ASSESSMENT OF CONTENTS OF STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES AND LIGNIN OF PERENNIAL FODDER HERBAGES DEPENDING ON VEGETATIVE STAGE GROWTH

The purpose of this study is to evaluate cereal grasses – Bromus inermis, Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, and legumes: Trifolium pratense, Medicago varia in terms of their content of acid-detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicellulose (HC), cellulose depending on phases of vegetation – grasses: at vegetative, earing and flowering; legumes– vegetative. It was found that as the herbs grow, an increase in all fractions of the cell walls of leguminous herbs is observed, the cell walls occupy a smaller fraction of dry matter than in grasses, due to the lower HC content in them –10-12%, compared with 25-30% in grasses. The contents of ADF, NDF and ADL (% of dry matter) in grasses prior earing are 31-31, 50-55, 4-6: in earing – 32-37, 55-65, 5-6; in flowering – 40-45, 65-70 and 70-72, 7-9, respectively. Legumes have a higher content of ADL. As plants grow, the relative proportion of ADF in NDF increases, but it does not exceed 50% in grasses. In legumes – 70-80% regardless of the growth phase, explains the lower digestibility of legumes than grasses. To judge the levels of ADF and NDF in herbs, depending on the content of crude fibre (CF), the corresponding regression equations were calculated for grasses and feed prepared from them. The relationship between CF and ADF was closer (n = 64, s = 2.4%, r = 0.93) than between CF and ADL (n = 64, s = 4.4%, r = 0.87). Based on these studies and generalisation of the literature data, ADF and NDF in hay and haylage standard are recommended.

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Amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility of lucerne in ruminants as influenced by growth stage

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/367-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 499-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Homolka ◽

V. Koukolová ◽

Z. Němec ◽

Z. Mudřík ◽

B. Hučko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Lignin ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L. var. Palava), harvested at four successive dates over a 30-day period, was evaluated for chemical composition (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin), amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility in dairy cows. Dry matter (r = 0.78), organic matter (r = 0.95), crude fibre (r = 0.91), neutral detergent fibre (r = 0.94), acid detergent fibre (r = 0.79) and acid detergent lignin (r = 0.48) presented positive linear correlation coefficients (r) with growth stage, whereas crude protein (r = –0.96), ether extract (r = –0.86) and nitrogen-free extract (r = –0.70) showed negative relationships. Total essential amino acid content decreased (r = –0.94) from 84.1 to 55.3 g/kg of dry matter with maturity, with r-values higher than –0.90 obtained between growth stage and contents of lysine, methionine, threonine and valine. With the exception of tyrosine (r = –0.68), r-values between growth stage and individual non-essential amino acids were all higher than –0.90. Total amino acid (r = –0.98) and nitrogen (r = –0.99) contents presented comparable tendencies with successive sampling times. Whereas no definite trends were detected for the amino acid composition of rumen incubated (16 hours) lucerne samples, the intestinal digestibility of total essential (r = –0.78), total non-essential (r = –0.58) and total (r = –0.69) amino acids as well as nitrogen (r = –0.99) decreased with growth. However, due to a small sample size (n = 4), most linear relationships between constituents and growth stage were insignificant. It can be concluded that, although limited in the sample size, this report presents information on the decrease in amino acid contents and intestinal amino acid digestibility as growth proceeds in lucerne (var. Palava) produced in the Czech Republic, which could be utilized in the feeding of ruminants.

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Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201382010037 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

Eva Straková ◽

Pavel Suchý

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Lignin ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Pure Protein ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.

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Effect of Sulphate ion on the in Vitro Rumen Digestion of Polysaccharide Constituents of Bagasse

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9721377 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 1377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

RFH Dekker ◽

GN Richards

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Heteropogon Contortus ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Inorganic Sulphate ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of poor quality roughages such as spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) by sheep and cattle has been shown to increase on addition of sulphur to the diet. The sulphur is added most frequently as inorganic sulphate, either alone (Playne 1969) or supplemented with urea (Bray and Hemsley 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972; Siebert and Kennedy 1972) or gluten (Playne 1969). These supplements have also increased feed intake in sheep (Playne 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972; Siebert and Kennedy 1972) and cattle (Siebert and Kennedy 1972), and have improved the nitrogen and sulphur balance (Moir, Somers, and Bray 1967; Bray and Hemsley 1969; Playne 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972) within the animal. Sulphates have been shown to increase the in vitro rumen digestion of starch (Kennedy, Mitchell, and Little 1971), crude fibre (Bray and Hemsley 1969), and acid-detergent fibre and cellulose (Barton, Bull, and Hemken 1971).

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Relationship between dry matter, fibre and nitrogen degradation characteristics of silage and silage intake of steers

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800051882 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 537-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L.E.R. Dawson ◽

R.W.J. Street

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Live Weight ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Fibre Concentration ◽

The Poor ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

The Relationship ◽

Poor Relationship

AbstractA study was carried out to examine the relationship between silage intake and rumen degradability characteristics of silage. The dry matter (DM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose and nitrogen (N) degradability characteristics of 136 silages were determined using polyester bags in three rumen fistulated beef cross steers. The bags were incubated for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Intakes of these silages, by steers, were reported by Steen et al., 1998. The relationships between silage DM intake (g/kg metabolic live weight) and DM, fibre and N degradability characteristics of the silages were poor (R2 < 0·32). Degradability characteristics of the silages were highly negatively correlated with fibre concentration of the silages (R < –0·82) and highly positively correlated with the soluble N minus ammonia concentration (R < 0·77). Some of the degradability characteristics were highly correlated with organic matter digestibility, particularly the proportion of DM, fibre and N degraded after 72 h (R = 0·75 to 0·85). In view of the poor relationship between silage intake and degradability, the results of this study question the rôle of degradation characteristics of DM, fibre and N in the rumen on silage intake.

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Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1725-cjas ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 315-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. Jančík ◽

V. Koukolová ◽

P. Kubelková ◽

B. Čermák

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Ruminant Nutrition ◽

Accuracy Level ◽

Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (Dactylis glomerata L.,Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (a = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, b = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, c = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and EDDM = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (EDDM2), 0.05 (EDDM5) and 0.08 (EDDM8) h–1). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of EDDM were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of EDDM were determined for Lolium perenne (EDDM2 = 753.2, EDDM5 = 631.1 and EDDM8 = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (R2-values of 0.757 (EDDM2), 0.863 (EDDM5) and 0.906 (EDDM8)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave R2-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for EDDM2, EDDM5 and EDDM8, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant P < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

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Forages in diets for growing pigs 2. Nutrient apparent digestibilities and partition of nutrient digestion in barley-based diets including red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800008699 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 493-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. Andersson ◽

J. E. Lindberg

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Control Diet ◽

Red Clover ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

AbstractGrowing pigs fitted with simple t-shaped cannulas posterior to the ileal-caecal valve were used in a change-over design experiment (5 × 5) to determine the Heal and total tract apparent digestibility and hindgut disappearance of dietary components and energy in a barley-based diet with increasing inclusion of either red-clover or perennial ryegrass meal (proportionately 0·10 and 0·20). The total tract and Heal apparent digestibilities of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) and energy were significantly reduced with increasing inclusion of red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal in the diet (P < 0·05). For all fibrous components (total fibre (TF), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and crude fibre (CF)), the ileal apparent digestibility was unaffected by level offibre inclusion in the diet. Also the total tract apparent digestibility of TF, NDF and CF were unaffected by red-clover meal inclusion, while in contrast the total tract apparent digestibility of TF, NDF and CF were significantly reduced with perennial ryegrass meal inclusion (P < 0·05). The hindgut disappearance of crude fat, NDF, ADF and CF was not affected by forage meal inclusion, whereas the hindgut disappearance of OM, NFE, TF and energy were significantly lower in the perennial ryegrass meal diets than in both the control diet and the red-clover meal diets (P < 0·05).The total tract apparent digestibility of OM was higher for the control diet compared with the red-clover and perennial ryegrass meal diets. There was also a significantly higher apparent digestibility of OM in the total tract for red-clover meal compared with perennial ryegrass meal (P < 0·05). The Heal apparent digestibility of energy in a barley-based diet with forage meal inclusion decreased proportionately by about 0·014, 0·023 and 0·030 units per unit increase ofTF, NDF and CF in dry matter, respectively. Correspondingly, for the total tract energy apparent digestibility, there was a decrease proportionately by about 0·010, 0·016 and 0·022 units per unit increase of TF, NDF and CF in dry matter, respectively. Digestible energy content was significantly reduced, as measured at the ileum or over the total tract, with increasing inclusion offorage meal (P < 0·05).

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Effect of nutrition on fertility and blood composition in the milk cow

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900022081 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 13-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eitan Bogin ◽

Yaacov Avidar ◽

Menachem Davidson ◽

Salli Gordin ◽

Bit-Ami Israeli

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Relative Proportion ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Total Lipids ◽

Blood Composition ◽

Commercial Farms ◽

Digestible Protein ◽

The Relationship

SUMMARYThe relationship between nutrition, fertility and blood composition was studied in 400 cows from commercial farms. Fertility evaluated by overall conception rate (OCR) was shown to be significantly related to the relative proportion of concentrate and roughage feeds in the diet, and to its content of dry matter, digestible protein, Ca and P. The ratio of serum total lipids to glucose and a newly introduced parameter, ΔPi(a calculated value, obtained by subtracting whole blood levels of Pifrom those of the blood serum), showed a highly significant relationship to OCR. No significant relationship was found between OCR and serum, total lipids, cholesterol, urea, Ca, Mg, organic and inorganic phosphate. The values and significance of the 2 blood parameters which showed a relationship to fertility are discussed.

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Single-cut red clover combined with late timothy may be valuable in short-term rotations

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p99-072 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 309-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. T. Kunelius ◽

K. B. McRae ◽

S. A. E. Fillmore ◽

G. Dürr

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Short Term

Late-maturing cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) may be grown in short-term rotations with other crops and harvested for hay and silage. Harvesting forage in mid-summer is often advantageous for field curing, but the quality of mature forage may be low. We studied how harvests at different developmental stages affected yield, composition of herbage, and species persistence. The late-maturing single-cut red clover cultivar Altaswede and late timothy cultivar Farol were grown alone and in combination with and without applied N. Total forage, and red clover and timothy dry matter yields, increased between the first (27 June) and third (11 July) dates of harvest. Timothy grown alone or combined with red clover and fertilized with N produced greater forage yields than red clover alone or red clover + timothy without applied N. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter declined from 670 to 625 g kg−1 and crude protein from 134 to 109 g kg−1 between 27 June and 11 July. Water soluble carbohydrates in forage were low (36–66 g kg−1) in cuts 1 and 2. Macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations were generally highest at the first date of harvest on 27 June. Nutrient concentrations in cut 2 were similar for the three harvest schedules. We conclude that growing late-maturing single-cut red clover combined with late timothy produced high yields with good nutritional quality even at advanced stages of maturity. Single-cut red clover persisted for the first production year making this combination suited for short-term rotations that involve late harvesting of the primary growth. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense, timothy, Phleum pratense, composition

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Faecal index to estimate intake and digestibility in grazing sheep

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859613000294 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 152 (4) ◽

pp. 667-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. B. DAVID ◽

C. H. E. C. POLI ◽

J. V. SAVIAN ◽

G. A. AMARAL ◽

E. B. AZEVEDO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Linear Equation ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Live Weight ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Multiple Model ◽

Sheep Grazing ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

SUMMARYThe current research was carried out to evaluate the use of crude protein and fibre components in faeces for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep fed with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). The equations were developed from four trials in metabolism cages with 16 sheep in each trial. Each animal received a different quantity of millet leaves in the diet: 0·015, 0·020 and 0·025 dry matter (DM) as a proportion of live weight (LW) and ad libitum with at least 0·2 of daily feed refusals. Organic matter intake (OMI, g/day) was measured, through the difference between offer and refusals; total faeces were collected for 5 days, which was used to determine faecal crude protein (CPf, g/day and g/kg of organic matter (OM)), faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDFf, g/day and g/kg OM), faecal acid detergent fibre (ADFf, g/day and g/kg OM) and OM digestibility (OMD). Linear regression equations were calculated to determine the relationship between OMI and CPf (P<0·001, R2=0·90, relative prediction error (RPE=14·02%). A multiple linear equation was generated for OMI including CPf and NDFf (P<0·001, R2=0·94; RPE=9·25%). Hyperbolic (single and multiple) and exponential models were tested to estimate OMD, where the hyperbolic multiple model including CPf and NDFf showed lower RPE (3·90%). These equations for estimating OMI and OMD were evaluated on sheep grazing P. americanum fertilized with increasing levels of nitrogen (N) (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha), comparing measured and estimated OMI. The intake estimated by multiple regression (CP and NDFf) showed a higher R2 (0·98) and lower RPE (5·25%) than the simple (CPf only) linear equation (R2=0·94; RPE=20·45%). The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the faecal index generated in metabolism cages for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep grazing P. americanum.

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NUTRIENT INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN STUDIES IN GOATS FED VARYING LEVELS OF CASSAVA PEELS AND BREWER'S DRIED GRAIN

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v15i.1227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 161-166

Author(s):

T. A. ADEGBOLA ◽

R. C. OGBONNA ◽

N. E. NWACHUKWU

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Cassava Peels ◽

Cassava Peel

Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and some rumen and blood metabolites were investigated in goats fed five diets composed of cassava peel and brewer's dried grains (BDG) in the ratios of approximately 82:8, 69:20, 57:33, 44:45 and 32:58. Urea and molasses were included in each diet at 2% and 7.5% respectively and the crude protein levels of the diets were approximately 8%, 11%, 14%, 17% and 20%. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in Dry matter and Organic matter intake but N intake Increased up to Diet 4. There were dietary effects on the digestibility of DM, N, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, either extract, nitrogen free extract and energy but not 0M. The highest digestibility values were obtained on diet 4 for most of the nutrients. The concentrations of rumen ammonia and blood plasma urea increased from Diet 1 to Diet 5. There were significant (P < 0.05) dietary effect on rumen fluid ph. Rumen protozoal count increased from Diet 1 to Diet 5. The depression in digestibility of Diet 5 would indicate that BDG should not be included at up to 58% in the diet of goats.

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