Aging of Tire Parts during Service. II. Aging of Belt-Skim Rubbers in Passenger Tires

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kaidou ◽  
A. Ahagon
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Rubber Part ◽  
Higher Temperature

Abstract The belt-skim rubber of a passenger-car tire has changes in its tensile properties, M100 and λb, during service in the field. The changes are larger in higher temperature fields with an equivalent duration. It can be interpreted that the changes are caused simply by oxidative crosslinking similar to that which takes place on aging rubber sheets in an air oven at relatively low temperatures, below 100°C. The belt-skim compound showing better aging resistance in the laboratory also shows better aging resistance when used in a tire. Therefore, the aging characteristics of the rubber part in a tire can be satisfactorily predicted. The Arrhenius equations with the same activation energy can be used for the aging of a rubber in the laboratory and in the tires by introducing a factor to the tire equation. The factor is added to the atmospheric temperature to correct for a difference; however, it was found to be slight in the present case.

scholarly journals Reaction of caa3-type terminal cytochrome oxidase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 with oxygen and carbon monoxide at low temperatures

1984 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Sone ◽  
A Naqui ◽  
C Kumar ◽  
B Chance
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Thermophilic Bacterium ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Compound A ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Higher Temperature

Reaction of O2 and CO with a caa3-type terminal cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 grown with high aeration was studied at low temperatures. The CO recombination at the temperature range studied (−50 degrees C to −80 degrees C) followed first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 29.3 kJ/mol (7.0 kcal/mol). In the presence of O2 at −113 degrees C the photolysed reduced form binds O2 to form an ‘oxy’ intermediate similar to Compound A. At a higher temperature (-97 degrees C) another intermediate, similar to Compound B, is formed as a result of electron transfer from the enzyme to the liganded O2.

scholarly journals Investigation of the tensile properties of solid mercury and a comparison with those of other metals at low temperatures

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (888) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Metals And Alloys ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Tension Tests

The mechanical properties of metals at temperatures approaching their melting points present a field of investigation which has not yet been adequately explored. Experimental procedure will vary according to the melting point of the metal. With the exception of mercury, all metals have a melting point considerably above atmospheric temperature. Mercury, however, freezes at —39⋅7° C and, on this account, it is comparatively easy to carry out tension tests at temperatures close to the melting point. The present investigation deals with the strength of mercury under such conditions and a comparison is made with several other metals and alloys at similar temperatures, namely, from 17° C to —130° C.

INVAR M93

Alloy Digest ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Precision Alloys ◽  
Ni Alloy

Abstract Invar is an Fe-Ni alloy with 36% Ni content that exhibits the lowest expansion of known metals from very low temperatures up to approximately 230 deg C (445 deg F). Invar M93 is a cryogenic Invar with improved weldability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear and bend strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on low temperature performance as well as forming and joining. Filing Code: FE-143. Producer or source: Metalimphy Precision Alloys.

NITRALLOY 125

Alloy Digest ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Special Alloy

Abstract NITRALLOY 125 (0.20-0.30% C) is a special alloy steel which can be nitrided, that is, surface hardened, without final quenching, by the action of ammonia gas at relatively low temperatures. Nitralloy 125 is also known as Nitralloy H. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-61. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

HISTAR 355

Alloy Digest ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Yield Strength

Abstract Histar 355 is a structural steel combining high yield strength (355 MPa minimum) with excellent toughness at low temperatures and outstanding weldability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-731. Producer or source: ArcelorMittal and ArcelorMittal Luxembourg.

Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon-Aluminum thin Films: IN-SITU Observation and Thermal Analysis.

1991 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyohiko J. Konno ◽  
Robert Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Sputter Deposited

ABSTRACTThe crystallization of sputter-deposited Si/Al amorphous alloys was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In-situ high-resolution TEM reveals the existence of an Al layer between the amorphous matrix and the growing crystalline phase. The activation energy for the growth is about 1.2eV, roughly corresponding to the activation energy of Si diffusion in Al. These two observations support the view that a crystallization mechanism, in which an Al buffer layer provides the shortest reaction path, is responsible for the reaction. The product microstructure exhibits secondary crystallization at a higher temperature.

Oxygen diffusion in amorphous and partially crystalline gallium oxide

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 4268-4275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra von der Heiden ◽  
Manuel Bornhöfft ◽  
Joachim Mayer ◽  
Manfred Martin
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Oxygen Diffusion ◽  
Gallium Oxide ◽  
Tracer Diffusion ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Tracer Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Oxygen Tracer

We established a TTT diagram of crystallisation of gallium oxide. Determination of oxygen tracer diffusion coefficients by IEDP/ToF-SIMS allowed us to access the activation energy for amorphous GaO1.5 at low temperatures.

On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Solid Body ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Transparent Liquid ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Crystalline Mass

The experiments of which the results are detailed in this paper, were made principally on the fluid which is found to be deposited in considerable quantity when oil-gas is compressed. This fluid, as obtained at the works of the Portable Oil-gas Company, is colourless, of a specific gravity less than that of water; insoluble in water except in very minute quantities; soluble in alcohol, ether, oils, &c.; and combustible, burning with a dense flame. It is strikingly distinguished from the oil from which it originated, by not being acted upon to any extent by solutions of the alkalies. Part of this fluid is very volatile, causing the appearance of ebullition at temperatures of 50° or 60°; other parts are more fixed, requiring even 250°, or above, for ebullition. By repeated distillations a series of products were obtained from the most to the least volatile, the most abundant being such as occurred from 170° to 200°. On subjecting these, after numerous rectifications, to a low temperature, it was found that some of them concreted into a crystalline mass, and ultimately a substance was obtained from them, principally by pressure at low temperatures, which upon examination proved to be a new compound of carbon and hydrogen. At common temperatures it appears as a colourless transparent liquid, of specific gravity 0·85, at 60°; having the general odour of oil-gas. Below 42° it is a solid body, forming dendritical transparent crystals, and contracting much during its congelation. At 0° it appears as a white or transparent substance, brittle, pulverulent, and of the hardness nearly of loaf-sugar. It evaporates entirely in the air: when raised to 186° it boils, furnishing a vapour, which has a specific gravity of 40, compared to hydrogen as 1. At a higher temperature the vapour is decomposed, depositing carbon. The substance is combustible, liberating charcoal if oxygen be not abundantly present. Potassium exerts no action upon it below 186°.

Studies on the manufacture of sweet cream starter butter: II. Effect of variation in proportion of starter added to cream

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. McDowall ◽  
J. A. Singleton ◽  
B. S. Le Heron
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Higher Temperature

SummaryProduction of diacetyl and acetoin by starters in cold skim-milk and cream was shown to increase with increase in the proportion of starter culture added, with some limitations at the higher rates of starter addition.With Streptococcus diacetilactis starter in skim-milk at 50°F the relation between proportion of starter added and production of diacetyl was linear up to addition at the 4% level, whereas at 43°F it was approximately linear up to the 10% level. At both 50 and 43°F the relation between the proportion of starter added and the production of acetoin was linear up to the 10% level.With Camb starter in skim-milk at both 50 and 43°F there were regular increases in production of diacetyl up to the 4% level of addition, but only minor changes thereafter with increase in the proportion of starter added up to 10%. At both temperatures the maximum production of acetoin was reached with the 7% rate of addition.Production of diacetyl and acetoin in skim-milk was greater at 50°F than at 43°F with both starters for all proportions up to 10%, and it was greater for Str. diacetilactis than for the mixed cultures.Except at the higher rates of addition of starter and at the higher temperature there were no concomitant increases in the acidity of the milk or lowering of the pH values. It appears that at low temperatures production of diacetyl by starters in sweet milk and cream proceeds independently of production of lactic acid.Similar results were obtained in a series of experimental buttermaking trials and some small commercial-scale trials, in which varying proportions of starter were added to creams after pasteurizing and before holding overnight for churning. With the cream-holding temperatures used, mainly 40–50°F, the pH values of the butters were not appreciably lowered by the starter additions to the cream. At all the rates of addition there were with Str. diacetilactis starter higher contents of diacetyl in the butter than with Camb starter. There was no indication of any relationship between the proportion of starter added and the keeping quality of the butter.

THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE VAPOUR. II.

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Giguère
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Quartz Surface ◽  
First Order ◽  
Acid Washing ◽  
Reaction Vessels ◽  
Low Pressures

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapour has been investigated at low pressures (5 to 6 mm.) in the temperature range 50° to 420 °C., for the purpose of determining the effect of the nature and treatment of the active surfaces. The reaction was followed in an all-glass apparatus and, except in one case, with one-litre round flasks as reaction vessels. Soft glass, Pyrex, quartz, and metallized surfaces variously treated were used. In most cases the decomposition was found to be mainly of the first order but the rates varied markedly from one vessel to another, even with vessels made of the same type of glass. On a quartz surface the decomposition was preceded by an induction period at low temperatures. Fusing the glass vessels slowed the reaction considerably and increased its apparent activation energy; this effect was destroyed by acid washing. Attempts to poison the surface with hydrocyanic acid gave no noticeable result. The marked importance of surface effects at all temperatures is considered as an indication that the reaction was predominantly heterogeneous under the prevailing conditions. Values ranging from 8 to 20 kcal. were found for the apparent energy of activation. It is concluded that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapour is not very specific as far as the nature of the catalyst is concerned.

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