of Mannar during one year period (1 May 2015 to 30 April 2016) is used to examine the predominance of wind-seas and swells through spectral characterization. The study shows that even though the location is in a gulf, the annual average value (~ 0.84 m) of the significant wave height at this area is comparable to that along the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent, but the annual maximum value (~ 1.7 m) recorded is much less than that (3 to 5 m) observed in those regions. Also, large seasonal variations are not observed in the wave height. The waves of the study region are under the control of sea-breeze with the maximum in the late evening hours and the minimum in the early morning hours. 53 % of the surface height variance in the study area is a result of southeast and south swells and the remaining are the east and southeast wind-seas.

scholarly journals Observation of dominance of swells over wind seas in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mannar, India

Ocean Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Amrutha ◽  
V. Sanil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Near Shore

Abstract. Wind seas typically dominate over swell seas in coastal gulfs. Waves measured at a location having a water depth of 12 m in the near-shore waters of the Gulf of Mannar during a 1-year period (1 May 2015 to 30 April 2016) are used to examine the predominance of wind seas and swells through spectral characterization. The study shows that even though the location is in a gulf, the annual average value ( ∼  0.84 m) of the significant wave height in this area is comparable to that along the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent, but the annual maximum value ( ∼  1.7 m) recorded is much less than that (3 to 5 m) observed in those regions. Also, large seasonal variations are not observed in the wave height. The waves of the study region are under the control of sea breeze, with the maximum in the late evening hours and the minimum in the early morning hours. A 5 % increase in the forcing wind field during the monsoon period improved the comparison statistics between the model wave height and the measured values. A total of 53 % of the surface height variance in the study area is a result of swells from the southeast and south, and the remainder are wind seas from the east and southeast.

scholarly journals Study on the Air Dispersion Characteristics along the West Coast of Korean Peninsula

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Rajib Pokhrel ◽  
Inhyeong Cho ◽  
Ram K Sharma ◽  
Heekwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Land Breeze ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Transition Stage ◽  
Meso Scale

When the temperature difference between land and sea surface along coastline is large enough, thermally induced circulation is likely developed in the coastal region, called as Sea/Land (S/L) breeze. It has been an important issue in coastal region because of its significant role for the transport, dispersion of air pollutants generated in coastal regions. Meso-scale modeling was carried out using the commercial modeling tool ‘A2C flow / A2C t&d (A2C represents the Atmospheric to Computational fluid dynamics and t&d represents the transport and diffusion)’ to characterize the meso-scale circulation of pure breeze in the study region (125.22E, 36.32N to 127.95E, 38.39N) in late July for typical summer conditions of Korea. Maximum potential temperature differences were approximately 5K and 14K in early morning and mid day, respectively in the study domain. Strong land breeze was observed around 6AM and it was neutralized to transition stage between 9AM ~ 10AM then the sea breeze started. Maximum speed of sea breeze, approximately 2.5m/s was found around 3PM which is about double of land breeze (1.5m/s). With the declination of sun energy with the passing of time, sea breeze lost its momentum and reached to transition stage between (9PM ~ 10PM). The penetration lengths of sea breeze and land breeze are approximately 25km~30km and 20km~25km, respectively while the suction lengths of sea breeze and land breeze are approximately 15km~20km each. In addition, the maximum depths of the S/L breeze are approximately 400m and 1200m, respectively in early morning and sometimes in mid day along the coastal area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i3.5936 JIE 2011; 8(3): 94-104

scholarly journals Sea-Breeze Dynamics and Convection Initiation: The Influence of Convective Parameterization in Weather and Climate Model Biases

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 8093-8108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathryn E. Birch ◽  
Malcolm J. Roberts ◽  
Luis Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Duncan Ackerley ◽  
Michael J. Reeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Convective Parameterization ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Convection Initiation

Abstract There are some long-established biases in atmospheric models that originate from the representation of tropical convection. Previously, it has been difficult to separate cause and effect because errors are often the result of a number of interacting biases. Recently, researchers have gained the ability to run multiyear global climate model simulations with grid spacings small enough to switch the convective parameterization off, which permits the convection to develop explicitly. There are clear improvements to the initiation of convective storms and the diurnal cycle of rainfall in the convection-permitting simulations, which enables a new process-study approach to model bias identification. In this study, multiyear global atmosphere-only climate simulations with and without convective parameterization are undertaken with the Met Office Unified Model and are analyzed over the Maritime Continent region, where convergence from sea-breeze circulations is key for convection initiation. The analysis shows that, although the simulation with parameterized convection is able to reproduce the key rain-forming sea-breeze circulation, the parameterization is not able to respond realistically to the circulation. A feedback of errors also occurs: the convective parameterization causes rain to fall in the early morning, which cools and wets the boundary layer, reducing the land–sea temperature contrast and weakening the sea breeze. This is, however, an effect of the convective bias, rather than a cause of it. Improvements to how and when convection schemes trigger convection will improve both the timing and location of tropical rainfall and representation of sea-breeze circulations.

scholarly journals Protein Supplementation and Grazing Behavior for Cows on Differing Late-Season Rangeland Grazing Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219
Author(s):  
James E. Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K. Sagers ◽  
John B. Hall ◽  
Melinda J. Ellison ◽  
Joel V. Yelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Walking Time

The objective was to determine if low- or high-residual feed intake (LRFI or HRFI, n = 24 for each) Hereford × Angus cows on continuously or rotationally grazed rangeland altered their grazing behavior when provided a protein supplement in late autumn. Treatments included continuously grazed, control (CCON, n = 12); continuously grazed, supplemented (CTRT, n = 12); rotationally grazed, control (RCON, n = 12); and rotationally grazed, supplemented pastures (RTRT, n = 12). Cows in each treatment had grazing time (GT), resting time (RT), and walking time (WLK) measured for 2 years with accelerometers. Bite rate (BR) was also measured. Time distributions of GT and RT differed by year (p < 0.05), being influenced by colder temperatures in 2016. Cattle in 2016 spent more time grazing during early morning and late evening (p < 0.05) and rested more during the day (p < 0.05). In 2017, cattle in the CCON treatment walked more (p < 0.05) during early morning time periods than did the CTRT cattle, indicative of search grazing. All supplemented cattle had greater BR (p < 0.05) than control cattle in 2017. Cattle with increased nutritional demands alter grazing behavior in a compensatory fashion when grazing late-season rangelands.

scholarly journals Life near a city: activity pattern of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in a habitat adjoining Bhubaneswar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19363-19366
Author(s):  
Subrat Debata
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Golden Jackal ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Intense Heat

Activity pattern of the Golden Jackal was studied by camera trapping survey in an urban influenced protected habitat in Odisha, eastern India from January to April 2019. A total of 552 independent photos of Golden Jackals were obtained from 771 trap nights. Although Golden Jackals were active throughout the day, they showed two major peaks in activity; the first peak during late evening after sunset, and the second peak during early morning until sunrise. The reduced activity of Golden Jackal during day time in the present study area might be due to less movement of prey species, intense heat, and heavy human traffic.

scholarly journals An analysis of early morning acth levels in the first case of pembrolizumab-induced adrenalitis as a delayed immune-related event (dire) – case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Igor Alexander Harsch ◽  
Anastasiia Gritsaenko ◽  
Peter Christopher Konturek
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Related Event ◽  
Special Situation ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
First Case ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Dual Release ◽  
One Year

The aim: The levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) are elevated in primary adrenal failure (Addison’s disease) with a peak in the early morning hours. This also occurs under hydrocortisone replacement therapy due to the unphysiological substitution regime. The aim was to study ACTH levels under two different replacement regimens. This is exemplified in a patient with adrenalitis after immunotherapy for malignant melanoma (MM), since (elevated) levels of ACTH and its cleavage product alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) raise concerns since receptors for both hormones can be expressed in melanoma cells. Material and methods: A female with MM had immunotherapy with pembrolizumab and developed adrenalitis with Addison crisis about one year after discontinuation of this therapy (delayed immune-related event = DIRE). ACTH levels were measured hourly (4-8 a.m.) during a “conventional” hydrocortisone replacement therapy and during a therapy with dual-release hydrocortisone. Results: Salient differences between the morning ACTH profiles under the “conventional” hydrocortisone replacement regimen with 10-5-5 mg/die compared to the single-dose regimen with 20 mg dual-release hydrocortisone were not discernible. Conclusion: DIRE could be an underestimated problem in immunotherapy and could put the patients at hazard. Especially in case of an endocrinological DIRE concerning the adrenocorticotrophic axis, life-threatening situations can arise for the patients. As for the special situation with M. Addison and MM, where hormonal feedback mechanisms may cause further problems beyond the normal hormonal replacement therapy, we observed no salient differences in the early morning ACTH profiles under different hydrocortisone replacement regimens.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SENYAWA FLAVONOID DAUN LAMUN Enhalus acoroides DI PERAIRAN PANTAI DESA WAAI KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Icak Darling Rahakbauw ◽  
Theopilus Watuguly
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Flavonoid Compound ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
Flavonoid Compounds ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Total Analysis

Background: The coastal waters of Waai Village are the waters located in Kecamatan Kecamatan, Central Maluku District. The potential of coastal resources in this area is quite a lot of seagrass (Seagrass). Although quite a lot but because of the lack of information related to the existing seagrass so that until now the utilization of seagrass in the area has not been maximized. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid compounds contained in the seagrass of Enhalus acoroides. Method: This research was conducted at Basic Chemical Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA) Pattimura University Ambon. The study was conducted from March 20-28, 2016, with sampling location in coastal waters of Waai Village, Central Maluku District. The method used refers to the Chang method by using AlCl3 reagent. Result: Based on total analysis of flavonoid compound using laboratory experimental method obtained the average flavonoid level contained in Enhalus acoroides seagrass leaves of 3.569%. Conclusion: Seaweed leaves Enhalus acoroides taken from coastal waters of Waai Village contain flavonoid compounds with an average value of 3.5697%.

Aspects of the biology of Caranx bucculentus (Teleostei: Carangidae) from the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
DT Brewer ◽  
SJM Blaber ◽  
DA Milton ◽  
JP Salini
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Important Predator ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
One Year ◽  
Length Frequency Analysis

Caranx bucculentus is the most abundant secondary consumer and the most important predator of commercially important penaeids in the Gulf of Carpentaria. More than 18 000 individuals of this species were collected from 406 trawls during 13 cruises in the Gulf of Carpentaria from 1986 to 1991. The species was most abundant in coastal waters, with a maximum biomass at a depth of 28.1 m. Catches were higher in prawn-trawling grounds than elsewhere in the gulf, and prawns comprised a greater proportion of the diet than is the case for other predatory fishes. Interannual variations in biomass occurred, but there were no differences between cruises or seasons. The decreased catches at night may have resulted from vertical die1 migration of C. bucculentus. Sexual maturity is reached at 110 mm standard length and about one year of age, which is much younger than in congeners. Back-calculated birth dates of C. bucculentus show year-round recruitment that peaks in the pre-wet season months of spring, and gonadosomatic index values are generally higher in the pre-wet season than in the wet season. Gonadosomatic index values remain relatively high (> 1.0), which indicates continuous spawning by C. bucculentus in the gulf. Other large tropical species of Caranx spawn annually, in summer. C. bucculentus fecundities range from 18 000 eggs for a 120-mm fish to about 650 000 eggs for a 460-mm fish. A possible switch is seen in the sex ratio-males seem to predominate at smaller sizes, whereas females seem to predominate among bigger fish. MULTIFAN length-frequency analysis gave values of L∞ = 538.8 mm (8 years old) and K= 0.305 year -1. A growth rate of 822 mm year-1 at L∞/2 is comparable to the growth rates of other tropical carangids. The diet of C. bucculentus throughout the gulf is dominated by epibenthic crustaceans and teleosts.

scholarly journals A Numerical Study of “Hijikawa-Arashi”: A Thermally Driven Gap Wind Visualized by Nocturnal Fog

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293-1307
Author(s):  
Junshi Ito ◽  
Toshiyuki Nagoshi ◽  
Hiroshi Niino
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Local Wind ◽  
The Seto Inland Sea ◽  
Thermally Driven ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Autumn And Winter

AbstractA renowned local wind in Japan, “Hijikawa-Arashi,” is a thermally driven nocturnal gap wind accompanied by fog. The wind is visually identified by the fog along the valley of the Hijikawa River between the Ozu basin and the Seto Inland Sea during the early morning in autumn and winter. A fine-resolution numerical model is employed to reproduce the main observed features of Hijikawa-Arashi. A vertical resolution of 10 m or less at the lowest level is required to express the nocturnal radiative cooling of the land that is required for fog formation in the basin, and fine horizontal resolution is necessary to express a realistic valley through which the fog is advected to the sea. Multiple hydraulic jumps accompanied by supercritical flow occur because of the complex topography. Both moisture transport by the sea breeze during the daytime and evaporation from the land surface are important for accumulating moisture to produce the fog.

Leaf Movements in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Relation to Herbicide Response

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Kraatz ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over The Top

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) leaves and leaflets changed their orientation throughout 24-h periods. These endogenously controlled rhythmic movements resulted in dramatic changes in the percent projected leaf area (PPLA), the leaf area observed from directly above and expressed as a percentage of the total actual leaf area. The PPLA of sicklepod varied more than seven-fold throughout a 24-h period, being greatest during the day and least at night. Control of sicklepod with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] applied postemergence at intervals throughout 24-h periods was greater from daytime applications than from late evening, night, and early morning applications. Percent control was highly correlated with PPLA, suggesting that rhythmic leaf movements and the resulting change in PPLA could be an important factor in determining the efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications on sicklepod by altering the area of the leaf surface most likely to intercept and retain herbicide spray from an over-the-top application. In addition to endogenously controlled leaf movements, we observed leaf movements caused by simulated cloud cover (80% shading). Shading increased the PPLA of sicklepod, suggesting that more leaf surface might be exposed to an over-the-top spray during cloudy periods than during sunny periods.

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