scholarly journals ¿Es posible la mano invisible?

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-247
Author(s):  
Martín Krause
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Invisible

One of the main contributions of economics to the social sciences, expressed in the famous metaphor of the “invisible hand”, ended up being questioned by a good part of the economists. Based on the assumption of an individual maximizer of monetary utility, the social cooperation in which it con- sists failed, and it was not possible to expect it to succeed. However, recent developments in various areas have provided new elements in favor of its pos- sibility, its sustainability over time, and its extension to larger groups. In this work we will consider the recent contributions related to this topic in Game The- ory, Experimental Economics, Evolutionary Psychology and the analysis of his- torical cases that help to elucidate the theory and confirm its concepts. It will be considered how these areas of the social sciences have contributed with new elements to the understanding of social cooperation and voluntary actions. It concludes by stating that the invisible hand failure should, at least, be ques- tioned, and that there is still a large field to be developed in the analysis of these spontaneous orders, although there have been great contributions in recent decades. Keywords: Invisible hand, social cooperation, Game Theory, Experimental Eco- nomics, Evolutionary Psychology JEL classification: A12, C71, C92, D71, D91, H41 Resumen: Una de las principales contribuciones de la economía a las ciencias sociales, expresada en la famosa metáfora de la “mano invisible”, terminó siendo cuestionada por buena parte de los economistas. En base al supuesto de un individuo maximizador de utilidad monetaria, la cooperación social en que ésta consiste fracasaba, no era posible esperar que tuviera éxito. No obstante, recientes desarrollos en diversas áreas han brindado nuevos elemen- tos en favor de la misma, su posibilidad, su sostenibilidad en el tiempo, su extensión a grupos de mayor tamaño. En este trabajo consideraremos las con- tribuciones recientes relacionadas con este tema en Teoría de los Juegos, Economía Experimental, Psicología Evolutiva y el análisis de casos históricos que contribuyen a dilucidar la teoría y confirmar sus conceptos. Se considerará cómo estas áreas de las ciencias sociales aportan nuevos elementos para la comprensión de la cooperación social y las acciones voluntarias. Se concluye planteando que su fracaso debería, al menos, ser puesto en duda, y que hay un gran campo a desarrollar todavía en el análisis de esos órdenes espontá- neos, aunque ha habido grandes contribuciones en las últimas décadas. Palabras clave: Mano invisible, cooperación social, teoría de juegos, economía experimental, psicología evolutiva Clasificación JEL: A12, C71, C92, D71, D91, H41

scholarly journals La epistemología de la Escuela Austriaca de economía (la fundamental aportación de F. A. Hayek a la teoría del conocimiento)

2021 ◽  
pp. 253-303
Author(s):  
César Meseguer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Outstanding Representative

The exact process of the human brain and mind information and development is still, in many ways, a true mystery. Nonetheless, it seems clear that the evolutionary process enabled the brain and mind to progress from the most basic and instinctive aspects to evermore advanced levels of abstraction, which permitted the generation of increasingly complex abilities and elaborate language. But, how do we believe that the human mind works? How are we able to acquire knowledge and to transmit it? What are the appropriate methods to try and get close to the «real» world that surrounds us? The Austrian School of Economics has made some very interesting contributions to this subject, not only with regards to epistemology but also in the social sciences, mainly thanks to the contribution of the school’s most outstanding representative, F.A. Hayek. The main goal of the present work is to try and make the importance of Hayek’s contribution known, as well as to examine its derived consequences for epistemology and social science methodologies in general, and the consequences for Economics and Law in particular. Key Words: Epistemology, evolution, methodology, ontology, knowledge, sci-ence, method, reason, Austrian School. JEL Classification: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53. Resumen: El proceso exacto de formación y desarrollo del cerebro humano y de la mente es todavía en muchos aspectos un auténtico misterio. No obstante, parece claro que el proceso evolutivo permitió ir pasando desde los aspectos más básicos e instintivos, hasta niveles cada vez más elevados de abstracción, que permitieron la generación de habilidades complejas y de un lenguaje cada vez más elaborado. Pero ¿cómo creemos que funciona la mente huma-na? ¿Cómo somos capaces de adquirir conocimientos y transmitirlos? ¿Cuáles son los métodos adecuados para tratar de acercarnos a la «verdad» del mun-do que nos rodea? Sobre estas materias, la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, ha realizado aportaciones muy interesantes, tanto en epistemología, como en metodología de las ciencias sociales, fundamentalmente gracias a la contribu-ción de su representante más destacado, F. A. Hayek. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es tratar de dar a conocer la gran importancia de esa contribu-ción, así como las consecuencias que de ella se derivan para la epistemología y la metodología de las ciencias sociales en general, y para la Economía y el Derecho en particular. Palabras clave: Epistemología, evolutivo, metodología, ontología, conocimien-to, ciencia, modelo, razón, Escuela Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B40, B41, B49, B52, B53.

scholarly journals Hayek, las ciencias y la praxeología

2017 ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Luis Luque Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Complex Phenomena

This paper includes the main conclusions driven from a thorough com-pilation and interpretation of F.A. Hayek’s most relevant views on the subjects of philosophy of science, epistemology and methodology regarding social scien-ces. The dialogue that Hayek seems to establish between sciences and methods is particularly highlighted. This dialogue might be summarized in two ways: a «bottom-up» connection, by offering an alternative justification for methodologi-cal dualism and the proper methodological principles for the social sciences, from the perspetive of the natural sciences methodological paradigm in which Hayek frames his human mind theory in his work The Sensory Order; and a «top-down» connection, by concluding with respect to the complex phenomena theo-ries of natural sciences that there exist common methodological challenges with the social sciences, which require in both cases to take into account methodolo-gical differences not covered under the orthodox mainstream methodological paradigm. In this sense an interpretation of Hayek’s methodological approxima-tion to economics as an applied or empirical social science is proposed; which intends to offer explanations about concrete reality, as a necessary complement of Mises praxeology which instead only focuses on pure and formal theory. Keywords: Hayek; Philosophy of Science; Methodology; Praxeology; Pure Logic of Choice. JEL Classification: A12, A14, B41, B53. Resumen: En este trabajo se presentan las principales conclusiones de una detenida compilación e interpretación de los planteamientos más importantes de F.A. Hayek sobre temas de filosofía de la ciencia, epistemología y metodo - logía de las ciencias sociales. En particular se resalta el diálogo que Hayek parece plantear entre ciencias y métodos y que se concretaría en dos senti-dos: en una conexión «por abajo», justificando el dualismo metodológico y los principios metodológicos adecuados para las ciencias sociales, desde el paradigma metodológico de las ciencias naturales en el que elabora su teoría sobre la mente humana en El Orden Sensorial; y en una conexión «por arriba» al concluir respecto a las teorías sobre fenómenos complejos de las ciencias naturales la existencia de retos comunes con los que también se enfrentan las ciencias sociales y que requieren dar cabida en ambos casos a diferencias metodológicas no previstas según el criterio ortodoxo dominante. En este último sentido, se propone una interpretación de la aproximación metodoló-gica de Hayek para la economía como una ciencia social aplicada o empí-rica que tiene como objetivo ofrecer explicaciones de la realidad, como el complemento necesario a la praxeología misesiana centrada en la teoría pura formal. Palabras clave: Hayek; Filosofía de la Ciencia; Metodología; Praxeología; Lógica Pura de la Elección. Clasificación JEL: A12 (Relación de la economía con otras disciplinas); A14 (Sociología de la economía); B41 (Metodología económica); B53 (Escuela aus-triaca).

Environment and Health Research in China: The State of the Field

2013 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 255-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Holdaway
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Science ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractIn the context of this symposium, this article reviews social science research in the emerging field of environment and health in China, with a particular focus on the impacts of pollution. It begins with a discussion of the particular nature of China's environment-related health problems, distinguishing the different challenges presented by diseases of poverty, affluence and transition. It then reviews recent developments in policy and civil society with regard to environment and health, and the extent to which work in the social sciences has advanced our knowledge of these and of state–society interactions. The article concludes with some reflections on the need for and challenges of interdisciplinary and international collaboration in this area.

Social Contract versus Invisible Hand

2019 ◽  
pp. 734-763
Author(s):  
Viktor J. Vanberg
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
Visible Hand ◽  
The Invisible

The purpose of this chapter is to take a closer look at the relation between the invisible hand paradigm that is at the heart of economists’ theoretical outlook at markets and its “visible hand” counterpart, the social contract paradigm as a theory of government. It is argued that in its generalized interpretation as an individualistic model of organized collective action the social contract paradigm consistently complements the invisible hand paradigm as an individualistic theory of spontaneous social order. What Hayek has referred to as “the two kinds of order,” spontaneous order and corporate order, can thus be accounted for within one coherent individualistic theoretical framework.

Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Haller
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Individual

Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations is rooted in his methodology of the social sciences. Contrary to his 18th-century Scottish forerunners he explains both the emergence and the persistence of unplanned social institutions exclusively by the individual pursuit of perceived self-interest. Contrary to Hayek's evolutionary functionalism, Menger's theory is not confined to the explanation of efficient or beneficial institutions. And contrary to Buchanan and Vanberg's constitutional contractualism, it does not require that people form stable preferences over rules.

AFGHAN STUDENTS’ PURPOSES OF USING FACEBOOK AT MIRWAIS KHAN NIKA ZABUL INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, ZABUL, AFGHANISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Abdul Nafi Himat ◽  
Habib Rahman Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Quantitative Research Method

The aim of this study is to investigate the students’ purposes of using Facebook at Mirwais Khan Nika Zabul Institute of Higher Education, Qalat, Zabul province, Afghanistan. In this research, the quantitative research method was employed, and the data was collected from 115 students through a designed questionnaire. In addition, the respondents were selected through random sample. Additionally, the data was analyzed by implementing IBM 24 version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and found out the frequency and percentage of the items as well reported in a table. Moreover, the findings of this research reveal that learners use Facebook for several goals such as for socializing in order to be socialized in a society, getting social information, read news and for educational purposes, but they did not practice Facebook for the aims to pass their time, and share photos with their friends on the Facebook.  JEL Classification Codes: A19, B10, B25, C10, C53

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. xxviii-30
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bloxam ◽  
Ian Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Cultural Heritage Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Research Questions

This chapter discusses a range of current debates into the ways in which Egyptologists are engaging with the problems and demands of moving towards greater collaborations across the social sciences if it is to remain a relevant discipline in its own right. Viewpoints from contributing authors are synthesized into a discussion of recent developments in the field from fresh research across both the archaeological and textual arms of the discipline. The volume considers the extent to which scholars need to be revising and re-thinking their research questions and moving towards greater collaborations within the discipline, and crucially outside of it. Moving the discipline forward is also about including voices outside of western discourses and into volumes such as this. The contributions from Chinese and Egyptian scholars therefore bring a fresh perspective to some current problems in Egyptological research particularly in cultural heritage management, museum curation, and investigating archaeological landscapes.

scholarly journals O MÉTODO REGRESSIVO-PROGRESSIVO COMO POSSIBILIDADE PARA OS ESTUDOS DAS CIDADES MÉDIAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
Samarane Fonseca de Souza Barros
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Urban Geography ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
Progressive Method ◽  
Henri Lefebvre ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social

Na atual realidade urbana brasileira, muito se tem discutido sobre o papel das cidades médias nas regiões e redes urbanas as quais estão alocadas. Ao considerar as cidades médias para além de seu porte demográfico, nota-se uma multiplicidade em suas funções e temporalidades distintas que coexistem, bem como uma série de pares analíticos e dialéticos inerentes ao seu cotidiano. Para isto, propõe com o presente trabalho a análise do método regressivo-progressivo do filósofo Henri Lefebvre como possibilidade para o estudo das cidades médias. Apesar do método ter sido lançado, à priori, como investigação da sociologia rural, outras camadas das ciências sociais vêm se apropriando dele, inclusive a Geografia Urbana. Palavras-chave: Henri Lefebvre. Método regressivo-progressivo. Cidades médias.   THE REGRESSIVE-PROGRESSIVE METHOD LIKE A POSSIBILITY TO STUDIES OF SIZED-MEDIUM CITIES ABSTRACT In the current brazilian urban reality, much has been discussed about the function of medium-sized cities in the regions and urban networks that are allocated. In considering medium-sized cities beyond their demographic size, there is a multiplicity in their distinct functions and temporalities that coexist, as well as a series of analytical and dialectical pairs in their daily lives. For this, it proposes with the present work the analysis of the regressive-progressive method of the philosopher Henri Lefebvre as a possibility for the study of the medium-sized e cities. Although the method has been launched, first, as an investigation of rural sociology, other layers of the social sciences have been appropriating it, including Urban Geography.  Key Words: Henri Lefebvre. Regressive-progressive method. Medium-sized cities.   EL MÉTODO REGRESSIVO-PROGRESIVO COMO POSIBILIDAD PARA LOS ESTUDIOS DE LAS CIUDADES MEDIAS RESUMEN En la actual realidad urbana brasileña, mucho se ha discutido sobre el papel de las ciudades medias en las regiones y redes urbanas a las que están asignadas. Al considerar las ciudades medias más allá de su tamaño demográfico, se nota una multiplicidad en sus funciones y temporalidades distintas que coexisten, así como una serie de pares analíticos y dialécticos inherentes a su cotidiano. Para ello, propone con el presente trabajo el análisis del método regresivo-progresivo del filósofo Henri Lefebvre como posibilidad para el estudio de las ciudades medias. A pesar de que el método fue lanzado, a priori, como investigación de la sociología rural, otras capas de las ciencias sociales se vienen apropiando de él, incluso la Geografía Urbana. Palabras clave: Henri Lefebvre. Método regressivo-progressivo. Ciudades medias.

scholarly journals Causes and Consequences of Coalitional Cognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Cikara
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Coalitional Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Over Time

What is a group? How do we know to which groups we belong? How do we assign others to groups? A great deal of theorizing across the social sciences has conceptualized ‘groups’ as synonymous with ‘categories,’ however there are a number of limitations to this approach: particularly for making predictions about novel intergroup contexts or about how intergroup dynamics will change over time. Here I join a growing chorus of researchers striving to systematize the conditions under which a generalized coalitional psychology gets activated—the recognition of another’s capacity for and likelihood of coordination not only with oneself but with others. First I review some recent developments in the cognitive processes that give rise to the inference of coalitions and group-biased preferences (even in the absence of category labels). Then I review downstream consequences of inferences about capacity and likelihood of coordination for valuation, emotions, attribution, and inter-coalitional harm. Finally I review examples of how we can use these psychological levers to attenuate intergroup hostility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document