scholarly journals Identification of the geographical extent of an area benefiting from a transportation project: A generalized synthetic control

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Takara Kunimi ◽  
Hajime Seya
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Multiple Treatment ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Treated Site

In evaluating the benefits of an infrastructure project, it is essential to consider who is benefiting from the project and where benefits are located. However, there is no established way to accurately determine the latter. To fill this methodological gap, this study proposes an approach for the ex-post identification of the geographical extent of an area benefiting from a transportation project based on a generalized synthetic control method. Specifically, it allows comparing multiple treatment units with their counterfactuals in a single run—changes in land prices (actual outcome) at each treated site are compared to the counterfactual outcome, and the individual (i.e., unit-level) treatment effect on the treated site is then estimated. This approach is empirically applied to a large-scale Japanese heavy railway, the Tsukuba Express line project. Our approach enables the detection of 1) the complicated spatial shape of benefit incidence; 2) negative spillovers; and 3) the increase in options (train routes), typically not considered in a benefit evaluation system based on the hedonic approach, but which can be capitalized into land prices.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Uniformity of Bamboo Bundle Veneer and Bamboo Bundle Laminated Veneer Lumber (BLVL)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Zhou ◽  
Xin Wei ◽  
Lee M. Smith ◽  
Ge Wang ◽  
Fuming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Mechanical Stiffness ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Quality Evaluation System

The lack of an effective and practical quality control method for industrialized bamboo bundle veneers is the key restriction in the application of bamboo bundle composite materials in the field of construction. In this work, the density uniformity and mechanical properties of bamboo bundle veneers were systematically evaluated by the combination of light transmittance and mechanical stiffness. It was found that the number of broomings, dippings, and high-temperature heat treatments had different effects on the bamboo bundle veneers. On this basis, the uniformity of the density and mechanical properties of the bamboo scrimber (BS) that underwent hybrid paving, and the bamboo bundle laminated veneer lumber (BLVL), were analyzed. The results showed that the performance stability of bamboo bundle composites could be greatly improved by bamboo bundle veneer laminated paving. A large-scale quality evaluation system for bamboo bundle veneers was established in this work, and it provides conditions for the manufacture of bamboo bundle composites with stable and controllable performance.

Integrating Model Evaluation and Observations into a Production-Release Pipeline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp S. Sommer ◽  
Ronny Petrik ◽  
Beate Geyer ◽  
Ulrike Kleeberg ◽  
Dietmar Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scientific Questions

<p>The complexity of Earth System and Regional Climate Models represents a considerable challenge for developers. Tuning but also improving one aspect of a model can unexpectedly decrease the performance of others and introduces hidden errors. Reasons are in particular the multitude of output parameters and the shortage of reliable and complete observational datasets. One possibility to overcome these issues is a rigorous and continuous scientific evaluation of the model. This requires standardized model output and, most notably, standardized observational datasets. Additionally, in order to reduce the extra burden for the single scientist, this evaluation has to be as close as possible to the standard workflow of the researcher, and it needs to be flexible enough to adapt it to new scientific questions.</p><p>We present the Free Evaluation System Framework (Freva) implementation within the Helmholtz Coastal Data Center (HCDC) at the Institute of Coastal Research in the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG). Various plugins into the Freva software, namely the HZG-EvaSuite, use observational data to perform a standardized evaluation of the model simulation. We present a comprehensive data management infrastructure that copes with the heterogeneity of observations and simulations. This web framework comprises a FAIR and standardized database of both, large-scale and in-situ observations exported to a format suitable for data-model intercomparisons (particularly netCDF following the CF-conventions). Our pipeline links the raw data of the individual model simulations (i.e. the production of the results) to the finally published results (i.e. the released data). </p><p>Another benefit of the Freva-based evaluation is the enhanced exchange between the different compartments of the institute, particularly between the model developers and the data collectors, as Freva contains built-in functionalities to share and discuss results with colleagues. We will furthermore use the tool to strengthen the active communication with the data and software managers of the institute to generate or adapt the evaluation plugins.</p>

scholarly journals Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (39) ◽  
pp. 24188-24194
Author(s):  
Thales A. P. West ◽  
Jan Börner ◽  
Erin O. Sills ◽  
Andreas Kontoleon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Control Method ◽  
National Level ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has gained international attention over the past decade, as manifested in both United Nations policy discussions and hundreds of voluntary projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits. There are ongoing discussions about whether and how projects should be integrated into national climate change mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement. One consideration is whether these projects have generated additional impacts over and above national policies and other measures. To help inform these discussions, we compare the crediting baselines established ex-ante by voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon to counterfactuals constructed ex-post based on the quasi-experimental synthetic control method. We find that the crediting baselines assume consistently higher deforestation than counterfactual forest loss in synthetic control sites. This gap is partially due to decreased deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon during the early implementation phase of the REDD+ projects considered here. This suggests that forest carbon finance must strike a balance between controlling conservation investment risk and ensuring the environmental integrity of carbon emission offsets. Relatedly, our results point to the need to better align project- and national-level carbon accounting.

scholarly journals Large-scale sport events and COVID-19 infection effects: Evidence from the German professional soccer ’experiment’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Breidenbach ◽  
Timo Mitze
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Sport Events

Abstract This paper studies the effects of large-scale sport events with live spectators on COVID-19 infection trends at the local population level. Specifically, we compare the development of incidence rates in 41 German NUTS-3 districts hosting a professional soccer match with at least 1,000 spectators vis-á -vis similar districts without hosting a match. Our empirical analysis builds on difference-in-difference and dynamic event study estimation for panel data. Synthetic control method is applied as robustness check. While our findings generally do not point to significant treatment effects for the full sample of match locations, we find some noteworthy exceptions: Districts hosting first league matches with an above median number of spectators (approx. >6, 300) and, particularly, matches without strict face mask requirements experienced a significant relative rise in incidence rates 14 days after the match. We also find that intra-district mobility increases on matchdays in treated districts highlighting the significance of professional soccer matches as mobility-based transmission channel.

scholarly journals Intelligent Control of Swarm Robotics Employing Biomimetic Deep Learning

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Haoxiang Zhang ◽  
Lei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Swarm Robotics ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Pairwise Interaction ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Neighbor Selection ◽  
The Individual

The collective motion of biological species has robust and flexible characteristics. Since the individual of the biological group interacts with other neighbors asymmetrically, which means the pairwise interaction presents asymmetrical characteristics during the collective motion, building the model of the pairwise interaction of the individual is still full of challenges. Based on deep learning (DL) technology, experimental data of the collective motion on Hemigrammus rhodostomus fish are analyzed to build an individual interaction model with multi-parameter input. First, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) structure for pairwise interaction is designed. Then, the interaction model is obtained by means of DNN proper training. We propose a novel key neighbor selection strategy, which is called the Largest Visual Pressure Selection (LVPS) method, to deal with multi-neighbor interaction. Based on the information of the key neighbor identified by LVPS, the individual uses the properly trained DNN model for the pairwise interaction. Compared with other key neighbor selection strategies, the statistical properties of the collective motion simulated by our proposed DNN model are more consistent with those of fish experiments. The simulation shows that our proposed method can extend to large-scale group collective motion for aggregation control. Thereby, the individual can take advantage of quite limited local information to collaboratively achieve large-scale collective motion. Finally, we demonstrate swarm robotics collective motion in an experimental platform. The proposed control method is simple to use, applicable for different scales, and fast for calculation. Thus, it has broad application prospects in the fields of multi-robotics control, intelligent transportation systems, saturated cluster attacks, and multi-agent logistics, among other fields.

Models, Practices and Methods of Reading: Evolution in Time and Space

2009 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Yulia P. Melentyeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Program ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Individual

In recent years as public in general and specialist have been showing big interest to the matters of reading. According to discussion and launch of the “Support and Development of Reading National Program”, many Russian libraries are organizing the large-scale events like marathons, lecture cycles, bibliographic trainings etc. which should draw attention of different social groups to reading. The individual forms of attraction to reading are used much rare. To author’s mind the main reason of such an issue has to be the lack of information about forms and methods of attraction to reading.

Applying Synthetic Control Method to Estimate the Impact of the Lava Jato Operation on the Worldwide Governance Indicators in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 2631309X2110178
Author(s):  
Eduardo Carvalho Nepomuceno Alencar ◽  
Bryant Jackson-Green
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Synthetic Control Method ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Legal Judgments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Of Corruption

In 2014, the most prominent anti-corruption investigation in Latin America called Lava Jato, exposed a Brazilian corruption scheme with reverberations in 61 countries, resulting in legal judgments for nearly 5 billion USD in reimbursements thus far. This article applies the synthetic control method on data from 135 countries (2002–2018) to test the hypothesis that Lava Jato impacts the Worldwide Governance Indicators in Brazil. The findings reveal that Lava Jato negatively affects control of corruption, the rule of law, and regulatory quality. There are signs of possible improvement in at least the corruption and the rule of law measures. This paper brings value to the criminological body of literature, notably lacking in the Global South.

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