scholarly journals Identification of the Real Value of Digital Assets for Accounting Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Andrii A. Makurin ◽  
Tetiana O. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Currency ◽  
The Real ◽  
Consumer Value ◽  
Direct Dependence ◽  
New Type ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Attribute Value

The study involves identifying approaches to estimating the real value of digital assets received by an enterprise, controlled by it, and accounted for at a particular cost. The main purpose of the study is to identify the parameters of estimating the value of the received asset from the type of operations (mining, barter). The study uses the method of description, which allowed to establish certain features of the accounting reflection of cryptocurrency in accounting depending on the type of transaction, recognition, and valuation of such an asset. The study analysed the main operations involving cryptocurrency. It is established that upon transactions with virtual currencies, cryptocurrency, digital assets, special attention should be paid to measuring the consumer value of certain goods (assets). Different approaches to the application of measuring the consumer value of assets are analysed. The possibilities of applying the main types of value are considered, it is established that none of them exhaustively covers the essence of measuring the consumer value of digital assets, virtual currency, and cryptocurrency. The introduction of a new type of value as attributive is proposed and substantiated. The main options for cryptocurrency valuation depending on transactions with such assets are disclosed and options for using a certain type of valuation are recommended. The study provides the calculation of the attributive value depending on certain types of operations. It is established that the proposed attributive value reflects a direct dependence on income and sales of the asset, the cost of such an asset, and its recognition for tax purposes. The study provides a real example of calculating and applying the attribute value of a Bitcoin Cash coin for reporting during the revaluation of an asset

scholarly journals Display of cryptocurrency in accounting

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Andrii Makurin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Digital Assets

The purpose of the research to determine the main features of the use of cryptocurrency and its identification as an object in the account. A comparative description of cryptocurrencies, electronic money and paper money is given. It has been established that there are no grounds to classify various types of cryptocurrencies in the accounting system as ordinary currencies or assets in a given period of time because they: are not regulated by any jurisdictions; it is not possible to identify the issuer or the specific organization responsible for its issuance; cryptocurrency exists only in the virtual Internet environment. Methods. General scientific methods and approaches, systematic approach, general research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison), statistical methods. Results. The list of stages for reflection of activity of the business entity with use of cryptocurrency is offered and considered. The mining process is analysed and the list of cost items for the extraction of new digital coins is highlighted. The variant on reflection in the account of operations with cryptocurrency on accounts of accounting is offered. There are options for reflection in the accounting of cryptocurrency depending on its recognition: virtual goods, intangible assets, financial investments, digital money. To calculate the cost of cryptocurrency obtained by self-extraction, it is necessary to consider the main costs that need to be identified and reflected in the account. In addition to cryptocurrency, you can extract altcoins, lightcoins or convert cryptocurrencies into stablecoins, which cannot be extracted, but can only be purchased. The article presents the main aspects of calculating the cost, which include: the cost of electricity for individuals and legal entities in the country; the cost of the necessary equipment, its depreciation and maintenance, depreciation; residual value at which you can sell old mining equipment; hash – the speed of solving mathematical problems with one or another equipment; network load and production complexity; monetary value or exchange rate of a particular cryptocurrency or digital assets. Practical meaning. Despite all the scientific developments, the issue of accounting for cryptocurrency from the point of view of IFRS is quite debatable. On the one hand, most propose to account for it as a specific intangible asset. Virtual currency is a huge amount of computing power and digital assets. At this stage of technological development of mankind, cryptocurrency is gaining a stable position in the international market. Prospects for further research. Rapid development is causing further capacity growth and interest, but may eventually lead to collapse. However, if the price stability of the cryptocurrency is achieved, it can be used in international transactions, not just for speculative gain. However, this issue will be directly related to the legalization of the new currency and its recognition by central banks as a means of exchange or storage of money. There is a need for further research to understand the basic conditions for the use of digital currency in the payments market.

Increasing Patient Charges in the National Health Service: A Method of Privatizing Primary Care

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
National Health ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTFrequent increases in the real value of National Health Service (NHS) patient charges have been made since the Conservative Party's return to office in 1979. For those patients subject to these charges the increases have led to a substantial reduction in the level of subsidization of the cost of the service. The rationale for the subsidization of health care is shown to be unrelated to ‘ability to pay’ considerations. Consequently the ‘backdoor privatization’ of these services is inconsistent with the objectives of the NHS even though the Government has continually committed itself to these objectives. Alternative policies to increasing patient charges are suggested which would encourage the efficient use of NHS resources without compromising NHS objectives.

scholarly journals Land as a Factor of Production and Scarce Resource

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Jughaiman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Real ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Price Growth ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Systematic Random Sample

Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study is to explore the real value of land and the unfavourable factors that affects the demand and supply of land. The study aims to prove my theory about land. This theory suggests that all natural resource gains its logic of ‘buying and selling’ by employing all other resources to limit the demand of land in production activities. Method: Two Surveys was designed from two stage stratified random sampling. The primary sampling units were selected from the main sample frame (1328, 1704 regions from 2600, 36196 regions, respectively). The final sampling units were selected randomly from the primary sampling units (12,12 families from every 1328,1704 regions, respectively) using a systematic random sample. Findings: For a chosen city, the price growth rate of land is 93.77 % yearly for residential areas and 118.98% yearly for commercial areas. However, this has exceeded the cost and the price growth rate of construction materials and has resulted to the inflation of other materials. This explains clearly why around 83.15% planned areas and 198.23% unplanned areas are raw land. Here, much less than 29.47% of the population owns a house without loan. Conclusion: Conclusively, for a market in equilibrium at a certain price, the limitation of the demand of land in production activity will make the free supply curve more elastic. It was proven that if we deactivate the nonproduction (re-sale) demand of land for a market in equilibrium at a certain price, the supply of land will be greater than the demand of land. In addition, there will be no significant output unless we consider the real value of land as a part of a house or a project.

Radiation synovectomy of the knee joint

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
M. Puille ◽  
D. Steiner ◽  
R. Bauer ◽  
R. Klett
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Radiation Synovectomy ◽  
Real Activity ◽  
Anterior View ◽  
Inguinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Real Value

Summary Aim: Multiple procedures for the quantification of activity leakage in radiation synovectomy of the knee joint have been described in the literature. We compared these procedures considering the real conditions of dispersion and absorption using a corpse phantom. Methods: We simulated different distributions of the activity in the knee joint and a different extra-articular spread into the inguinal lymph nodes. The activity was measured with a gammacamera. Activity leakage was calculated by measuring the retention in the knee joint only using an anterior view, using the geometric mean of anterior and posterior views, or using the sum of anterior and posterior views. The same procedures were used to quantify the activity leakage by measuring the activity spread into the inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, the influence of scattered rays was evaluated. Results: For several procedures we found an excellent association with the real activity leakage, shown by an r² between 0.97 and 0.98. When the real value of the leakage is needed, e. g. in dosimetric studies, simultaneously measuring of knee activity and activity in the inguinal lymph nodes in anterior and posterior views and calculation of the geometric mean with exclusion of the scatter rays was found to be the procedure of choice. Conclusion: When measuring of activity leakage is used for dosimetric calculations, the above-described procedure should be used. When the real value of the leakage is not necessary, e. g. for comparing different therapeutic modalities, several of the procedures can be considered as being equivalent.

The 'Real' Value of Conflicted Analyst Coverage

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey E. Jacobsen ◽  
Irina Stefanescu ◽  
Xiaoyun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Analyst Coverage ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Value

The Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-school Peanut Oral Immunotherapy in the Real World Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Shaker ◽  
Edmond S. Chan ◽  
Jennifer LP. Protudjer ◽  
Lianne Soller ◽  
Elissa M. Abrams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Real World ◽  
Oral Immunotherapy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
The Cost

Sorting permutations by fragmentation-weighted operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexsandro Oliveira Alexandrino ◽  
Carla Negri Lintzmayer ◽  
Zanoni Dias
Keyword(s):  
Approximation Algorithms ◽  
Computational Biology ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Evolutionary Distance ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Approximation Factor ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Cost

One of the main problems in Computational Biology is to find the evolutionary distance among species. In most approaches, such distance only involves rearrangements, which are mutations that alter large pieces of the species’ genome. When we represent genomes as permutations, the problem of transforming one genome into another is equivalent to the problem of Sorting Permutations by Rearrangement Operations. The traditional approach is to consider that any rearrangement has the same probability to happen, and so, the goal is to find a minimum sequence of operations which sorts the permutation. However, studies have shown that some rearrangements are more likely to happen than others, and so a weighted approach is more realistic. In a weighted approach, the goal is to find a sequence which sorts the permutations, such that the cost of that sequence is minimum. This work introduces a new type of cost function, which is related to the amount of fragmentation caused by a rearrangement. We present some results about the lower and upper bounds for the fragmentation-weighted problems and the relation between the unweighted and the fragmentation-weighted approach. Our main results are 2-approximation algorithms for five versions of this problem involving reversals and transpositions. We also give bounds for the diameters concerning these problems and provide an improved approximation factor for simple permutations considering transpositions.

Prototype of Compact Flexural Fatigue Testing Machine

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 350-354
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azrie Husainy Mohd Jasri ◽  
Mohd Afendi ◽  
A.H.M. Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Motion Sensor ◽  
Flexural Fatigue ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dynamic Fatigue

The purpose of this project is to build a prototype of compact flexural fatigue testing machine and to strive for an easy working-environment as required by the users besides cutting the cost of the machining. This particular project is about to build the prototype of compact flexural fatigue testing machine in compact mode. In this project, the prototype will be functioning 60% similar to the real fatigue machine which is Dynamic Fatigue Testing Machine (INSTRON) due to timer counter, frequency and load applied. But the new invention is this prototype was using the concept of electromagnetic force relay that will apply to the specimen using the application of basic electronics. The motion sensor also being applied to this prototype to achieve accurate results when the specimen breaks up after undergoes a fatigue failure.

Comparison of Ellipsoidal and Parabolic Mirror Systems in Fluorimetry and Room Temperature Phosphorimetry

1979 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Walden ◽  
J. D. Winefordner
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Parabolic Mirror ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Value

The use of ellipsoidal and parabolic mirrors to increase the collection efficiency of sample luminescence is demonstrated for small volume samples. The results indicate that the real value of such systems is in the cases in which dilution to larger volumes is not desirable.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document