scholarly journals It's About Bloody Time and Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-57
Author(s):  
Lolita Buckner Inniss
Keyword(s):  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Legal Contexts ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Complete Account

Time frames relationships of power, especially in the context of law. One of the clearest ways in which time is implicated in both law and society is via discourses about women’s biological functions. This Article is an introduction to a larger project that analyzes legal discourses regarding a crucial aspect of women’s calendrically-associated biological functions: women’s menstrual periods. Over the course of the project, I explore legal discourses about menstruation through the notion of what literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin calls “chronotopes”—a connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships. Temporality, Bakhtin argues, is closely associated with certain paradigmatic spaces, and the combination of shapes, ideologies, and identities. Legal discussions of women’s menstrual bleeding are key sites for the discursive creation and maintenance of certain ideologies of womanhood. These discussions appear in a wide variety of contexts and in ways that either explicitly reference or implicitly index ideologies of female identity. All are characterized by efforts to mark them as narratives linked to other temporally prior or future moments, and are often indices of chronologically or spatially related stigmas and taboos. While legal discourses of menstruation do not give a complete account of the category “woman,” they provide cogent examples of how womanhood ideologies are constructed in legal contexts.

Arctic systems in the Quaternary: ecological collision, faunal mosaics and the consequences of a wobbling climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Hoberg ◽  
J.A. Cook ◽  
S.J. Agosta ◽  
W. Boeger ◽  
K.E. Galbreath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Tipping Points ◽  
Climate Oscillations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Faunal Assembly

AbstractClimate oscillations and episodic processes interact with evolution, ecology and biogeography to determine the structure and complex mosaic that is the biosphere. Parasites and parasite–host assemblages are key components in a general explanatory paradigm for global biodiversity. We explore faunal assembly in the context of Quaternary time frames of the past 2.6 million years, a period dominated by episodic shifts in climate. Climate drivers cross a continuum from geological to contemporary timescales and serve to determine the structure and distribution of complex biotas. Cycles within cycles are apparent, with drivers that are layered, multifactorial and complex. These cycles influence the dynamics and duration of shifts in environmental structure on varying temporal and spatial scales. An understanding of the dynamics of high-latitude systems, the history of the Beringian nexus (the intermittent land connection linking Eurasia and North America) and downstream patterns of diversity depend on teasing apart the complexity of biotic assembly and persistence. Although climate oscillations have dominated the Quaternary, contemporary dynamics are driven by tipping points and shifting balances emerging from anthropogenic forces that are disrupting ecological structure. Climate change driven by anthropogenic forcing has supplanted a history of episodic variation and is eliminating ecological barriers and constraints on development and distribution for pathogen transmission. A framework to explore interactions of episodic processes on faunal structure and assembly is the Stockholm Paradigm, which appropriately shifts the focus from cospeciation to complexity and contingency in explanations of diversity.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide in Macrophage Immunometabolism: Hiding in Plain Sight

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Erika M. Palmieri ◽  
Christopher McGinity ◽  
David A. Wink ◽  
Daniel W. McVicar
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
M1 Macrophages ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to inflammatory signals, immune myeloid cells, like macrophages, increase production of cytokines and NO, which is important for pathogen killing. Under these proinflammatory circumstances, called “M1”, macrophages undergo a series of metabolic changes including rewiring of their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we review findings indicating that NO, through its interaction with heme and non-heme metal containing proteins, together with components of the electron transport chain, functions not only as a regulator of cell respiration, but also a modulator of intracellular cell metabolism. Moreover, diverse effects of NO and NO-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) involve precise interactions with different targets depending on concentration, temporal, and spatial restrictions. Although the role of NO in macrophage reprogramming has been in evidence for some time, current models have largely minimized its importance. It has, therefore, been hiding in plain sight. A review of the chemical properties of NO, past biochemical studies, and recent publications, necessitates that mechanisms of macrophage TCA reprogramming during stimulation must be re-imagined and re-interpreted as mechanistic results of NO exposure. The revised model of metabolic rewiring we describe here incorporates many early findings regarding NO biochemistry and brings NO out of hiding and to the forefront of macrophages immunometabolism.

Uncovering hidden meanings in legal discourse on the elderly: A semioethical perspective

Semiotica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (209) ◽  
pp. 301-321
Author(s):  
Rosana Do Carmo Novaes-Pinto ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Borges Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Legal Discourses

AbstractAging is a theme that has interested philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, educators, and scientists from several fields, including linguistics and semiotics, in which we have been developing our works and to which we hope to contribute with this article. In our text, especially dedicated to analyzing the (hidden) meanings underlying legal discourses to protect the elderly, we link our reflection to concepts developed in the sphere of semiotics and semioethics, with special reference to works by Susan Petrilli and Augusto Ponzio, strongly influenced, in turn, by authors such as Mikhail Bakhtin. Concerning legal discourse, we have chosen to concentrate on the topic related to violence, which reveals the very sad reality of how society treats their elders, which demands the existence of specific laws. We also base our discussion on data provided by Brazilian institutions such as IBGE and refer to the Brazilian Constitution and national policies especially written for the elderly, as well as on the reflections of Brazilian authors who have dedicated their lives to this field of study.

The Preconstruction of Witness Testimony: Law and Social Discourse in England before the Reformation

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Legal Counsel ◽  
Witness Testimony ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Cultural Turn

In this article, I address the use of witness testimony by medieval and early-modern historians of England. Although the idea that such evidence straightforwardly represents the thoughts and feelings of quite lowly people has long been discredited, I think that some part of this assumption still haunts the thinking of our postmodern, or cultural turn, historiography. To put it rather too bluntly: the old, empiricist quest for “real voices” in testimonies has to some extent been replaced by a contemporary quest for “real discourses.” That is to say, the utilization of testimonies by historians often seems to boil down to the careful extraction of the particular discourse under examination—gender, class, childhood—from the legal discourses acknowledged to be inherent in witness testimonies produced in law courts. Now, this is a severely reductionist account, and later I will elaborate on the varieties and subtleties of current approaches. Nonetheless, this assumption that we can simply extrapolatesocialdiscourses about “x” from thelegaldiscourses of the depositions seems to me somewhat flawed, because it presumes that premodern witnesses were simply conduits of discourse, whose testimony was nonetheless decisively shaped by the machinations of the legal counsel. In fact, as I will argue here, medieval witnesses were quite capable of manipulating such discourses, using clichés to tell the court what they thought it wanted to hear. In the subsequent discussion, I will look in detail at two intimately related cases from the Bishop of London's consistory court to make this point more explicit. First, I will relate the basic facts of these cases: the narrative of the events and the procedure of the courts. I will then address the historiography of witness testimony in greater detail, at the same time demonstrating the way in which the examples from the consistory counter the assumptions of this historiography. I will present different ways of reading my own examples using different positions within the scholarly literature, before showing how the case upsets even the most sophisticated of such readings. Overall, I argue that as well as considering the “construction” of the testimony by lawyers and legal counsels, and the “deconstruction” of such discourses by historians, we must begin to think about the “preconstruction” of the testimony by witnesses; their own integration of legalistic ideas into the fabric of their depositions. Finally, I will conclude by considering some of the wider implications of this argument for the use of witness depositions, and for the study of “law and society” more generally in the medieval and early-modern periods.

scholarly journals Looking for heteroglossia and chronotope in New York and London: Pacino and Loncraine’s adaptations of "Richard III"

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Hassanzadeh Javanian
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
Literary Source ◽  
Cinematic Adaptation ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

The relationship between a cinematic adaptation and its literary source has sparked scholarly debates in the field of adaptation studies. Developed by the Russian literary critic, Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), dialogism can shed new light on the adaptation-source tie as it highlights the mutual interaction between the two sides. The present study argues that Al Pacino and Richard Loncraine’s versions of William Shakespeare’s Richard III (1593) stress such a dialogic aspect of the adaptation process. Within this dialogic framework, Pacino’s Looking for Richard (1996) establishes a heteroglossial relation with the play as it seeks to eliminate the gap between Shakespeare and the movie’s modern viewers. Loncraine’s Richard III (1995), however, is marked by a significant chronotopic strategy which situates Richard in new social and political contexts through a change in the play’s temporal and spatial elements.

Transpositions of Spectacle and Time: The Entr'acte in theTragédie en musique

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
BLAKE STEVENS
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vital Effect ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

ABSTRACTThe entr'acte in thetragédie en musiqueis the site of compelling yet often overlooked musical and dramaturgical activity. The term refers to both spatial and musical categories: the space between acts in which rapid and potentially astonishing set changes occur and the instrumental music that accompanies these transformations. Practices in French classical tragedy established a precedent for opera; largely observing the ‘unity of place’ after 1640, spoken tragedy included brief instrumental interludes between acts while the stage remained unoccupied. These intervals punctuated the action and created suspensions in mimesis, allowing off-stage events to occur in unfixed temporal and spatial dimensions. Characterized by Mikhail Bakhtin as a ‘chronotope’ of theatrical time and space, the entr'acte exposes foundational issues concerning representation in opera and drama, including questions of illusion and the status of fictional actions and worlds. This article examines the role played by the spectator's reflection and rumination during operatic entr'actes and the use of narrative reference to shape the awareness of unseen actions presumed to transpire within them. These modes of representation and spectatorship are illustrated by Simon-Joseph Pellegrin'slivretsforJephté(1732) andHippolyte et Aricie(1733). Parodies ofHippolyte et Ariciefurther demonstrate that the possibilities of unseen action had a vital effect on the reception of thetragédie en musique.

scholarly journals Home and Exile in Irène Némirovsky’s Novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-223
Author(s):  
Marta-Laura Cenedese
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Time Frames

Abstract Irène Némirovsky’s novella Les Mouches d’automne (1931. Snow in Autumn, 2007) paints an effective portrait of exile, of the longing for the lost home, and the disorientation that one feels when faced with a reality that is neither recognizable nor understandable. In this article, I analyse Némirovsky’s narrative strategies in relation to spatio-temporal phenomena. My analysis is based on the work of philosophers Mikhail Bakhtin and Gilles Deleuze: Bakhtin’s chronotope and Deleuze’s crystal-image illuminate how the novella’s dominant themes, exile and nostalgia for the home, are irreducible to the clichés of a linear narration and to the simplistic dichotomy home/exile, past/present, and here/there. Instead, Némirovsky creates a productive tension of overlapping and coalescing space- and time-frames. The philosophical framework provided by Bakhtin and Deleuze is useful to unlock and make visible how this thematic complexity is reflected in the novella’s narrative structure. Indeed, my analysis of Les Mouches’s chronotopes and crystal images illuminates Némirovsky’s innovative experimentation in the creation of time–space crossings and a/synchronies, and also contributes to extend further our understanding of Némirovsky’s place within the contemporaneous literary panorama.

scholarly journals Measuring Distance, Pointing Address: The Textual Geography of the 'Poem to Coleridge' and 'To W. Wordsworth'

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Standard Edition ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Literary Exchange

This article seeks to revise our understanding of the development of The Prelude by showing how it emerged from a literary exchange that depended on absence. It was not so much a poem prompted by the closeness of Wordsworth and Coleridge as one born of their distance—one that forged a relationship between selves across a temporal and spatial divide by a series of textual devices. These devices, I show, originated in prose and verse sent by mail—in letters that inscribed and sought to overcome distance by using particular forms of address and marks of emphasis: a shared code elaborated on paper rather than in speech. Among these forms of address, the invocation of the “Friend!” (complete with exclamation point) was of particular importance: taken over from the letters, it became a vital part of the poem’s formal, thematic and textual development. It is thus especially unfortunate that the editors of the most popular standard edition of the poem in the twentieth century chose to remove the exclamation point from this and other phrases throughout the 1805 poem, obscuring a crucial aspect of the origination in writing—as a textual address—of what was called the “poem to Coleridge.”

scholarly journals Circadian Organelles: Rhythms at All Scales

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2447
Author(s):  
Rona Aviram ◽  
Yaarit Adamovich ◽  
Gad Asher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Subcellular Processes ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Potential Mode ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Circadian clocks have evolved in most light-sensitive organisms, from unicellular organisms to mammals. Consequently, a myriad of biological functions exhibits circadian rhythmicity, from behavior to physiology, through tissue and cellular functions to subcellular processes. Circadian rhythms in intracellular organelles are an emerging and exciting research arena. We summarize herein the current literature for rhythmicity in major intracellular organelles in mammals. These include changes in the morphology, content, and functions of different intracellular organelles. While these data highlight the presence of rhythmicity in these organelles, a gap remains in our knowledge regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms and their functional significance. Finally, we discuss the importance and challenges faced by spatio-temporal studies on these organelles and speculate on the presence of oscillators in organelles and their potential mode of communication. As circadian biology has been and continues to be studied throughout temporal and spatial axes, circadian organelles appear to be the next frontier.

Is faster better? Political and ethical framings of pace and space

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L. Amoureux
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Four Frames ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Cultural Texts ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Time Frames

AbstractConsidering the recent ‘temporal turn’ in International Relations scholarship, this article proposes that space and time are concepts that ‘thicken’ one another in several ways, with significant implications for understanding foreign policy and world politics. In the discourse of security and governance, space–time frames work together to facilitate and legitimize certain policies, actions, and reactions, and imply distinct perspectives on ethics. Drawing on the examples of United States (US) drone use, reactions to the event that has become known as ‘Benghazi’, and fears of the global spread of disease, this study investigates how temporal and spatial framings conceptualize effective and ethical security and governance. Arguing that space–time frames take shape from the resonance of political, theoretical, and cultural texts, four frames are elaborated including ‘space–time liberations’, ‘space–time oppressions’, ‘space–time strategics’, and ‘space–time reflexivities’. The article concludes by suggesting that contradictions and tensions between the frames along with postcolonial and decolonial perspectives can be leveraged to interrogate and displace dominant notions of pace and space in the practice and study of world politics, and that this is a form of scholarly and political reflexivity.

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