scholarly journals The Effect of Economic Development on Urbanization in Lebanon: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Hamdan ◽  
Mohamad Balouza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
The Relationship

The paper aims to study the evolution of urban growth in Lebanon as a developing country with respect to its economic development. Also, the dynamics of this relationship are to be explored and shed some light on the effect, if any, of economic development on Urbanization in Lebanon. Therefore, the study identifies through literature how economic development impacts urbanization. Finally, this paper advances the research on the subject topic in Lebanon beyond the restrictions and limitations of previous literature through empirical results. The study focuses on previous literature regarding the relation of economic development and urbanization. The study uses time-series OLS multi-variate egression anaylsis in the case of Lebanon from the year 1988-2018.GDP per capita, school enrolment and life expectancy were used tocapture the urban population growth, while ores and metals exports, manufacturing value added and agricultural value added were used as conrol variables. The results indicate a positive correlation and at least one co integrating equation between the variables. The results showed that two variables are significant with urban population at regional level supporting the expected hypothesis (GDP and school enrolment) and all other variables did not show any significant relation with urbanization in Lebanon. This study might be of interest providing insights on the relationship between urbanization and economic development specially for further studies in the field of urbanization. The study believes to contribute positively to understanding of urbanization and the creation to an innovative era of economic growth, luxury and improved resource allocation.

Railroad Integration and Uneven Development on the European Periphery, 1870–1910

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289
Author(s):  
Eduard J. Alvarez-Palau ◽  
Alfonso Díez-Minguela ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Railroad Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional data set including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent’s industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the preexisting divergence in economic development. The expansion of the railroad network in them was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In most of the cases, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation-states.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC GROWTH, URBANISATION AND CARBON EMISSIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED ASEAN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Seng-Huat Tan ◽  
Meenchee Hong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Government

Climate change is considered as the most severe and urgent environmental issue in this present era. There is a clear consensus that the climate change problem is much related to the rising level of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. The link between economic growth, urbanization and carbon emissions was examined extensively in the literature. Fast-paced economic growth will advance urbanization in a country and result in higher energy consumption to meet various needs in an urban economy. This conditions will trigger more carbon emissions and generate more pollution problem. This paper aims to discuss and compare the growth pattern of economic growth, urbanization and carbon emissions between five selected ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam for the period 1990-2018. All these five countries have recorded at least 4% economic growth rate in the year 2018. In the same period, Indonesia has the largest in term of total value added in manufacturing. Similarly, Vietnam has the largest growth of value-added in the same industry. Among all, Indonesia has the largest urban population whilst Malaysia has the highest rate in urbanization and carbon emissions per capita. The upward trend of urban population and carbon emissions per capita in these countries exhibit certain pressures and challenges to the countries’ environmental quality. Therefore, the government in these countries should pay attention to environmental governance to achieve sustainable urbanization while prioritizing economic growth

scholarly journals Study on the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Junran Ma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
The Relationship

With the development of economy, environmental problems gradually outstanding in China. This article adopts the method of empirical study, have collected the data of China's industrial added value, per capita GDP and emissions of the three major pollutants from 2004 to 2015. The VAR model was established on the basis of the logarithm values of the three factors mentioned above, so as to conduct impulse- response analysis to discuss the relationship between industrialization level, economic development and environmental pollution. The conclusion is as follows: (1) At present, the increase of China's industrial added value can promote the decline of China's environmental pollution emissions to a certain extent; (2) China is now at the left of the turning point of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the increase of per capita GDP will aggravate environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Did Slavery make Scotia great?

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between slavery, the slave trade and British economic development remains a contested field of eighteenth century history. This article examines one hitherto unexplored aspect of the subject, the significance, if any, of profits derived from the slave-based economies of the Atlantic in Scotland's Great Leap Forward in the later eighteenth century. It is argued that because of the distinctive nature of Scottish development, compared to that of England, and the intimate connections between Scotland and plantation economies the question does merit serious consideration. The article, however, supports the traditional view that slave trading direct from Scottish ports was very limited, although Scottish merchants and mariners were often heavily involved in slave trafficking from London, Bristol and Liverpool. The key Scottish link was with the tobacco and sugar trades, plantation ownership in the Caribbean and as merchants, physicians, attorneys and overseers in the plantation economies. It is argued that in terms of both capital transfers and market opportunities slavery can indeed be considered one of the factors facilitating development in Scotland and was possibly a much more significant influence north of the border than in the industrialisation of England.

The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namhyun Kim ◽  
HakJun Song ◽  
Ju Hyun Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
International Dollar ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries. The empirical model is set up using unbalanced panel observations for 69 developing countries for the period 1995–2012. The findings show that tourism has heterogeneous effects on the poverty ratio in terms of a country’s income per capita: the positive effect of tourism on poverty alleviation switches to being negative after a certain threshold of a country’s income level. The results of this study indicate that only the least developed countries (those with an income per capita below international dollar 3400) have benefited from the tourism industry in terms of reducing their poverty ratios.

Income Inequality and Economic Development

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The nature of the relationship between economic development and income inequality has long been the subject of considerable debate. Economic growth has very different effects on poverty, depending on a country’s level of income inequality. In high inequality countries, economic growth that raises the overall level of income disproportionately tends to benefit the rich, whereas policies that encourage economic growth while reducing income inequality will greatly accelerate the achievement of poverty reduction goals. Thus, understanding how income inequality and economic development are linked is important for establishing economic growth policies that reduce poverty. The literature on the economic development–income inequality nexus in industrial society places emphasis on the causes of current social inequality. The central and most cited paper in the literature is S. Kuznets’s “Economic Growth and Income Inequality” (1955), which proposed an inverted U-shaped relationship between development and inequality over the course of industrialization. Some scholars have tried to build upon Kuznets’s theory by focusing on his claim that income inequality is a function of the nature of regulations put on the market. Other studies deal with the importance of studying the relationship between democracy and inequality, the effect of the nature of the government on shaping inequality compared to industrialization, and the implications of globalization for income inequality. This overview of the literature shows that there is little true consensus on the relationship between inequality and development and highlights two major areas for improvement: measurement and data quality.

scholarly journals Towards a Comprehensive Framework of the Relationships between Resource Footprints, Quality of Life, and Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Cibulka ◽  
Stefan Giljum
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life, and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development options to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable development of countries at different levels of per capita resource footprints, quality of life, and income have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life, and economic development over the period of 1990–2015. We select the material footprint and carbon footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index, and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalized path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realize sustainable development if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed.

Developing the Recycle Economy - A Strategic Choice of Sustainable Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 3361-3364
Author(s):  
Jia Yi Huang ◽  
Yi Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Environmental Deterioration ◽  
The World ◽  
Recycle Economy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Manufacturing Methods ◽  
The Relationship

As we enter the 21st Century, various countries in the world are faced with many challenges, such as overpopulation, shortage of resources and environmental deterioration. Developing recycle economy is one of the important ways to realize sustainable development. The purpose of recycle economy is to insure circulation utilization of resources and positive conversion of ecosystem on the premise of keeping economic development. Its mechanism should be "Government instructs, Enterprise acts, Society participates, Markets operate". Enterprise is the subject of economy, so the development of recycle economy must be put into effect in enterprises. In this paper, how to advance enterprise to develop recycle economy by carrying out environmentally friendly manufacturing methods and the relationship between government and enterprise in Game Theory are discussed. The thesis also provides some suggestions for government to promote the development of recycle economy.

scholarly journals The Asymmetrical Effects of Economic Development on Consumption-based and Production-based Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 to 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311877362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorui Huang ◽  
Andrew K. Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
National Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

The authors examine the potentially asymmetrical relationship between economic development and consumption-based and production-based CO2 emissions. They decompose economic development into economic expansions and contractions, measured separately as increases and decreases in gross domestic product per capita, and examine their unique effects on emissions. Analyzing cross-national data from 1990 to 2014, the authors find no statistical evidence of asymmetry for the overall sample. However, for a sample restricted to nations with populations larger than 10 million, the authors observe a contraction-leaning asymmetry whereby the effects of economic contraction on both emissions outcomes are larger in magnitude than the effects of economic expansion. This difference in magnitude is more pronounced for consumption-based emissions than for production-based emissions. The authors provide tentative explanations for the variations in results across the different samples and emissions measures and underscore the need for more nuanced research and deeper theorization on potential asymmetry in the relationship between economic development and anthropogenic emissions.

scholarly journals Financing Of Sport by Local Government in Poland / Lenkijos vietos valdžios sporto finansavimas

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Marcin Hyski ◽  
Valeri Krutikov
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level 2

The subject of the paper is the financing of sport, and broadly speaking: physical culture in Poland. This problem is a subject of interest in the context of the role played in its development by the local government units: gminas (NUTS level-5), poviats (NUTS level-4), and voivodships (NUTS level-2). The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between the amount of expenditure incurred from the budgets of local government units at all levels and the number of athletes in sports clubs in the area. This objective also includes the knowledge of spatial differentiation of both categories of research, and therefore the amount of expenditure of local government budgets on physical culture (per capita) and the number of athletes in sports clubs (per 1000 inhabitants). The study covers the entire Poland including territorial-administrative division of gminas, poviats and voivodships. The analysis is based on data from the years 2000 to 2013. The research allowed to classify voivodships in terms of the number of athletes in sports clubs per 1000 inhabitants and spending on development of physical culture (including sport). It enabled the presentation of the spatial structure of the analyzed categories (indicators). For the spatial classification the 3-Means Method has been used.

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