scholarly journals A systematic comparison of experimental set-ups for modelling extensional tectonics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Zwaan ◽  
Guido Schreurs ◽  
Susanne Buiter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Extensional Tectonics ◽  
Localized Deformation ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Model Base ◽  
Brittle Layer ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Analogue modellers investigating extensional tectonics often use different machines, set-ups and model materials, so that direct comparisons of results from different studies can be challenging. Here we present a systematic comparison of crustal-scale analogue experiments using simple set-ups simulating extensional tectonics, involving either a foam base, a rubber base, rigid basal plates or a conveyor base to deform overlying brittle-only or brittle-viscous models. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) techniques for a detailed 3D analysis of internal and external model evolution. We find that our brittle-only experiments are strongly affected by the specific set-up, as the materials are directly coupled to the model base. Experiments with a foam or rubber base undergo distributed faulting, whereas experiments with a rigid plate or conveyor base experience localized deformation and the development of discrete rift basins. Pervasive boundary effects may occur due to extension-perpendicular contraction of a rubber base. Brittle-viscous experiments are less affected by the experimental setup than their brittle-only equivalents as the viscous layer acts as a buffer that decouples the brittle layer from the base. Brittle-viscous plate base and conveyor base experiments only localize deformation with high brittle-to-viscous thickness ratios that increases brittle-viscous coupling. This effect is further enhanced by higher strain rates. Our set-ups are most appropriate for investigating crustal-scale extension in continental and selected oceanic settings. Specific combinations of set-up and model materials may be used for studying young or old regions, or wide or narrow extension. Here, natural factors as temperature variations, extension rate, water content and lithology should be carefully considered. We hope that our experimental overviews may serve as a guide for future experimental studies of extensional tectonics.

scholarly journals A systematic comparison of experimental set-ups for modelling extensional tectonics

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Zwaan ◽  
Guido Schreurs ◽  
Susanne J. H. Buiter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Base System ◽  
Extensional Tectonics ◽  
Localized Deformation ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Brittle Layer ◽  
Localize Deformation ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Analogue modellers investigating extensional tectonics often use different machines, set-ups and model materials, implying that direct comparisons of results from different studies can be challenging. Here we present a systematic comparison of crustal-scale analogue experiments using simple set-ups simulating extensional tectonics, involving either a foam base, a rubber base, rigid basal plates or a conveyor base system to deform overlying brittle-only or brittle-viscous models. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) techniques for a detailed 3-D analysis of internal and external model evolution. We find that our brittle-only experiments are strongly affected by their specific set-up, as the materials are directly coupled to the model base. Experiments with a foam or rubber base undergo distributed faulting, whereas experiments with a rigid plate or conveyor base experience localized deformation and the development of discrete rift basins. Pervasive boundary effects may occur due to extension-perpendicular contraction of a rubber base. Brittle-viscous experiments are less affected by the experimental set-up than their brittle-only equivalents since the viscous layer acts as a buffer that decouples the brittle layer from the base. Under reference conditions, a structural weakness at the base of the brittle layer is required to localize deformation into a rift basin. Brittle-viscous plate and conveyor base experiments better localize deformation for high brittle-to-viscous thickness ratios since the thin viscous layers in these experiments allow deformation to transfer from the experimental base to the brittle cover. Brittle-viscous-base coupling is further influenced by changes in strain rate, which affects viscous strength. We find, however, that the brittle-to-viscous strength ratios alone do not suffice to predict the type of deformation in a rift system and that the localized or distributed character of the experimental set-up needs to be taken into account as well. Our set-ups are most appropriate for investigating crustal-scale extension in continental and selected oceanic settings. Specific combinations of set-up and model materials may be used for studying various tectonic settings or lithospheric conditions. Here, natural factors such as temperature variations, extension rate, water content and lithology should be carefully considered. We hope that our experimental overview may serve as a guide for future experimental studies of extensional tectonics.

scholarly journals Application of intelligent orienteering based on Internet of things

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghui Zhang ◽  
Ruijie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Signal Stability ◽  
Anchor Nodes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Abstract Orienteering has gradually changed from a professional sport to a civilian sport. Especially in recent years, orienteering has been widely popularized. Many colleges and universities in China have also set up this course. With the improvement of people’s living conditions, orienteering has really become a leisure sport in modern people’s life. The reduced difficulty of sports enables more people to participate, but it also exposes a series of problems. As the existing positioning technology is relatively backward, the progress in personnel tracking, emergency services, and other aspects is slow. To solve these problems, a new intelligent orienteering application system is developed based on the Internet of things. ZigBee network architecture is adopted in the system. ZigBee is the mainstream scheme in the current wireless sensor network technology, which has many advantages such as convenient carrying, low power consumption, and signal stability. Due to the complex communication environment in mobile signal, the collected information is processed by signal amplification and signal anti-interference technology. By adding anti-interference devices, video isolators and other devices, the signal is guaranteed to the maximum extent. In order to verify the actual effect of this system, through a number of experimental studies including the relationship between error and traffic radius and the relationship between coverage and the number of anchor nodes, the data shows that the scheme studied in this paper has a greater improvement in comprehensive performance than the traditional scheme, significantly improving the accuracy and coverage. Especially the coverage is close to 100% in the simulation experiment. This research has achieved good results and can be widely used in orienteering training and competition.

Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database

Glycobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Srivastava ◽  
P Sunthar ◽  
Petety V Balaji
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Natural Glycans

Abstract A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric linkages and branching. A very large number of monosaccharides have so far been discovered in natural glycans. Experimentally, pathways for the biosynthesis have been characterized completely for 55 monosaccharides and partially for a few more. However, there is no single platform which provides information about monosaccharide biosynthesis pathways and associated enzymes We have gathered 572 experimentally characterized enzymes of 66 biosynthesis pathways from literature and set up a first of its kind database called the Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database http://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/mbpd/). Annotations such as the reaction catalysed, substrate specificity, biosynthesis pathway and PubMed IDs are provided for all the enzymes in the database. Sequence homologs of the experimentally characterized enzymes found in nearly 13,000 completely sequenced genomes from Bacteria and Archaea have also been included in the database. This platform will help in the deduction of evolutionary relationships among enzymes such as aminotransferases, nucleotidyltransferases, acetyltransferases and SDR family enzymes. It can also facilitate experimental studies such as direct enzyme assays to validate putative annotations, establish structure–function relationship, expression profiling to determine the function, determine the phenotypic consequences of gene knock-out/knock-in and complementation studies.

Intelligent diagnosis and analysis of brain lymphoma based on imaging features

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yipu Mao ◽  
Muliang Jiang ◽  
Fanyu Zhao ◽  
Liling Long
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Brain Lymphoma ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Primary Brain Lymphoma ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Prognosis Evaluation

Currently, DSC has been extensively studied in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of brain lymphoma, but it has not obtained a uniform standard. By combining DSC imaging features, this study investigated the imaging features and diagnostic value of several types of tumors such as primary brain lymphoma. At the same time, this study obtained data from brain lymphoma patients by data collection and set up different groups to conduct experimental studies to explore the correlation between IVIM-MRI perfusion parameters and DSC perfusion parameters in brain lymphoma. Through experimental research, it can be seen that the combination of two perfusion imaging techniques can more fully reflect the blood flow properties of the lesion, which is beneficial to determine the nature of the lesion.

scholarly journals Robust H∞ Control of STMDs Used in Structural Systems by Hardware in the Loop Simulation Method

Actuators ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Huseyin Aggumus ◽  
Rahmi Guclu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mr Damper ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Mass Damper ◽  
Set Up

This paper investigated the performance of a semi-active tuned mass damper (STMD) on a multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) building model. A magnetorheological (MR) damper was used as a control element that provided semi-activity in the STMD. The Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HILS) method was applied to mitigate the difficulty and expense of experimental studies, as well as to obtain more realistic results from numerical simulations. In the implementation of this method for the STMD, the MR damper was set up experimentally, other parts of the system were modeled as computer simulations, and studies were carried out by operating these two parts simultaneously. System performance was investigated by excitation with two different acceleration inputs produced from the natural frequencies of the MDOF building. Additionally, a robust H ∞ controller was designed to determine the voltage transmitted to the MR damper. The results showed that the HILS method could be applied successfully to STMDs used in structural systems, and robust H ∞ controls improve system responses with semi-active control applications. Moreover, the control performance of the MR damper develops with an increase in the mass of the STMD.

scholarly journals Performance improvement of the heat recovery unit with sequential type heat pipes using TiO2 nanofluid

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3 Part B) ◽  
pp. 1755-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ozturk ◽  
Mehmet Ozalp ◽  
Adnan Sozen ◽  
Metin Guru
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Heat Pipes ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Condenser Section ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Heat Recovery System ◽  
Set Up

This paper deals with the improvement of thermal performance of the heat recovery system in air-to-air unit by using a nanofluid of TiO particles and distilled water. The 2 experimental set-up equipped with 15 copper pipes of a 1000 mm length, 10.5 mm inner diameter, and 12 mm outer diameter was used. The evaporator section consists of 450 mm of heat pipes, the condenser section is 400 mm, and the adiabatic section is 150 mm. In experimental studies, 33% of the evaporator volumes of heat pipes were filled with working fluids. Experiments were carried out at temperatures between 25?C and 90?C by using five different cooling air-flows (40, 42, 45, 61, and 84 g/s), and two different heating powers (3 kW and 6 kW) for the evaporation section, to determine heat removed from the condensation section. Trials were performed for distilled water and nanofluid respectively, and the results were compared with each other. Results revealed that a 50% recovery in the thermal performance of the heat pipe heat recovery system was achieved in the design using TiO nanofluid as the working liquid, at a heating power of 3 kW, air 2 velocity of 2.03 m/s and air-flow of 84 g/s.

A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Research on Various Autofrettage Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Shufen ◽  
Uday S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spherical Vessel ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses ◽  
Spherical Pressure

Autofrettage is a metal forming technique widely incorporated for strengthening the thick-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels. The technique is based on the principle of initially subjecting the cylindrical or spherical vessel to partial plastic deformation and then unloading it; as a result of which compressive residual stresses are set up. On the basis of the type of the forming load, autofrettage can be classified into hydraulic, swage, explosive, thermal, and rotational. Considerable research studies have been carried out on autofrettage with a variety of theoretical models and experimental methods. This paper presents an extensive review of various types of autofrettage processes. A wide range of theoretical models and experimental studies are described. Optimization of an autofrettage process is also discussed. Based on the review, some challenging issues and key areas for future research are identified.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Dynamics of the Tripod-Ball Sliding Joint With Clearance

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Xiaohong ◽  
Ji Linhong ◽  
Jin Dewen ◽  
Zhang Jichuan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Active System ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Sliding Joint ◽  
New Type ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Kane Method

Abstract Clearance is inevitable in the kinematic joints of mechanisms. In this paper the dynamic behavior of a crank-slider mechanism with clearance in its tripod-ball sliding joint is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The mathematical model of this new-type joint is established, and the new concepts of basal system and active system are put forward. Based on the mode-change criterion established in this paper, the consistent equations of motion in full-scale are derived by using Kane method. The experimental rig was set up to measure the effects of the clearance on the dynamic response. Corresponding experimental studies verify the theoretical results satisfactorily. In addition, due to the nonlinear elements in the improved mathematical model of the joint with clearance, the chaotic responses are found in numerical simulation.

Effect of Rock on Cement Sheath Integrity: Shale vs. Sandstone

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Skorpa ◽  
Benjamin Werner ◽  
Torbjørn Vrålstad
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Degradation Mechanisms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Cement Sheath ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Casing Pressure ◽  
Radial Cracks

Abstract It is crucial to understand cement sheath degradation mechanisms, since the cement sheath is an important well barrier element. Repeated pressure cycling is known to cause radial cracks and microannuli in the cement sheath, and the stiffness of the surrounding rock determines how much pressure the cement withstands before failure. However, experimental data on the effect of surrounding rock (shale vs. sandstone) on cement sheath integrity are scarce. In this paper we present experimental studies on how different surrounding rocks influence cement sheath integrity. We have used our unique downscaled experimental set-up to perform pressure cycling tests with both shale and sandstones, where cement sheath integrity is visualized in 3D by X-ray computer tomography (CT). The obtained results confirm that a cement sheath surrounded by a rock with a relative higher Young’s modulus can withstand higher casing pressure compared to a cement sheath surrounded by rock with relative lower Young modulus. All cracks were initially observed as small defects in the cement sheath prior to expanding to full radial cracks and propagation into the surrounding formation.

Determination of GD&T Features Varying the Setting Parameters of X-Ray Computed Tomography by Response Surface Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 994 ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
Anh Dao ◽  
Ágota Drégelyi-Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Industrial Computed Tomography ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive

Measuring dimensional parameters (such as diameter, distance) by industrial computed tomography (CT) becomes more and more popular because of its advantages such as non-destructive method and short measurement time. However, the goodness of the measured values needs to be evaluated as a requirement of quality control. An aluminium test piece are designed and manufactured for mapping the measurement errors and uncertainties in case of dimensional CT measurements. In this article, the measurement errors are investigated based on the results of an experimental design, response surface method (RSM). Three main factors are varied systematically: the magnification of the CT, the numbers of views (NoV), and the set-up of the scanning mode. In the course of measurement evaluation several GD&T parameters are determined such as diameter of holes, distances between the holes, flatness and perpendicularity. The purpose of this research is to calculate the measurement errors and to determine the factors which have an effect on the dimensional CT measurement process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document