scholarly journals Extracting small deformation beyond individual station precision from dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks in France and western Europe

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1905-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Masson ◽  
Stephane Mazzotti ◽  
Philippe Vernant ◽  
Erik Doerflinger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Normal Extension ◽  
System Solution ◽  
Western European

Abstract. We use 2 decades of data from a dense geodetic network to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels. By combining two distinct methods – Gaussian smoothing and k-means clustering – we extract horizontal deformations with a 95 % confidence level of ca. 0.1–0.2 mm yr−1 (ca. 0.5–1×10-9 yr−1) on spatial scales of 100–200 km or more. From these analyses, we show that the regionally average velocity and strain rate fields are statistically significant in most of our study area. The first-order deformation signal in France and neighboring western European countries is a belt of N–S to NE–SW shortening of ca. 0.2–0.4 mm yr−1 (1–2×10-9 yr−1) in central and eastern France. In addition to this large-scale signal, patterns of orogen-normal extension are observed in the Alps and the Pyrenees, but methodological biases, mainly related to GPS (Global Positioning System) solution combinations, limit the spatial resolution and preclude associations with specific geological structures. The patterns of deformation in western France show either tantalizing correlation (Brittany) or anticorrelation (Aquitaine Basin) with the seismicity. Overall, more detailed analyses are required to address the possible origin of these signals and the potential role of aseismic deformation.

scholarly journals Extracting small deformation beyond individual station precision from dense GNSS networks in France and Western Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Masson ◽  
Stephane Mazzotti ◽  
Philippe Vernant ◽  
Erik Doerflinger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Normal Extension ◽  
Significance Levels ◽  
Order Deformation ◽  
Aquitaine Basin

Abstract. We use dense geodetic networks and large GPS datasets to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring Western Europe. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels. By combining two distinct methods, Gaussian smoothing and k-means clustering, we extract horizontal deformations with a 95% confidence level ca. 0.1–0.2 mm yr−1 (ca. 0.5–1 × 10-9 yr−1) on spatial scales of 100–200 km or more. From these analyses, we show that the regionally average velocity and strain rate fields are statistically significant in most of our study area. The first order deformation signal in France and neighboring Western Europe is a belt of N-S to NE-SW shortening ca. 0.2–0.4 mm yr−1 (1–2 × 10−9 yr−1) in central and eastern France. In addition to this large-scale signal, patterns of orogen-normal extension are observed in the Alps and the Pyrenees, but methodological biases, mainly related to GPS solution combinations, limit the spatial resolution and preclude associations with specific geological structures. The patterns of deformation in western France show either tantalizing correlation (Brittany) or anti-correlation (Aquitaine Basin) with the seismicity. Overall, more detailed analyses are required to address the possible origin of these signals and the potential role of aseismic deformation.

scholarly journals Generative modeling of brain maps with spatial autocorrelation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Burt ◽  
Markus Helmer ◽  
Maxwell Shinn ◽  
Alan Anticevic ◽  
John D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Brain Maps ◽  
Generative Modeling

AbstractStudies of large-scale brain organization have revealed interesting relationships between spatial gradients in brain maps across multiple modalities. Evaluating the significance of these findings requires establishing statistical expectations under a null hypothesis of interest. Through generative modeling of synthetic data that instantiate a specific null hypothesis, quantitative benchmarks can be derived for arbitrarily complex statistical measures. Here, we present a generative null model, provided as an open-access software platform, that generates surrogate maps with spatial autocorrelation (SA) matched to SA of a target brain map. SA is a prominent and ubiquitous property of brain maps that violates assumptions of independence in conventional statistical tests. Our method can simulate surrogate brain maps, constrained by empirical data, that preserve the SA of cortical, subcortical, parcellated, and dense brain maps. We characterize how SA impacts p-values in pairwise brain map comparisons. Furthermore, we demonstrate how SA-preserving surrogate maps can be used in gene ontology enrichment analyses to test hypotheses of interest related to brain map topography. Our findings demonstrate the utility of SA-preserving surrogate maps for hypothesis testing in complex statistical analyses, and underscore the need to disambiguate meaningful relationships from chance associations in studies of large-scale brain organization.

scholarly journals Medical manpower in Europe: from surplus to deficit?

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
Michael van Beinum
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Future Supply ◽  
Medical Manpower ◽  
Permanent Working ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Hospital Doctors ◽  
Western European

In the mid-1970s the Permanent Working Group (PWG) of European Hospital Doctors was formed when it became apparent that junior doctors in different European countries shared many common problems and experiences. The PWG now represents 17 national organisations of junior hospital doctors and is recognised by European institutions such as the European Commission; British doctors are represented by the British Medical Association. The PWG organised a conference in Maastricht in the Netherlands in 1982 bringing together politicians, planners and the medical profession to try to plan the future supply of doctors to match the anticipated demands for services at a time when large-scale unemployment was beginning to appear in a number of western European countries. From this developed a major study of medical manpower in western European countries which formed the core of a conference on ‘Medical Manpower in Europe: from surplus to deficit?’ on 31 October 1991, hosted by the PWG in Florence. Europe in this context was defined as the member states of the EEC and EFTA.

Investigating patterns of in-channel wood deposition locations in a low-gradient, variably-confined alluvial river system

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J Martin ◽  
Carol P Harden ◽  
Liem Tran ◽  
Robert T Pavlowsky
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
River System ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Periodic Patterns ◽  
Alluvial River ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
High Level

In-channel large wood (LW) plays an important role in the eco-morphological functionality of many river systems. This importance has been widely recognized, yet there continues to be a poor understanding of relationships between morphodynamics and locations of wood deposition within the channel, particularly in low-gradient, semi-confined rivers. This research investigates the following hypotheses: 1) LW deposition locations (DLs) occur periodically in relation to the periodic arrangement of morphological features in the Big River, Missouri, USA, a low-gradient, variably-confined, alluvial river system; 2) geomorphic controls on DLs in the Big River exert varying levels of influence at different spatial scales. A large-scale field inventory of LW DLs was performed along the Big River. A spectral analysis was then used to identify periodic patterns of DLs along the Big River and various statistical tests of association were used to investigate the relationships between DLs and morphological variables, and between periodicity (where identified) and morphological variables. The results suggest that under certain circumstances, DLs are spatially periodic, with periodicities ranging from 270 m to 1371 m, and in some cases exhibit periodicity at different spatial scales. Regression analysis was unable to statistically associate periodicity with morphological features; however, correlation and stepwise Poisson regression models suggest that channel-scale (100 m to 500 m) sinuosity, and valley width exert more influence on DLs than other variables. The lack of strong statistical associations suggests that either 1) LW dynamics in the Big River contain a high level of stochasticity or 2) controlling variables were not included in this analysis. These results support the need for better theoretical and numerical models of stochastic LW processes in order to better manage LW in complex geomorphic systems.

Alternatieven en ervaringen met de integratie van bestuur in grootstedelijke gebieden

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 675-682
Author(s):  
Johannes B.A. Van Laarhoven
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Specific Solution ◽  
Administrative Power ◽  
Western European ◽  
Administrative Tasks ◽  
Voluntary Basis ◽  
Administrative Problem

The establishment of cooperative links on a voluntary basis did not seem to be adequate for the administration in large urban agglomerations.  These links are often lacking in actual administrative power, and they can be reduced to the sum of the municipal interests. Large-scale amalgamation of municipalities does not seem to be a solution when one considers the developments and prevailing attitudes in a few Western European countries.  Because of the lack of an integral framework, legally based agglomeration administrations have been created in a number of these countries.They are extra, often complicating administrative levels. The existing administrative levels can often suffice with a balanced redistribution of administrative tasks. Territorial adjustments must be based primarily on functional considerations, but must also be translated in terms of the other administrative levels. A functional redistribution of tasks is, therefore, a condition for a specific solution of the total administrative problem.

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Nadine Waehning ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
Sinan Zeyneloglu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (21) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Marton ◽  
Attila Pandúr ◽  
Emese Pék ◽  
Krisztina Deutsch ◽  
Bálint Bánfai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
European Students ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.

Central and Eastern European states in global production linkages: country-level and sector-level analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Level Analysis

The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.

scholarly journals PMH54 ADHD Among Adults in Five Western European Countries: An Analysis of National Health and Wellness Survey Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. A343-A344 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Able ◽  
V. Haynes ◽  
K. Annunziata ◽  
H. Upadhyaya ◽  
W. Deberdt
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
National Health ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Western European

scholarly journals Analysis of 220 Years of Floodplain Population Dynamics in the US at Different Spatial Scales

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Firoza Akhter ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoleni ◽  
Luigia Brandimarte
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

In this study, we explore the long-term trends of floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales in the contiguous United States (U.S.). We exploit different types of datasets from 1790–2010—i.e., decadal spatial distribution for the population density in the US, global floodplains dataset, large-scale data of flood occurrence and damage, and structural and nonstructural flood protection measures for the US. At the national level, we found that the population initially settled down within the floodplains and then spread across its territory over time. At the state level, we observed that flood damages and national protection measures might have contributed to a learning effect, which in turn, shaped the floodplain population dynamics over time. Finally, at the county level, other socio-economic factors such as local flood insurances, economic activities, and socio-political context may predominantly influence the dynamics. Our study shows that different influencing factors affect floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales. These facts are crucial for a reliable development and implementation of flood risk management planning.

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