Effect of Solid to Water Ratio, Time and Temperature on Aqueous Extraction of Gallic Acid from  Labisia pumila var alata of Malaysia

Labisa pumila var alata contains bioactive compounds such as gallic acid that is of use for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Aqueous extraction is the traditional method that extracts phytochemicals from plant material. The study aimed to find the optimum condition for maximum gallic acid yield from ground L. pumila leaves using aqueous extraction. The results revealed that the maxium gallic acid yield obtained was at 1:10 sample to water ratio for 8 h at 50 °C. The maximum yield of gallic acid obtained was 1.025 mg gallic acid per g dried leaves (mg/g). The identification of gallic acid was done on Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LCMS-Q-TOF) by comparison to that of reference standard. The morphological structure of the extract that was obtained at optimum condition showed less denaturation of cell wall which indicates that still some gallic acid could be trapped in the sample matrix and other methods need to be employed to release them.

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OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING COFFEE HUSKS INTO BIOCHAR BY MEANS OF HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/54/4b/12034 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (4B) ◽

pp. 138

Author(s):

Tran Thi Hien

Keyword(s):

Maximum Yield ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Coffee Husk ◽

Optimal Value ◽

Face Centered ◽

Composite Face ◽

Temperature Time ◽

Central Composite ◽

Water Ratio

The conditions of the hydrothermal carbonization process to produce biochar from coffee husk will be optimized for maximum yield. Besides, response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite face-centered (CCF) method will be used in designing experiments. Also, the optimal value of factors such as temperature, time and biomass: water ratio which can provide a maximum yield of biochar will be worked out using Modde 5.0. As a result, the optimal conditions for maximum yield of biochar was obtained as temperature of 180 oC, 3.5 h and biomass: water ratio of 15 %. It can also be concluded that temperature has greater impact on the transformation of biochar than time and biomass: water ratio.

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The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process

Jurnal Rekayasa Proses ◽

10.22146/jrekpros.48963 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laras Prasakti ◽

Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽

Arief Budiman

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Botryococcus Braunii ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Holding Time ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Water Ratio

The increasing demand of energy in Indonesia has led to the urgency to conduct research and development in renewable energy. Biomass is one of the largest renewable energy sources in Indonesia. For biomass to energy conversion, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been considered as one of the potential methods where biomass is processed using subcritical water to produce bio-oil, aqueous phase, gas, and solid product. In this research, the effect of biomass-water ratio on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process of microalgae Botryococcus braunii has been investigated. The HTL was conducted using biomass/water ratio 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 with various holding time for each ratio. The product was bio-crude oil with similar characteristics to crude oil. Experimental results showed that biomass-water ratio affected the distribution of bio-crude oil yields. For biomass-water ratio of 1:10 and 1:20, it was found that bio-crude oil yields reached a maximum at 20 minutes, while the highest bio-crude oil yield of 4% was obtained at biomass-water ratio of 1:10. On the other hand, with biomass-water ratio of 1:30, bio-crude oil yield was continuously increasing with holding time until it reached the maximum yield of 4% at 40 minutes of holding time. The aforementioned results indicated that the highest bio-crude oil yield was obtained using biomass-water ratio 1:10 and 20 minutes of HTL processing time. A B S T R A KPeruraian anaerobik merupakan salah satu bidang riset yang sangat menarik perhatian dalam era krisis energi. Biogas tidak hanya menyediakan energi alternatif, tetapi juga dapat mencegah pencemaran akibat limbah organik. Limbah lemak susu adalah substrat yang potensial untuk proses peruraian anaerobik karena memiliki potensi biogas teoritis yang tinggi akibat kandungan lemaknya yang tinggi. Namun, peruraian anaerobik dari limbah organik dengan kandungan lemak yang tinggi memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Hambatan utama dalam peruraian anaerobik dari limbah lemak susu adalah kecenderungan untuk membentuk lapisan padatan yang tidak larut dan mengapung di bagian atas fase cair. Fenomena ini menghambat akses bakteri hidrolisis terhadap substrat. Saponifikasi adalah salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutan lapisan padatan tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan ketersediaan substrat untuk bakteri. Saponifikasi akan mengubah kandungan lemak menjadi sabun yang memiliki gugus fungsi polar maupun non-polar. Gugus fungsi yang bersifat polar akan meningkatkan kelarutan substrat dalam air. Studi ini mengevaluasi pengaruh dari berbagai dosis larutan basa yang ditambahkan sebagai reaktan selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi terhadap peruraian anaerobik limbah lemak susu. Kinetika proses peruraian anaerobik dianalisis dengan menggunakan model matematika. Variasi dosis yang diamati pengaruhnya untuk perlakuan awal saponifikasi adalah 0,04 mol basa/g sCOD; 0,02 mol basa/g sCOD; dan nol (tanpa perlakuan awal saponifikasi). Dari penelitian ini, terbukti bahwa saponifikasi berhasil meningkatkan kelarutan limbah lemak susu dan juga ditunjukkan oleh nilai konstanta hidrolisis (kH) 0,00782/hari lebih tinggi dua puluh kali lipat dibandingkan dengan nilai kH 0,00032/hari pada reaktor tanpa saponifikasi. Akan tetapi, penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri asidogenik bawaan substrat terhambat kinerjanya oleh paparan pH yang tinggi selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi berlangsung sehingga hasil gas metan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada reaktor kontrol.

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Optimization of aqueous extraction of orevactaene and flavanoid pigments produced by Epicoccum nigrum

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-08-2018-0082 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 301-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sawinder Kaur ◽

Paramjit S. Panesar ◽

Sushma Gurumayum ◽

Prasad Rasane ◽

Vikas Kumar

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Polynomial Equation ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Content Type ◽

Epicoccum Nigrum ◽

Broken Rice

Purpose The extraction of bioactive compounds such as pigments from natural sources, using different solvents, is a vital downstream process. The present study aims to investigate the effect of different variables, namely, extraction temperature, mass of fermented rice and time on the extraction process of orevactaene and flavanoid pigment from Epicoccum nigrum fermented broken rice. Design/methodology/approach Central composite rotatable design under response surface methodology was used for deducing optimized conditions. The pigments were extracted under conditions of extraction temperature (40-70°C), mass of fermented rice (0.5-1.5 g) and time (30-90 min), using water as the extraction media. The experimental data obtained were studied by analysis of variance. Data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. Findings The optimum conditions generated by the software for aqueous extraction process, i.e. extraction temperature of 55.7°C, 0.79 g of fermented matter and extraction time of 56.6 min, resulted in a pigment yield of 52.7AU/g orevactaene and 77.2 AU/g flavanoid. Research limitations/implications The developed polynomial empirical model for the optimal recovery of the orevactaene and flavanoid pigments could be used for further studies in prediction of yield under specified variable conditions. Practical implications The response surface methodology helped in optimizng the conditions for the eco-friendly low-cost aqueous extarction process for orevactaene and flavanoid pigments, produced by Epicoccum nigrum during solid state fermentation of broken rice. This optimization can provide the basis for scaling up for industrial extraction process. Originality/value This paper focuses on optimizing the extraction conditions to get the maximum yield of orevactaene and flavanoid pigments, using water as the extracting media. No literature is available on the optimization of the extraction process of Epicoccum nigrum pigments, to the best of the authors’ knowledge.

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Research on Additives Assisted Catalytic Cyclo-Dehydration of 1, 4-Butanediol to Tetrahydrofuran in Near-Critical Water

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.693 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 550-553 ◽

pp. 693-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan Yang ◽

Li Yi Dai ◽

Jin Shou Wang ◽

Hong Yan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Reaction Mechanism ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Time Range ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Experimental Parameters ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Water Ratio

We herein report the cyclo-dehydration of 1,4-butanediol (BD) assisted with additives to form tetrahydrofuran (THF) in near-critical water (NCW).Three additives including Fe2(SO4)3,ZnSO4 and NaHSO4 were screened. Effects of various experimental parameters such as temperature (260-340°C), time (60-180min), reactant/water ratio (r/w, 1:10-1:40) and pressure (15-25MPa) on the yield of THF were examined. Without the presence of additives, the results showed that increasing temperature favored the cyclo-dehydration of BD to form THF. The maximum yield (52.61 wt. %) was obtained at temperature of 340°C and time of 180 min. With the presence of additives, at temperature range of 260~300°C and time range of 60~130min, all the additives selected can promote the cyclo-dehydration of BD to yield THF. However, with further increasing temperature and time, the additives would suppress the formation of THF. The catalytic activity toward the production of THF in the order of Fe2(SO4)3> ZnSO4> NaHSO4. The maximum yield of THF assisted with Fe2(SO4)3 could reach as high as 59.85 wt. % at 320°C, 120 min. Large reactant/water ratio would not benefit the yield of THF because of the dilution of additive. Increasing the pressure will slightly increase the yield of THF. Base on experimental results, a possible reaction mechanism and pathway of dehydration of BD was proposed in NCW.

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EKSPLORASI SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER PADA KULIT BATANG TANAMAN DUWET (Syzygium cumini L.) DENGAN METODE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPH MASS SPECTROMETRY (LCMS)

BIOMA Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi ◽

10.26877/bioma.v7i2.2757 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Titik Wijayanti ◽

Dwi Candra Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Syzygium Cumini ◽

Liquid Chromatograph

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder pada kulit batang tanaman Duwet (Syzygium cumini L) dengan metode Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry. Terdapat 63 senyawa metabolit sekunder. Lima senyawa dengan komposisi terbesar, adalah gallic acid, cuminiresinol, epiafzelechin, dan syzygiresinol A. Senyawa metabolit sekunder dalam kulit batang tanaman Duwet tergolong dalam 13 golongan senyawa, diantaranya adalah: fenolat, flavonoid, lignan, triterpenoid, gula, dan lain lain. Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung mempunyai aktivitas fitokimia penting, diantaranya sebagai antidiabetes, antibakteri, antioksidan, antihepatotoksik, antiinflamasi, dan lain sebagainya.

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Optimization of Variables for Aqueous Extraction of Gum from Grewia mollis Powder

Journal of Polymers ◽

10.1155/2014/926850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emmanuel Panyoo Akdowa ◽

Thaddee Boudjeko ◽

Alice Louise Woguia ◽

Nicolas Njintang-Yanou ◽

Claire Gaiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Extraction Condition ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Optimization Of Variables ◽

Water Ratio ◽

Main Factor

Grewia gum is a polysaccharide derived from the inner stem bark of the edible plant Grewia mollis. Juss (family Tiliaceae). It is a savanna shrub that grows wildly but is usually cultivated in Nigeria and Northern part of Cameroon. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extraction conditions on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of the Grewia mollis. The studied aqueous extraction variables were water/powder (W/P) ratio (10 : 1–80 : 1 w/p), temperature (25.0–85.0∘C), time (1–3 h), and pH (4.0–10.0). The results indicated that the aqueous extraction variables exhibited the least significant (P<0.05) effect on the yield and the viscosity of the gum. The result shows that the ratio of extraction is the main factor affecting the extraction of gum. The optimized extraction condition for higher viscosity was at the powder/water ratio of 1 : 55.4, pH of 7, time of 1 h, and temperature of 50∘C. However, the optimized extraction condition for higher yield was at the powder/water ratio of 1 : 80, pH of 4, time of 3 h, and temperature of 73∘C.

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Increasing short-chain fatty acid yield during lipase hydrolysis of a butterfat fraction with periodic aqueous extraction

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1007/s11746-998-0134-4 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 1195-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert W. Lencki ◽

Natasja Smink ◽

Heleen Snelting ◽

Joseph Arul

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Short Chain ◽

Lipase Hydrolysis ◽

Acid Yield ◽

Butterfat Fraction ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Optimization of Aqueous Extraction of the Australian Maroon Bush (Scaevola spinescens R. Br.) to Maximize Bioactive Compound and Antioxidant Yield

Current Nutraceuticals ◽

10.2174/2665978602666210127110728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 02 ◽

Author(s):

Kien Q. Nguyen ◽

Christopher J. Scarlett ◽

Quan V. Vuong

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Response Surface ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Isolation And Purification ◽

Temperature Time ◽

Water Ratio

Background: Scaevola spinescens is an endemic Australian shrub that is linked to various health benefits and traditionally used as medicine by decoction. To date, the extraction efficiency of the plant under various conditions has not been well understood. This study aimed to optimize aqueous extraction conditions of S. spinescens, for maximum extraction of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins, as well as antioxidant activities. Methods: Response surface methodology was used to determine the influence of four independent parameters including temperature, time, sample-to-water ratio and pH. The optimal ranges of temperature (60-90 °C), time (30-60 min), sample-to-water ratio (2-6 g/100 mL) and pH (3-7) were determined in preliminary experiments. Following assessment and optimization of the response surface methodology models, validation experiments were conducted to compare predicted and experimental values. Results : The RSM models showed that extraction temperature, time and sample-to-water ratio significantly affected total phenolic compound yields. Extraction temperature and time significantly affected flavonoid yields, while only sample-to-water ratio significantly affected saponin yields. Optimal conditions for extraction were determined to be: 90 ºC, 53 min, 2:100 (g/mL), and pH of 4.5, if saponins are the target compounds for extraction. For phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity, a higher sample-to-water ratio of 6:100 (g/mL) is recommended. Conclusion: Response surface methodology proved to be a reliable method for predicting yields of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in S. spinescens. These findings can be used for efficient decoction by practitioners and end users, or by researchers for further isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from S. spinescens extracts.

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Kinetics and antimicrobial activity of gallic acid by novel bacterial co-culture system using Taguchi’s method and submerged fermentation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-445597/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subbalaxmi Selvaraj ◽

Julia Moraes Amaral ◽

VYTLA RAMACHANDRA MURTY

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Inoculum Size ◽

Agitation Speed ◽

Acid Yield ◽

E Coli ◽

Five Factors ◽

Optimized Conditions

Abstract In this present study, a tannase positive Bacillus gottheilii M2S2 and Bacillus cereus M1GT were co-cultivated for the production of gallic acid by using tannic acid as the sole carbon source through submerged fermentation. Optimizing various factors is important for the improvement of coculture metabolite production. Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) of Design of experimental (DOE) methodology was used to estimate the influence and significance of five factors (tannic acid concentration, glucose concentration, agitation speed, and inoculum size) on the gallic acid production in shake flask. L16 OA with five factors in four levels was considered with an experimental matrix of 16 trials. Among all the factors, Agitation speed contributed the highest for gallic acid production (28.28%), followed by glucose concentration (21.59%), inoculum size (19.6%), tannic acid concentration (19.54%), and pH (11.09%). Validation experiments were executed at the found optimized conditions which resulted in a 6.36-fold increase in gallic acid yield compared to the unoptimized condition. Further, the kinetics of growth, tannic acid degradation, and gallic acid yield were evaluated at the optimized conditions. The kinetic parameters Yx/s, Yp/s, and Yp/x were determined as 0.292 mg of cells/mg of tannic acid, 22.2 µg of gallic acid/mg of tannic acid, and 70.76 µg of gallic acid/mg of cells with a growth rate of 0.273 h− 1 after 24 h of fermentation. Finally, antimicrobial activity of the product gallic acid was investigated against food-borne pathogenic E. coli, and Serriatia marcescens, Bacillus sp. and S. aureus using the agar disc diffusion technique. Gallic acid showed bacteriostatic against E. coli, S. aureus, and Serriatia marcescens with a zone of inhibition of 2 cm, 1.6 cm, and 1.3 cm respectively. Thus the cost-effective bioproduct gallic acid proved to be potentially effective to control food poisoning diseases and preserve foodstuff.

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