scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF SOLAR DISINFECTION OF SELECTED DRINKING WELL WATER IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
S. K. Adebiyi ◽  
E. Emoresele ◽  
M. J. Ogbonnaya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Antimicrobial Efficacy ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Pet Bottles

Solar Disinfection (SODIS) has been identified as a relatively cheap method of purifying water against pathogens, therefore providing potable drinking water, an essential component upon which living systems and the human body depends. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of solar disinfection of drinking well water was studied. A total of thirty (30) wells was randomly sampled from six (6) local government areas in Benin City, based on accessibility and communal usage. The well water was sampled using transparent 1L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Standard microbiological and biochemical test procedures were performed to enumerate, isolate, characterize and identify the isolates to genus level. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolate was also ascertained. Coliform test was conducted and counts expressed in Most Probable Number (MPN). The study revealed that Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., and Klebsiella sp. and, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. and Candida sp. were the most prevalent heterotrophic bacteria and fungi isolates in the study area in addition to fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and Fecal streptococci) with 83.33% occurrences respectively. The study also revealed that the overall percentage elimination of the identified isolates was recorded as 42.11%, while the percentage elimination of fecal indicators identified was 50%. It was observed that SODIS was very efficacious with a percentage reduction of above 95% for all identified isolates. It was also observed that SODIS is slightly more bactericidal as compared to its being fungicidal. From the study, it could not be ascertained with certainty whether or not, exposure to SODIS alters a microbial pathogens’ antibiotic susceptibility. The use of SODIS did not completely eliminate all the fecal coliforms found in the studied well water, therefore making it unfit for drinking with regards to WHO recommendation. Consequently, the study recommends the use of SODIS only in conjunction with other water purification methods to ensure potability.

scholarly journals Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) handling features and coliform levels in markets of Maputo City

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Cambaza ◽  
Luis Gazeta ◽  
Elda Anapakala ◽  
Shigenobu Koseki
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Maputo City ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Food Handling Practices

Markets from Maputo City have been reported to have poorly hygienic premises and sellers unaware of the safest food handling practices. This study aimed to analyze associations between some lettuce (Lactuca sativa) handling features and the levels of total, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Cabbage was purchased in the 3 markets. Just before the acquisition, the researchers recorded the source of water used to wash it, if they were sold in booths or on the floor, if they were sold mixed with other products, and if the sellers were wearing gloves. The cabbage heads (42) were analyzed through the technique of multiple tubes to estimate the most probable number. Average levels were 14.43 MPN/g for total coliforms, 13.9 MPN/g for fecal coliforms and 12.02 MPN/g for E. coli. The highest levels of contamination seemed associated with the use of well water, the food sold on the floor, the lettuce sold together with other products and the lack of gloves. The mixture of products only showed a major impact on the level of E. coli (p < 0.001). Yet, all levels were within the satisfactory range, according to the guidelines from The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF).

The relationship between three potential pathogens and pollution indicator organisms in Nova Scotian coastal waters

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
R. S. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Nova Scotian

Fifteen stations, in two estuaries, along the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia were examined between June and September 1981 for a relationship between the concentrations of commonly monitored fecal indicator bacteria and the potential pathogens Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Increased densities of these three organisms were usually associated with high densities of indicator bacteria. Whereas C. albicans and P. aeruginosa occur in human fecal wastes, V. parahaemolyticus is indigenous to the marine environment and positively responds to elevated nutrient levels in sewage. There is also some evidence that these bacteria survive as long or longer in marine waters than the common indicator bacteria. While membrane-filtration techniques for the enumeration of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa proved satisfactory, a V. parahaemolyticus membrane-filtration method lacked specificity and was supplemented by a most-probable-number method. In marine recreational and shellfish waters, these three organisms could complement fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as indicators of human fecal contamination.

Monitoring the Microbial Populations and Temperatures of Fresh Broccoli from Harvest to Retail Display†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. DALLAIRE ◽  
D. I. LeBLANC ◽  
C. C. TRANCHANT ◽  
L. VASSEUR ◽  
P. DELAQUIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Experimental Variability ◽  
Retail Display

Microbial populations and the temperature of fresh broccoli were monitored at several steps of a supply chain by sampling 33 distinct lots of locally grown produce over two seasons during harvest, storage, wholesale handling, and retail display. Imported broccoli was also sampled, but only at retail display. Microbiological analyses were conducted on the florets of 201 local and 60 imported broccoli samples to determine populations of total aerobic bacteria (aerobic colony count), fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. All the samples had mean aerobic colony counts ranging between 4 and 6 log CFU/g, but L. monocytogenes was not detected (limit of detection = 100 CFU/g). Fecal coliforms and E. coli (limit of detection = 20 most probable number per 100 g) were found in 22 of 126 samples of local broccoli collected at various steps of the production and distribution system during the first season. None was found in 75 samples collected in the second season. Fecal coliforms and E. coli were found in 2 of 60 imported broccoli samples. Broccoli temperatures were relatively well controlled throughout the production and distribution system. No clear change in produce microbial populations was evident between harvest and retail display, during both sampling seasons. However, a large experimental variability was found, possibly associated with the high variability of the initial levels of microbial populations on broccoli at harvest.

scholarly journals Investigating the presence of enteric bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in drinking water samples of slum households in Port City Chattogram, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidratun Nur Chowdhury ◽  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
A. K. M. Moniruzzaman Mollah
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Port City ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Unsafe Water

Abstract Globally, unsafe water supplies due to contamination with fecal coliforms are major issues in urban slums. To determine the presence of microbial risk, water samples were collected from three slums in the port city Chattogram and the most probable number (MPN) method was used to test for the presence of fecal coliform. All of the samples tested positive by the MPN test. The highest count was 1,100 MPN/100 mL and the lowest count was 7.2 MPN/100 mL. Water stored in containers was prone to being more contaminated than water collected directly from the source. To understand the antibiotic resistivity of the coliform bacteria isolated from the water samples, antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc method for six antibiotics. All the bacteria were 100% resistant to penicillin-G and ampicillin, and 91.7% showed resistance to amoxicillin and mecillinam. An integrated approach to water, sanitation, and hygiene education must be undertaken when providing sustainable interventions in slums.

scholarly journals Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Live Oysters: 2007 United States Market Survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 2754-2768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo DePaola ◽  
Jessica L. Jones ◽  
Jacquelina Woods ◽  
William Burkhardt ◽  
Kevin R. Calci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACT Two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. Samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (MPN) for total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae, Salmonella spp., norovirus (NoV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Levels of indicator organisms, including fecal coliforms (MPN), Escherichia coli (MPN), male-specific bacteriophage, and aerobic plate counts, were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels were distributed seasonally and geographically by harvest region and were similar to levels observed in a previous study conducted in 1998-1999. Levels of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were typically several logs lower than total V. parahaemolyticus levels regardless of season or region. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic regions were about two logs greater than the levels observed in the Pacific and North Atlantic regions. Pathogens generally associated with fecal pollution were detected sporadically or not at all (toxigenic V. cholerae, 0%; Salmonella, 1.5%; NoV, 3.9%; HAV, 4.4%). While seasonal prevalences of NoV and HAV were generally greater in oysters harvested from December to March, the low detection frequency obscured any apparent seasonal effects. Overall, there was no relationship between the levels of indicator microorganisms and the presence of enteric viruses. These data provide a baseline that can be used to further validate risk assessment predictions, determine the effectiveness of new control measures, and compare the level of protection provided by the U.S. shellfish sanitation system to those in other countries.

Validity of Members of the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Groups for Indicating the Presence of Salmonella in the Quahaug, Mercenaria mercenaria

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. ANDREWS ◽  
C. D. DIGGS ◽  
J. J. MIESCIER ◽  
C. R. WILSON ◽  
W. N. ADAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Relationship Of

To determine the relationship of most probable number (MPN) of the total and fecal coliform groups in shellfish and shellfish-growing waters to the presence of Salmonella in quahaugs (Mercenaria mercenaria), a microbiological survey of 214 samples of the quahaug, or hard-shell clam, was done over 24 months. For purposes of this study, waters were classified as safe for shellfish harvesting by one of two criteria: (a) a total coliform MPN of ≤ 70/100 ml of water or (b) a fecal coliform MPN value of ⩽ 14/100 ml of water. None of the quahaug samples harvested from waters meeting these standards contained Salmonella. Additionally, Salmonella was not detected in any of the quahaug samples meeting the wholesale market quality standard of 230 fecal coliforms per 100 g of shellfish as specified by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. An increase in the total coliform and fecal coliform MPN of the waters more closely paralleled an increase in the fecal coliform MPN, as compared to the total coliform MPN of the quahaug meats. Five Salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella parathyphi B, were found singly and in combination in five (2.3%) of the quahaug samples in this survey.

scholarly journals Detection of both Hepatitis A Virus and Norwalk-Like Virus in Imported Clams Associated with Food-Borne Illness

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 3914-3918 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Kingsley ◽  
Gloria K. Meade ◽  
Gary P. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
New York State ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in clams imported into the United States from China. An epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis in New York State in August 2000 (Food and Drug Administration Import Alert 16-50). They were labeled “cooked” but appeared raw. Viral RNA extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish meats; this was followed by glycine buffer elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, Tri-Reagent treatment, and purification of poly(A) RNA with magnetic beads coupled to poly(dT) oligonucleotides. We identified HAV and NLV as genotype I and genogroup II strains, respectively. Both viruses have high levels of homology to Asian strains. An analysis of fecal coliforms revealed a most-probable number of 93,000/100 g of clam meat, which is approximately 300-fold higher than the hygienic standard for shellfish meats.

scholarly journals Microbiological Status and Quality Traits of Ready-to-Eat Minimally Processed Vegetables Sold in Córdoba, Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Baraquet ◽  
O.F. Camiletti ◽  
C.I. Moretti ◽  
L.E. Rodríguez ◽  
C. Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Minimally Processed Vegetables ◽  
Microbiological Status

Background: The changes and the availability of processed foods have increased the demand for ready-to-eat foods, such as Minimally Processed Vegetables (MPVs). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the microbiological status and quality traits of the MPVs obtained from retail outlets of Córdoba, Argentina. Methods: Totally, 60 MPVs of 12 brands (30 single-ingredient salads and 30 mixed salad trays) were randomly sampled from different retail outlets of Córdoba, Argentina. The samples were analyzed according to international standards for Total Coliforms (TC), Fecal Coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Yeast and Molds (YM). The quality traits (respect to physical and sensory properties) of the MPVs were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed with InfoStat. Results: All 60 MPV samples were positive for TC, ranging from 1.32 to 3.38 log Most Probable Number (MPN)/g. FC counts ranged from 0.30 to 1.95 log MPN/g. Out of 60 samples, 15 (25%) were positive for E. coli. Three brands of mixed trays were positive for S. aureus. Regarding sensory characteristics, the parameters such as freshness, turgid, normal color, decay, and dehydration were compliance in 42 out of 60 (70%) samples. Conclusion: Some MPVs sampled from Córdoba, Argentina showed low microbiological quality and imperfect quality traits.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Effluent-Impacted Tagangu River, Aliero, Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Jega ◽  
O. O. Adebisi ◽  
S. S. Manga
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of abattoir effluent on microbiological quality of the receiving Tagangu River and the susceptibility of the isolates to commonly-used antibiotics. The most probable number (MPN) as well as the Kirby-Bauer method of antibiotic susceptibility test were used and demonstrated the total heterotrophic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli O157:H7 numbers in a total of 30 water samples collected over a period of three months at three strategic points of the river. In accordance with CLSI guidelines, four out of eight bacteria (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter sp.) isolated, demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) against at least three out of septrin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, tarivid and streptomycin. All the isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter sp., Serratia marcescens and Aerobacter aerogenes) showed either high or intermediate susceptibility to sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. The findings indicated that the river has been heavily polluted with the effluent discharges and did not meet any of the WHO guidelines for natural water sources fit for irrigation or other domestic purposes. As such, indiscriminate discharge of abattoir effluent could impact on the microbiological quality and promote increased incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria in a receiving river.

scholarly journals Kualitas Air Sumur Gali Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang Berdasarkan Indeks Most Probable Number (MPN)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randa Novalino ◽  
Netti Suharti ◽  
Arni Amir
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Health Minister ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
Mpn Test

AbstrakDiare merupakan salah satu penyakit yang ditularkan melalui air terkontaminasi oleh agen penyebab seperti bakteri Coliform.  Menurut data Dinas Kesehatan Kota (DKK) Padang pada tahun 2011, kejadian diare di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kecamatan Koto Tangah, Kota Padang merupakan kasus tertinggi di Kota Padang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kualitas air sumur gali di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya berdasarkan Indeks Most Probable Number (MPN) menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Permenkes RI) No. 416 tahun 1990. Sampel penelitian ini adalah  air sumur gali yang digunakan di beberapa Rukun Tetangga (RT), yang diambil secara acak dari beberapa Rukun Warga (RW) yang telah dipilih sebelumnya, sehingga didapatkan 15 sampel. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam 2 tahap yaitu pengambilan sampel air sumur gali sekaligus observasi faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas air dan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi dengan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) Test. Tes ini terdiri dari tes presumtif dan tes konfirmatif yang disesuaikan dengan Permenkes RI. Hasil penelitian ialah 73,33% dari jumlah sumur yang diperiksa tidak memenuhi standar Permenkes R.I. karena mengandung Coliform > 50 pada setiap 100 ml air. Hanya 26,6% sumur yang memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan. Beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi yaitu lokasi sumber pencemaran, dinding parapet, drainase, tutup sumur dan sarana pengambilan air.Kata kunci: kualitas air sumur gali, MPN, coliform AbstractDiarrhea is one of the diseases that  transmitted through contaminated water by causative agent, one of which is coliform bacteria. According to data from City Health Department Padang in 2011, the incidence of diarrhea in Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kecamatan Koto Tangah – Padang is the highest case in the city of Padang. The objective of this study was to determine the water quality of wells dug in Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya by Most Probable Number Index (MPN) according regulation of Indonesian health minister. The 15 samples was water of dug well  in some of the RT households from several neighborhoods that was selected. The research was conducted in two stages, dug well water samples as well as observation of the factors that affect water quality and microbiological examination of the Most Probable Number method (MPN) Test. This test consists of presumptive tests and confirmative tests that were tailored to regulation of Indonesian health minister.  The result were 73.33% of the wells tested did not meet the standards of Indonesian health minister regulation, because it contains >50 coliform in every 100 ml of water. Only 26.6% of the wells were inspected to meet the standards set. Several factors can affect the location of sources of pollution, parapet walls, drainage or sewer water, cover the wells, and water collection facilities.Keywords: dug well water quality, MPN, coliform

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