scholarly journals El dilema de John Stuart Mill

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Cristián Larroulet Philippi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Internal Contradiction ◽  
Empirical Point ◽  
David Ricardo

This paper discusses the idea that John Stuart Mill supported two intellectual positions which are considered to be contradictory. On one hand, he proposed a radical empiricist epistemology in his System of Logic. On the other hand, Mill defended David Ricardo’s Political Economy, fairly criticized in its time from an empirical point of view. This paper argues that there is no internal contradiction in Mill, as he believes that the method used in Political Economy (criticized for being a priori) is necessary because of the difficulties that rise due to the nature of the study object. Furthermore, Mill suggests that it is the only possible method that social sciences may use. Key words: J.S. Mill, economic methodology, epistemology. JEL Classification: B12, B41. Resumen: Este artículo discute la idea de que John Stuart Mill mantuvo dos posiciones intelectuales consideradas como contradictorias. Por un lado, él propuso una epistemología radicalmente empirista en su System of Logic. Por el otro, Mill defendió la Economía Política de David Ricardo, bastante criticada desde una perspectiva empírica en su momento. Este artículo argumenta que no hay contradicción interna en Mill, ya que él postula que el método usado por la Economía Política (criticado por su apriorismo) es necesario debido a las dificultades propias del objeto de estudio. Incluso, Mill sostiene que ese es el único método posible para las ciencias sociales. Palabras clave: J.S. Mill, metodología económica, epistemología. Clasificación JEL: B12, B41.

scholarly journals Retrospectives Ricardo on Machinery

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
David Ricardo

We are currently experiencing an outpouring of concern both popular and professional regarding technological unemployment. I shall be discussing an apparent about-turn on the subject by David Ricardo (1772–1823), who at different times, even in different chapters of the same book, and, indeed, even at different places in the same chapter, seemed to be on both sides of the argument as to whether technological unemployment should be a matter for concern. In a chapter entitled “On Machinery,” added to the third edition of his Principles of Political Economy (1821), which comprises volume 1 of his Collected Works (1951–73), Ricardo announced that he had become concerned about the possibility, even likelihood, of technical change detrimental to labour’s interests. However, in the very same “On Machinery” chapter, Ricardo also outlined qualifications to show that there was little need for concern. Ricardo’s opposing messages are reflected in contrasting reactions to the chapter “On Machinery.” Some readers—including Thomas Robert Malthus and J. R. McCulloch—understood it as supporting working-class opposition to machinery. Others—including John Stuart Mill and Sir John Hicks—find therein the answer to such opposition

scholarly journals O MÉTODO REGRESSIVO-PROGRESSIVO COMO POSSIBILIDADE PARA OS ESTUDOS DAS CIDADES MÉDIAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
Samarane Fonseca de Souza Barros
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Urban Geography ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
Progressive Method ◽  
Henri Lefebvre ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social

Na atual realidade urbana brasileira, muito se tem discutido sobre o papel das cidades médias nas regiões e redes urbanas as quais estão alocadas. Ao considerar as cidades médias para além de seu porte demográfico, nota-se uma multiplicidade em suas funções e temporalidades distintas que coexistem, bem como uma série de pares analíticos e dialéticos inerentes ao seu cotidiano. Para isto, propõe com o presente trabalho a análise do método regressivo-progressivo do filósofo Henri Lefebvre como possibilidade para o estudo das cidades médias. Apesar do método ter sido lançado, à priori, como investigação da sociologia rural, outras camadas das ciências sociais vêm se apropriando dele, inclusive a Geografia Urbana. Palavras-chave: Henri Lefebvre. Método regressivo-progressivo. Cidades médias.   THE REGRESSIVE-PROGRESSIVE METHOD LIKE A POSSIBILITY TO STUDIES OF SIZED-MEDIUM CITIES ABSTRACT In the current brazilian urban reality, much has been discussed about the function of medium-sized cities in the regions and urban networks that are allocated. In considering medium-sized cities beyond their demographic size, there is a multiplicity in their distinct functions and temporalities that coexist, as well as a series of analytical and dialectical pairs in their daily lives. For this, it proposes with the present work the analysis of the regressive-progressive method of the philosopher Henri Lefebvre as a possibility for the study of the medium-sized e cities. Although the method has been launched, first, as an investigation of rural sociology, other layers of the social sciences have been appropriating it, including Urban Geography.  Key Words: Henri Lefebvre. Regressive-progressive method. Medium-sized cities.   EL MÉTODO REGRESSIVO-PROGRESIVO COMO POSIBILIDAD PARA LOS ESTUDIOS DE LAS CIUDADES MEDIAS RESUMEN En la actual realidad urbana brasileña, mucho se ha discutido sobre el papel de las ciudades medias en las regiones y redes urbanas a las que están asignadas. Al considerar las ciudades medias más allá de su tamaño demográfico, se nota una multiplicidad en sus funciones y temporalidades distintas que coexisten, así como una serie de pares analíticos y dialécticos inherentes a su cotidiano. Para ello, propone con el presente trabajo el análisis del método regresivo-progresivo del filósofo Henri Lefebvre como posibilidad para el estudio de las ciudades medias. A pesar de que el método fue lanzado, a priori, como investigación de la sociología rural, otras capas de las ciencias sociales se vienen apropiando de él, incluso la Geografía Urbana. Palabras clave: Henri Lefebvre. Método regressivo-progressivo. Ciudades medias.

scholarly journals ¿Es posible la mano invisible?

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-247
Author(s):  
Martín Krause
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Invisible

One of the main contributions of economics to the social sciences, expressed in the famous metaphor of the “invisible hand”, ended up being questioned by a good part of the economists. Based on the assumption of an individual maximizer of monetary utility, the social cooperation in which it con- sists failed, and it was not possible to expect it to succeed. However, recent developments in various areas have provided new elements in favor of its pos- sibility, its sustainability over time, and its extension to larger groups. In this work we will consider the recent contributions related to this topic in Game The- ory, Experimental Economics, Evolutionary Psychology and the analysis of his- torical cases that help to elucidate the theory and confirm its concepts. It will be considered how these areas of the social sciences have contributed with new elements to the understanding of social cooperation and voluntary actions. It concludes by stating that the invisible hand failure should, at least, be ques- tioned, and that there is still a large field to be developed in the analysis of these spontaneous orders, although there have been great contributions in recent decades. Keywords: Invisible hand, social cooperation, Game Theory, Experimental Eco- nomics, Evolutionary Psychology JEL classification: A12, C71, C92, D71, D91, H41 Resumen: Una de las principales contribuciones de la economía a las ciencias sociales, expresada en la famosa metáfora de la “mano invisible”, terminó siendo cuestionada por buena parte de los economistas. En base al supuesto de un individuo maximizador de utilidad monetaria, la cooperación social en que ésta consiste fracasaba, no era posible esperar que tuviera éxito. No obstante, recientes desarrollos en diversas áreas han brindado nuevos elemen- tos en favor de la misma, su posibilidad, su sostenibilidad en el tiempo, su extensión a grupos de mayor tamaño. En este trabajo consideraremos las con- tribuciones recientes relacionadas con este tema en Teoría de los Juegos, Economía Experimental, Psicología Evolutiva y el análisis de casos históricos que contribuyen a dilucidar la teoría y confirmar sus conceptos. Se considerará cómo estas áreas de las ciencias sociales aportan nuevos elementos para la comprensión de la cooperación social y las acciones voluntarias. Se concluye planteando que su fracaso debería, al menos, ser puesto en duda, y que hay un gran campo a desarrollar todavía en el análisis de esos órdenes espontá- neos, aunque ha habido grandes contribuciones en las últimas décadas. Palabras clave: Mano invisible, cooperación social, teoría de juegos, economía experimental, psicología evolutiva Clasificación JEL: A12, C71, C92, D71, D91, H41

On Comparative History

1957 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert F. Hoselitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
A Priori ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Social Event ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Social

When John Stuart Mill composed his System of Logic, he maintained that valid application of the comparative method to problems in the moral or social sciences is impossible, or, at best, inadmissible, since it must be based on a priori judgments. Mill founded his objection to the use of this method in social science on two essentially interrelated propositions: the uniqueness of each social event, and the multiplicity and variety of causal factors which may be considered as having a determining influence on these events. Although this conception of the special nature of social events has, on the whole, remained unchanged, social scientists have freely applied the comparative method to the analysis of social problems. History has been outstanding among the social sciences in rejecting longest the application of this method. The main argument against its use was derived from the description of history formulated by Ranke and his school, a description which was endowed with a philosophical underpinning by Windelband and Rickert, who classified sciences according to method into a nomothetic and an ideographic group. History was the ideographic science par excellence, and with the strong historical emphasis that was placed in Germany upon other social sciences as well, there was a tendency to return to the viewpoint of Mill and to regard as scientifically suspect generalizations in social science based on the application of the comparative method.

scholarly journals EN DEFENSA DEL EURO: UN ENFOQUE AUSTRIACO (Con una crítica a los errores del B.C.E. y al intervencionismo de Bruselas)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-49
Author(s):  
Jesús Huerta de Soto
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rates ◽  
The Welfare State

This paper defends the Euro from the point of view of Austrian Economics. Folloming Mises and Hayek it demonstrates the Euro is acting as a proxy of the gold standard disciplining polititians and putting a limit to the growth of the welfare state. Key words: Gold standard, fixed and flexible exchange rates, welfare state crisis, competition among monetary areas, keynesianism, monetarism, Austrian School. JEL Classification: N15, N45, O53, P11, X10. Resumen: En este artículo se efectúa una defensa del euro desde el punto de vista de la Escuela Austriaca. Partiendo de Mises y Hayek, se demuestra que el euro, para sorpresa de sus fundadores, está actuando como un proxy del patrón oro, capaz de disciplinar a los políticos y de limitar el estado de bienestar. Palabras clave: Patrón oro, tipos de cambio fijos y flexibles, crisis del estado del bienestar, competencia entre áreas monetarias, Escuela Austriaca, keynesianismo, monetarismo. Clasificación JEL: N15, N45, O53, P11, X10.

scholarly journals Realismo en la economía: ¿es la hora de la economía humana de Wilhelm Röpke?

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-200
Author(s):  
Jerónimo Molina Cano ◽  
Jesús A. Guillamón Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Siglo Xix

The ORDO review group was an influential German-speaking liberal school made up of outstanding economists. One of those leaders was Wilhelm Röpke, who did a critical review of the political economy development during the social policy period. Our aim is to show its advisability in order to reconsider the role of the state political economy at «the post-welfarist age». Röpkean thought is based on a humanistic approach to the economy, from which he criticized both paleoliberalism and socialism. Unlike other liberal and libertarian ideologists —Hayek, Mises, Rothbard or Hoppe—, Röpke is not against the public intervention in the economy, providing an alternative to the nineteenth century ideologies: the Third Way. Key words: Röpke, Ordoliberalism, Third Way, Human Economy. JEL Classification: A12, B29, B31, D60, P16. Resumen: La influyente escuela alemana de pensamiento liberal que se forma en torno a la revista ORDO cuenta con excepcionales economistas. Uno de sus líderes fue Wilhelm Röpke, quien realiza una revisión crítica de la evolución de la economía política durante la época de la política social. Su pensamiento resulta muy oportuno para reconsiderar el papel de los poderes públicos en la economía de la época postwelfarista. La reflexión röpkeana parte de una perspectiva humanista de la economía, crítica tanto con el paleoliberalismo como con el socialismo. A diferencia de otros ideólogos liberales y libertarios —como Hayek, Mises, Rothbard o Hoppe—, Röpke no es contrario a la que denomina «intervención conforme» en la economía y aporta una alternativa a las ideologías del siglo XIX: la «tercera vía». Palabras clave: Wilhelm Röpke, Ordoliberalismo, Tercera Vía, Economía humana. Clasificación JEL: A12, B29, B31, D60, P16.

Classical Political Economy and the Evolution of Central Banks: Endogenous Money and the Fiscal-Military State

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-667
Author(s):  
Matías Vernengo
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Endogenous Money ◽  
David Ricardo

The paper analyzes briefly the changing ideas on the role of money and banks from William Petty to Thomas Tooke, including the works of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx. It analyzes the role of ideas in shaping the evolution of central bank regulation. Particular importance is given to the Bank of England’s inconvertibility period, from 1797 to 1821, and the ensuing debate in shaping Robert Peel’s Bank Act of 1844, which is often seen as the birth of modern central banking. The importance of the Say’s Law, and the inexistence of an alternative theory of the determination of output, is shown to play an essential role in the policy prescriptions of the so-called Bullionist authors, who won the debates that shaped central banking practices in the nineteenth century. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of what is a central bank according to the dominant (marginalist) mainstream of the profession, and what an alternative conception based on what may be termed classical-Keynesian political economy would be. JEL Classification: B10, N20, E58

scholarly journals Escuela austríaca de economía y principios de antropología cristiana

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-197
Author(s):  
Fabian Lair
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Teaching ◽  
Dynamic Efficiency ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Traditional Morality ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Economic Thinking

The election of Pope Francis reanimated the intellectual debate about capitalism and socialism in the Catholic Church. This paper starts from this discus­ sion in order to analyze the economic thinking of the Austrian School in relation to Christian anthropology. It defends capitalism considering the fundamental principles of a free society and the institutional poliarchy. Following Hayek this paper refutes the critics of socialism toward traditional morality. Finally, it defends the point of view that Christianism and socialism are incompatible. Keywords: capitalism, socialism, dynamic efficiency, Catholic Social Teaching, morality. JEL Classification: B53, H11, P17, Z12 Resumen: Con la elección del papa Francisco se ha reavivado el debate intelec­ tual sobre capitalismo y socialismo en el seno de la Iglesia Católica. El presente artículo parte de esta discusión para analizar el pensamiento económico de la Escuela Austríaca en relación con la antropología cristiana. Defiende el capita­ lismo teniendo en cuenta los principios fundamentales de una sociedad libre y la poliarquía institucional. Asimismo —siguiendo a Hayek— refuta la crítica del socialismo a la moral tradicional. Finalmente defiende la incompatibilidad del cristianismo con el socialismo. Palabras clave: capitalismo, socialismo, eficiencia dinámica, Doctrina Social de la Iglesia, moral. Clasificación JEL: B53, H11, P17, Z12.

scholarly journals La epistemología de la Escuela Austriaca de economía (la fundamental aportación de F. A. Hayek a la teoría del conocimiento)

2021 ◽  
pp. 253-303
Author(s):  
César Meseguer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Outstanding Representative

The exact process of the human brain and mind information and development is still, in many ways, a true mystery. Nonetheless, it seems clear that the evolutionary process enabled the brain and mind to progress from the most basic and instinctive aspects to evermore advanced levels of abstraction, which permitted the generation of increasingly complex abilities and elaborate language. But, how do we believe that the human mind works? How are we able to acquire knowledge and to transmit it? What are the appropriate methods to try and get close to the «real» world that surrounds us? The Austrian School of Economics has made some very interesting contributions to this subject, not only with regards to epistemology but also in the social sciences, mainly thanks to the contribution of the school’s most outstanding representative, F.A. Hayek. The main goal of the present work is to try and make the importance of Hayek’s contribution known, as well as to examine its derived consequences for epistemology and social science methodologies in general, and the consequences for Economics and Law in particular. Key Words: Epistemology, evolution, methodology, ontology, knowledge, sci-ence, method, reason, Austrian School. JEL Classification: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53. Resumen: El proceso exacto de formación y desarrollo del cerebro humano y de la mente es todavía en muchos aspectos un auténtico misterio. No obstante, parece claro que el proceso evolutivo permitió ir pasando desde los aspectos más básicos e instintivos, hasta niveles cada vez más elevados de abstracción, que permitieron la generación de habilidades complejas y de un lenguaje cada vez más elaborado. Pero ¿cómo creemos que funciona la mente huma-na? ¿Cómo somos capaces de adquirir conocimientos y transmitirlos? ¿Cuáles son los métodos adecuados para tratar de acercarnos a la «verdad» del mun-do que nos rodea? Sobre estas materias, la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, ha realizado aportaciones muy interesantes, tanto en epistemología, como en metodología de las ciencias sociales, fundamentalmente gracias a la contribu-ción de su representante más destacado, F. A. Hayek. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es tratar de dar a conocer la gran importancia de esa contribu-ción, así como las consecuencias que de ella se derivan para la epistemología y la metodología de las ciencias sociales en general, y para la Economía y el Derecho en particular. Palabras clave: Epistemología, evolutivo, metodología, ontología, conocimien-to, ciencia, modelo, razón, Escuela Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53.

Ricardo's Work as Viewed by Later Economists

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Arrow
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Thomas De Quincey ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Great Mind ◽  
Thomas Malthus ◽  
David Ricardo

David Ricardo was a peaceful man, well liked and admired for both his intellectual and his personal traits by his colleagues and rivals whether on the Stock Exchange, in the nascent field of political economy, or among the members of Parliament. He could maintain personal friendship and wellbehaved exchange of ideas with someone as far removed from him in both religion and economic doctrine as Thomas Malthus. The intellectual strength of his written work could dominate the thought of such a great mind as that of John Stuart Mill and rouse the writer Thomas de Quincey from his opiumriddled state to renewed mental vigor.

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