scholarly journals Distributed source pollutant transport module based on BTOPMC: a case study of the Laixi River basin in the Sichuan province of southwest China

Author(s):  
Hongbo Zhang ◽  
Tianqi Ao ◽  
Maksym Gusyev ◽  
Hiroshi Ishidaira ◽  
Jun Magome ◽  
...  

Abstract. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in Chinese river catchments are contributed by agricultural non-point and industrial point sources causing deterioration of river water quality and degradation of ecosystem functioning for a long distance downstream. To evaluate these impacts, a distributed pollutant transport module was developed on the basis of BTOPMC (Block-Wise Use of TOPMODEL with Muskingum-Cunge Method), a grid-based distributed hydrological model, using the water flow routing process of BTOPMC as the carrier of pollutant transport due a direct runoff. The pollutant flux at each grid is simulated based on mass balance of pollutants within the grid and surface water transport of these pollutants occurs between grids in the direction of the water flow on daily time steps. The model was tested in the study area of the Lu county area situated in the Laixi River basin in the Sichuan province of southwest China. The simulated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are compared with the available monthly data at several water quality stations. These results demonstrate a greater pollutant concentration in the beginning of high flow period indicating the main mechanism of pollution transport. From these preliminary results, we suggest that the distributed pollutant transport model can reflect the characteristics of the pollutant transport and reach the expected target.

Author(s):  
Arvydas Povilaitis

The assessment of the type of human activity in a basin area that may cause an impact on the status of a water body is needed for successful implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. Lack of necessary information often makes it difficult to perform the task. Therefore, the statistical MESAW model based on export coefficients approach has been used in this study for evaluation of the impact of different sources of nutrients and organic matter on the water quality in the Merkys River in southern Lithuania. The model was tested on the basis of data from 5 water quality monitoring sites with corresponding subbasin data on land use, point sources and atmospheric deposition. Nonlinear regression was used for simultaneous estimation of the export coefficients and retention. The results revealed that the impact of anthropogenic sources accounted for 73% of COD, 56% of BOD, 90% of Ntot and 78% of Ptot loads measured in the Merkys River. Forest and wetlands contribute from 9.5 to 44% to the corresponding load. The retention in the Merkys River, Basin was found to be high for nitrogen and phosphorus and low for organic matter. Santrauka Įgyvendinant vandensaugos uždavinius turi būti įvertintas konkretaus upės baseino vandens taršos lygis ir numatytos priemonės, padėsiančios pasiekti gerą būklę. Kiekvienos upės baseinas yra sudėtinga ekosistema, kurioje susipina gamtiniai ir antropogeniniai veiksniai. Jie veikia kompleksiškai, todėl analizuojant vandens terpėje migruojančias medžiagas sunku įvertinti kiekvieno jų įtaką. Gamtinių ir antropogeninių veiksnių poveikiui biogeninių ir organinių medžiagų srautams bei jų sulaikymui Merkio upės baseine įvertinti buvo pritaikytas statistinis MESAW modelis. Jis pagrįstas emisijos koeficientų nustatymu įvertinant baseino žemėnaudą, taškinius taršos šaltinius ir atmosferines iškritas. Taikant netiesinės regresijos metodus nustatytas skirtingų veiksnių poveikis upės vandens kokybei. Rezultatai parodė, kad antropogeninių šaltinių poveikis sudaro 73 % ir 56 % (pagal ChDSCr ir BDS7 ) bendro pernešamo organinių medžiagų kiekio Merkio upėje. Žmogaus veikla lemia 90 % pernešamo metinio bendrojo azoto ir 78 % bendrojo fosforo kiekio. Miško poveikis biogeninių ir organinių medžiagų srautams sudaro nuo 9,5 % iki 44 %. Bendrojo azoto ir bendrojo fosforo sulaikymas upės baseine siekia 79 % ir 64 %. Organinių junginių sulaikymas mažas – 9,7 % pagal BDS7 ir 42,3 % pagal ChDSCr. Резюме При решении задач по водоохране должна быть учтена степень загрязненности воды каждого конкретного бассейна реки и намечены меры по улучшению его состояния. Бассейн каждой реки является сложной экосистемой, на которую комплексное воздействие оказывают разные природные и антропогенные факторы, определить влияние каждого из которых довольно трудно. Для оценки воздействия природных и антропогенных факторов на потоки биогенных и органических веществ и их задержание в бассейне реки Меркис была применена статистическая модель MESAW, основанная на определении коэффициентов эмиссии. Результаты показали, что воздействие антропогенных источников составляет 73% общeго объемa химического потребления кислородa (XпK), 56% биохимического потребления кислородa (бпK), 90% общeго количества азота и 78% общeго количества фосфора, измеренных в реке. Воздействие лесов и болот на поток биогенных и органических веществ составляет от 9,5% до 44% общeго объемa веществ. Было устaнoвлeнo, что в бассейне реки Meркис задерживается много азота (79%) и фосфора (64%) и мало органического вещества (9.7–42.3%).


2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Obarska-Pempkowiak ◽  
T. Ozimek ◽  
W. Chmiel

Facilities constructed in order to protect streamS against storm water in the Gdan«sk region are described. The first of them is located on the Rynarzewski Stream (water flow 25 l/s). The stream is the main tributary of the Jelitkowski Stream which in turn drains to the Baltic Sea in the area of popular beaches and hotels. Results of analyses indicate the improvement of water quality in the stream and along beaches in this region. Another facility is situated on the Swelina Stream (water flow 30 l/s). The stream is fed with storm water originating from residential districts. In order to improve water quality a pond was constructed supported by a subsurface flow filter (HF-CW type). After implementation of the system substantial improvement of water quality occurred. In order to protect drinking water intake for the city of Gdan«sk against surface and point sources of contaminants a hydrophite treatment system was constructed in Bielkowo. The system consists of two subunits: wet unit (pond), filled with water all the time and dry unit (extention of the pond), designed for storm water. In the wet unit dams constructed of medium size sand are placed. The system, especially the dams, is inhibited with reed. The drainage systems collect water percolating through the dams, and directs it downstream. The system was constructed in 1997. Since then it has proven a substantial improvement of water quality discharged of inflowing loads, on average.


2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Č Maksimović ◽  
C.K. Makropoulos

In order to effectively manage the wide variety of physical, chemical biological and ecological processes in a sensitive coastal environment such as the Black Sea, current environmental management objectives are no longer sufficient: a new management approach has to address the intimate functional linkage between the river basin and the costal environment. Current water quality legislation requires compliance to emission levels based on the chemical analysis of water samples taken at discharge points, such as treatment plants discharging into rivers. While such measures provide a relative indication of the water quality at the point of discharge, they fail to describe accurately and sufficiently the quality of the water received from the watershed or basin. As water flows through the catchment, rainfall run-off from urban and agricultural areas carries sediments, pesticides, and other chemicals into river systems, which lead to coastal waters. The impact of the Kosovo crisis on the Danube ecosystems provides a poignant example of the effects of such diffused pollution mechanisms and reveals a number of interesting pollution mechanisms. This paper discusses both the effects of diffused pollution on the Black Sea, drawing from state-of-the-art reports on the Danube, and proposes a framework for a decision support system based on distributed hydrological and pollution transport simulation models and GIS. The use of ecological health indicators and fuzzy inference supporting decisions on regional planning within this framework is also advocated. It is also argued that even the recently produced GEF document on Black Sea protection scenarios should benefit significantly if the concept of pollution reduction from both urban, industrial and rural areas should undergo a systematic conceptual update in the view of the recent recommendations of the UNEP IETC (2000) document.


2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faridah Othman ◽  
Mohamed Elamin Alaa Eldin

The Klang river basin is located within the state of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Klang River drains an area of 1,288 km2 from the steep mountain rain forests of the main Central Range along Peninsular Malaysia to the river mouth in Port Klang, covering a distance of 120 km. It originates from the northern part of Selangor, drains the Klang Valley, and finally discharges itself into the Straits of Malacca. The pollution discharges for various locations along the river basin was obtained from the Water Quality and GIS group. The pollutants can come from point sources (PS) such as industrial wastewater, municipal sewers, wet market, sand mining and landfill. Pollutants can also come from non-point sources (NPS) such as agricultural or urban runoff, and commercial activity such as forestry, and construction due to rainfall event. Mathematical–computational modeling of river water quality is possible but requires an extensive validation. Besides it requires previous knowledge of hydraulics and hydrodynamics. To overcome these difficulties, a water quality index (WQI) was developed. The water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical instrument used to transform large quantities of water quality data into a single number. The purpose of this research is to classify the upstream and downstream of the Klang main river based on WQI value.


2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
Chen Xi Mi

Through the analysis on the data of monitoring water quality of typical reservoirs in Liaoning province, the major reservoirs in the province are in the state of mesotrophication or even eutrophication. The main pollutants are DO-consumption organic pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. Despite years of special treatment, quality indexes about such nutrients are still high and they severely restrict improvement of the water quality. On the basis of the primary research, this article analyses the main reason for production of phosphorus and nitrogen, estimates the annual load of non point sources pollution and provides a basis for controlling of the pollution.


2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Droic ◽  
J. Zagorc-Končan ◽  
M. Cotman

The enrichment of groundwater and rivers by nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) and their consequences is one of the most severe problems across Europe as well in Slovenia. Transfer of nutrients from different sources into the environment causes eutrophication of surface waters, nitrate accumulation in groundwater, and others. In this paper, the methodology of the material flow analysis is presented and applied to develop a nitrogen balance in a river basin and to evaluate different scenarios for total nitrogen pollution reduction. Application of the methodology is illustrated by means of a case study on the Krka river, Slovenia. Different scenarios are to be considered: the present level of sewerage and treatment capacities, different stages of wastewater treatment and management of agricultural activities on land. The results show that beside effluents from wastewater treatment plants, agriculture contributes significantly to the total annual nitrogen load. Beside reduction of point sources by means of wastewater collection and implementation of nutrient removal technology, managing agricultural nitrogen in order to protect river water quality and drinking water supply should become a major challenge in the Krka river basin.


2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester J. McKee ◽  
Bradley D. Eyre ◽  
Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Peter R. Pepperell

Water quality was monitored on a spatial and temporal basis in the subtropical Richmond River catchment over two years. Nutrient concentrations varied seasonally in a complex manner with highest concentrations (maximum =3110 µg N L – 1 and 572 µg P L –1 ) associated with floods. However, median (444 µg N L – 1 and 55 µg P L – 1 ) concentrations were relatively low compared with other parts of the world. The forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in streams varied seasonally, with greater proportions of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus during the wet season. Minimum nutrient concentrations were found 2—3 months after flood discharge. With the onset of the dry season, concentration increases were attributed to point sources and low river discharge. There were statistically significant relationships between geology and water quality and nutrient concentrations increased downstream and were significantly related to population density and dairy farming. In spite of varying geology and naturally higher phosphorus in soils and rocks in parts of the catchment, anthropogenic impacts had the greatest effects on water quality in the Richmond River catchment. Rainfall quality also appeared to be related both spatially and seasonally to human activity. Although the responses of the subtropical Richmond River catchment to changes in land use are similar to those of temperate systems of North America and Europe, the seasonal patterns appear to be more complex and perhaps typical of subtropical catchments dominated by agricultural land use.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117862211771544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Barreto ◽  
Santiago Dogliotti ◽  
Carlos Perdomo

The Santa Lucia River basin provides drinking water to 60% of Uruguay population. The input of excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus both from point and nonpoint sources could impair surface water quality and prevent its use for human consumption. The objective of this work was to evaluate surface water quality in small catchments under agricultural use located within this river basin. To this end, 5 streams and 4 small polders were surveyed between September 2008 and December 2009. The median concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the streams across all sites and periods were 770 and 1659 µg L−1, respectively, exceeding in the case of total phosphorus national and international thresholds. Furthermore, soluble phosphorous, the most readily available form to algae, represented 88.3% of total phosphorus. Concentrations of phosphorous and nitrogen in polders were also high. The eutrophication process of this water bodies could be linked to the intensive agricultural land use in the area because the nutrient input from cities and industries was not relevant in these catchments.


2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shrestha ◽  
F. Kazama

Different multivariate statistical techniques were used to evaluate temporal and spatial variations of surface water-quality of Fuji river basin using data sets of 8 years monitoring at 13 different sites. The hierarchical cluster analysis grouped thirteen sampling sites into three clusters i.e. relatively less polluted (LP), medium polluted (MP) and highly polluted (HP) sites based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. The principal component analysis/factor analysis indicated that the parameters responsible for water quality variations are mainly related to discharge and temperature (natural), organic pollution (point sources) in LP areas; organic pollution (point sources) and nutrients (non point sources) in MP areas; and organic pollution and nutrients (point sources) in HP areas. The discriminant analysis showed that six water quality parameters (discharge, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity and nitrate nitrogen) account for most of the expected temporal variations whereas seven water quality parameters (discharge, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and ammonical nitrogen) account for most of the expected spatial variations in surface water quality of Fuji river basin.


2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Tumas

The Lithuanian karst region covers about 1000 km3 in the northern part of the country. This is the most vulnerable area from a pollution point of view. The structure of the total dissolved solids (TDS) shows that the flow of rivers in the karst region is from hydraulically interconnected aquifers. For the last decade (1991–2000) TDS has varied considerably, from 529 to 732 mg/l. The predominant sources of nitrogen and phosphorus within the headwaters of the monitored rivers were diffuse and agricultural in nature. Downstream from the towns nitrogen and especially phosphorus showed both diffuse and point source signals. Contributions of point sources to the stream pollution by nutrients prevail. The time series of monthly dissolved oxygen (O2) in the main karst region river – the Musa – shows the existence of multiplicative seasonality. The trend cycle (1991–1999) shows low levels of dissolved oxygen in 1991–1993, with a similar fluctuation in 1994, 1995 and 1996 (due to point pollution from the town of Siauliai) and a gradually improving situation since 1997. The general multiplicative trend of dissolved oxygen in the lower reaches of the Musa river (near the border with Latvia) is decreasing (within the accuracy limits). The abundance and species of zoo benthos are suitable criteria (biotic index – BI) for evaluation of a river's biological water quality. Zoo benthos demonstrates tolerances that vary among species, the oxygen regime and the pollution with nitrogen. The best living conditions for invertebrates are in the riverhead of the karst region rivers – BI=5.62–6.74 (1991–1999), where pollution with nutrients is caused mostly by agricultural activity. Rare and asynchronous data of biological water quality shows up tendencies that invertebrates prefer less contaminated reaches of rivers.


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