scholarly journals Display of cryptocurrency in accounting

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Andrii Makurin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Digital Assets

The purpose of the research to determine the main features of the use of cryptocurrency and its identification as an object in the account. A comparative description of cryptocurrencies, electronic money and paper money is given. It has been established that there are no grounds to classify various types of cryptocurrencies in the accounting system as ordinary currencies or assets in a given period of time because they: are not regulated by any jurisdictions; it is not possible to identify the issuer or the specific organization responsible for its issuance; cryptocurrency exists only in the virtual Internet environment. Methods. General scientific methods and approaches, systematic approach, general research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison), statistical methods. Results. The list of stages for reflection of activity of the business entity with use of cryptocurrency is offered and considered. The mining process is analysed and the list of cost items for the extraction of new digital coins is highlighted. The variant on reflection in the account of operations with cryptocurrency on accounts of accounting is offered. There are options for reflection in the accounting of cryptocurrency depending on its recognition: virtual goods, intangible assets, financial investments, digital money. To calculate the cost of cryptocurrency obtained by self-extraction, it is necessary to consider the main costs that need to be identified and reflected in the account. In addition to cryptocurrency, you can extract altcoins, lightcoins or convert cryptocurrencies into stablecoins, which cannot be extracted, but can only be purchased. The article presents the main aspects of calculating the cost, which include: the cost of electricity for individuals and legal entities in the country; the cost of the necessary equipment, its depreciation and maintenance, depreciation; residual value at which you can sell old mining equipment; hash – the speed of solving mathematical problems with one or another equipment; network load and production complexity; monetary value or exchange rate of a particular cryptocurrency or digital assets. Practical meaning. Despite all the scientific developments, the issue of accounting for cryptocurrency from the point of view of IFRS is quite debatable. On the one hand, most propose to account for it as a specific intangible asset. Virtual currency is a huge amount of computing power and digital assets. At this stage of technological development of mankind, cryptocurrency is gaining a stable position in the international market. Prospects for further research. Rapid development is causing further capacity growth and interest, but may eventually lead to collapse. However, if the price stability of the cryptocurrency is achieved, it can be used in international transactions, not just for speculative gain. However, this issue will be directly related to the legalization of the new currency and its recognition by central banks as a means of exchange or storage of money. There is a need for further research to understand the basic conditions for the use of digital currency in the payments market.

scholarly journals Unstable Hemostasis and Specific Postoperative Complications (Literature Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
D. V. Lebedeva ◽  
E. A. Ilyicheva
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Perioperative Bleeding ◽  
The Cost

Perioperative bleeding occupies a leading place among all surgical complications and, despite the rapid development of surgery, remains relevant to this day. In addition to an increase in mortality, bleeding can cause the development of other postoperative complications, which lead to disability of patients and to a decrease in the quality of life in all age groups. Most perioperative bleeding are caused by technical errors. This article reviews the problem of perioperative bleeding from the point of view of impaired coagulation capabilities of the body. The main etiopathogenetic features of hemostasis during the development of this complication are considered. The analysis of postoperative complications, which were directly or indirectly caused by bleeding during or after surgery, is presented. The prevalence of these complications in various areas of surgery has been demonstrated. More detailed study of the hemostasis system and the identification of predictors of hemostasis difficulties before the surgery may cause an improvement in the results of surgical treatment and reduce the number of postoperative complications and the duration of hospital stay. Accordingly, this will lead to a decrease in the cost of treatment and an increase in patient satisfaction with the medical care. In connection with the above, there is a great interest among surgeons and anesthesiologists in preventing the development of perioperative bleeding.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT OF AN ACCOUNTANT UNDER UNCERTAINTY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Melnychuk ◽  
◽  
Oksana Lopatovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Variable Characteristic ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
The Cost

The modern accountant works in extremely difficult conditions, which is associated with the rapid development of the service economy, which leads to the formation of new and complex business processes and operations. Since all transactions must be reflected in the accounting system of the enterprise, there is a need to find sound methods that allow to implement it within the existing legal field. However, domestic legislation in the field of accounting and taxation is increasingly undergoing changes that are not always relevant and systematic. As a result, the accountant in his work is faced with problematic issues that need to be addressed immediately. However, the solution of such problems is not always directly regulated by law. In such conditions, the role and importance of professional judgment of the accountant, the content of which is disclosed in the article, increases significantly. It is determined that professional judgment is bases on acquired knowledge, own skills, abilities, experience and professional sense, and is a kind of superstructure of professional opportunities. The cost of such a judgment depends on the result obtained on the basis of its application. Professional judgment is a variable characteristic of an accountant's capabilities and requires constant development. To do this, you should follow certain principles, which include consistency, argumentation, reliability, completeness, logic. Adherence to these principles will form the level of professional judgment that will provide an opportunity to effectively solve non-standard production situations and bring additional income to the accountant. In addition, we believe that the application of international accounting and reporting standards provides more opportunities for the development of accounting judgment. This is because international standards describe the basic principles that a particular entity must comply with. Domestic accounting regulations provide many alternatives by which objects can be recognized in accounting. Therefore, the development of professional judgment in the application of national provisions is primarily related to the justification of a specific alternative or scheme of application of methods of recognition, evaluation, accounting of individual objects.

APPROACHES TO THE VALUATION AND REVALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS ACCORDING TO RUSSIAN AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
V. Gonin ◽  
◽  
E. Panchenko ◽  
E. Kibireva ◽  
O. Nomokonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Questions of valuation and revaluation of fixed assets in a market environment inevitably arise. This is due to the increased role of assessing the effectiveness of asset management. The harmonization of national and international accounting standards allows us to consider the assessment and revaluation processes, both from the point of view of the accounting system and from the point of view of the financial consequences of the procedures performed. The purpose of the study is to study the historical background and systematize approaches to the assessment and revaluation of fixed assets according to Russian and international standards. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to study the methods and historical aspect of revaluation; to study the conceptual framework of revaluation and impairment; to systematize the general provisions of the methodology for assessing the value of fixed assets during revaluation and impairment. The object of the study is fixed assets. In the course of the study, the history of revaluation of the cost of fixed assets is considered, the conceptual apparatus of the cost of fixed assets is analyzed in relation to the procedures for revaluation and impairment testing, the methodology of revaluation and impairment is considered. The paper concludes that it is necessary to introduce into the practice of accounting and management procedures for assessing the value of fixed assets and revaluing them, which will allow us to obtain reliable information when analyzing the impact of cost changes on the indicators used in determining the effectiveness of activities

scholarly journals Cost Accounting and Analysis for the Creation of an Enterprise Website

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9876-9882
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Analysis Algorithm ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Exclusive Property ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological bases of accounting and analysis of costs for creating an enterprise website and provides recommendations for accounting and analysis of costs for creating an enterprise website. The study of the essence of the website as a separate accounting object from a technical, legal and accounting point of view has determined that the costs of creating a company website are capitalized in the form of an intangible asset and are subject to depreciation only if they are used for their own needs and when there is a likelihood that it will create future economic benefits. That is, the cost of implementing an enterprise website is displayed according to how it is used. The article contains the rationale for the development, as well as the recommendations themselves: a) the cost of creating an enterprise site with the involvement of a contractor and the cost of developing a website independently using its own resources for information placement is offered; b) the Agreement on the transfer of exclusive property rights to the content of the site was developed; c) a comprehensive cost analysis algorithm is proposed for the enterprise web site, which will provide a well-reasoned and reasonable cost estimate.

ners increased (about 50 in 1770 and 204 in 1830). Unlike most firms of that period, it was not a family business. The Turning Period (1791-1820) The accounting system used in the 18th century achieved two main tasks: it computed the wealth (inventory) and enrichment (receipts and payments) of the partners, and it kept the internal movements of goods and cash under control with a comprehen­ sive system of vouchers. However, there does not seem to be any reckoning of costs before 1820. The Company waited for over 150 years before calcu­ lating a cost amount for its products. If one wants to prove the importance of that turning point, the quotes below from two man­ agers are evidence. In 1793, i.e. during the French Revolution, the Company delivered to each associate an “Instruction to help the interested parties in the Manufacture of glass with the declaration form they had to fill in about their interest in that trade, according to the Compulsory Loan Act of the 24th of August." Such a docu­ ment4 had four aims, the most important of which was providing knowledge of the profit of the year 1793. According to the order-in-council, “the benefit was that which went beyond the interests of the funds invested.” The interest was easily known (5% of the net worth) thanks to the inventory. But as regards the evaluation of benefits, the calculation seemed quite impossible from the au­ thors’ instruction: Things do not go with glass as they do with cloth, for which the cost is known even before we put it on the frame. Glass, on the contrary, never preserves its original value. The flaws entail scraps, that is why the benefit of the glass production is a random result and it is impos­ sible to calculate it. In 1829, the Baron Roederer, a director of the Company of Saint-Quirin, expressed quite an opposite point of view when he described the problems raised by the possible merger of the two competing companies.5 It seems that in this case, everything could be reduced on both sides to the calculation of a square foot of glass.

2014 ◽  
pp. 253-253
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Opposite Point ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Identification of the Real Value of Digital Assets for Accounting Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Andrii A. Makurin ◽  
Tetiana O. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Currency ◽  
The Real ◽  
Consumer Value ◽  
Direct Dependence ◽  
New Type ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Attribute Value

The study involves identifying approaches to estimating the real value of digital assets received by an enterprise, controlled by it, and accounted for at a particular cost. The main purpose of the study is to identify the parameters of estimating the value of the received asset from the type of operations (mining, barter). The study uses the method of description, which allowed to establish certain features of the accounting reflection of cryptocurrency in accounting depending on the type of transaction, recognition, and valuation of such an asset. The study analysed the main operations involving cryptocurrency. It is established that upon transactions with virtual currencies, cryptocurrency, digital assets, special attention should be paid to measuring the consumer value of certain goods (assets). Different approaches to the application of measuring the consumer value of assets are analysed. The possibilities of applying the main types of value are considered, it is established that none of them exhaustively covers the essence of measuring the consumer value of digital assets, virtual currency, and cryptocurrency. The introduction of a new type of value as attributive is proposed and substantiated. The main options for cryptocurrency valuation depending on transactions with such assets are disclosed and options for using a certain type of valuation are recommended. The study provides the calculation of the attributive value depending on certain types of operations. It is established that the proposed attributive value reflects a direct dependence on income and sales of the asset, the cost of such an asset, and its recognition for tax purposes. The study provides a real example of calculating and applying the attribute value of a Bitcoin Cash coin for reporting during the revaluation of an asset

scholarly journals Problems of Displaying Transactions with Digital Assets in Accounting

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Keyword(s):  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Single Approach ◽  
Digital Assets

At the present stage of the digital economy, approaches to the use of cash are changing. Electronic non-cash payments are increasingly used to order services and pay for goods online. Therefore, the important value of this process for the accounting system is the reflection of such transactions in accounting. Using e-wallets and e-business environments, displaying cryptocurrency transactions, transferring funds, mining, investing in high-risk assets – all this requires learning how to account for such transactions. The main purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the approaches to the reflection in the accounting of transactions with digital assets and to determine the ways of receipt of cryptocurrency in the enterprise. In the course of scientific research such methods of scientific cognition as description, analysis and synthesis were used. It is established that there is no single approach to the recognition and accounting of cryptocurrencies. It is advisable to consider cryptocurrency, which belongs to intangible assets, only in terms of long-term investments. Another vector of development is the identification of cryptocurrency as a resource or stocks and its accounting as stocks. It is determined that, first, before using cryptocurrency, it is necessary to economically justify a certain method of cryptocurrency valuation at the legislative level. In the future, this is necessary for companies that will use cryptocurrency to be able to constantly use the method in their accounting policies. The author analyzed the forms of electronic money and found that they can exist in the form of information in the middle of computer networks (network-based) and may have an additional connection with the payment smart card (card-based). In order to identify the subject of accounting, the author determines that cryptocurrency should be accounted for as an intangible asset, while wallets for storing cryptocurrency should be accounted for as other non-current tangible assets

Rationale and Design Considerations for a Semantic Mediator in Health Information Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 518-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sauquet ◽  
M.-C. Jaulent ◽  
E. Zapletal ◽  
M. Lavril ◽  
P. Degoulet
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
Health Information Systems ◽  
Semantic Interoperability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current State ◽  
Engineering Environment

AbstractRapid development of community health information networks raises the issue of semantic interoperability between distributed and heterogeneous systems. Indeed, operational health information systems originate from heterogeneous teams of independent developers and have to cooperate in order to exchange data and services. A good cooperation is based on a good understanding of the messages exchanged between the systems. The main issue of semantic interoperability is to ensure that the exchange is not only possible but also meaningful. The main objective of this paper is to analyze semantic interoperability from a software engineering point of view. It describes the principles for the design of a semantic mediator (SM) in the framework of a distributed object manager (DOM). The mediator is itself a component that should allow the exchange of messages independently of languages and platforms. The functional architecture of such a SM is detailed. These principles have been partly applied in the context of the HEllOS object-oriented software engineering environment. The resulting service components are presented with their current state of achievement.

Evaluation Of The Functional Of Space-Planning Arrangement Of A Building

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Cost

The article focuses on the problem of the lack of objective evaluation of space-planning arrangement of buildings as a creative approach of the architect to the performing of functional tasks by the object. It is proposed to create a methodology for assessing the functional of space-planning solutions of buildings on the basis of numerical simulation of functional processes using the theory of human flows. There is a description of the prospects of using this method, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of compactness, materials and works saving, more efficient use of space, reduce the cost of the life cycle of the building, save human forces and time to implement the functional of the building. The necessary initial data for modeling on the example of shopping and shopping-entertainment centers are considered. There are three main tasks for algorithmization of the functional of shopping centers. The conclusion is made about necessity of development of a method for objective assessment of buildings from the point of view of ergonomics of space-planning decisions based on the study of human behavior in buildings of different purposes.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

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