scholarly journals Should Shadow Education Stay as a Shadow or Exist as Co-curricula Alongside Mainstream Education?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Yvonne Wei ◽  
Wenyu Guan

Intense competition and educational privatization have fostered demands for student personalization, leading to shadow education becoming entrenched in the Asian education sector. Its social influence is expanding and far-reaching, which has attracted many scholars to study this issue. Scholars have been arguing about the adverse effects of shadow education on widening the inequality of social problems, increasing students’ psychological pressures, and also the moral conflicts that teachers face. This position paper explores and discusses the rationality of shadow education from three dimensions: social, psychological, and economic. It argues that shadow education should exist as a co-curricular or supplement to formal mainstream education because it serves as a mirror that can reflect the missing parts of formal education, as shadow education can assist lower academic performing students and cater to need-oriented functions under-utilized within mainstream education. This article concludes with some recommendations for education policymakers in the Thailand Ministry of Education (MOE) in Thailand regarding the rising of the shadow education phenomenon. With stronger oversight of shadow education operators, improved communication between mainstream schools and parents, and increased financial support to the public education sector, a dynamic synergy between mainstream schools, shadow education operators, parents and students can be achieved.

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Martin Thrupp

New Zealand’s National Standards policy has been deeply controversial in the education sector, especially amongst primary teachers and principals. This article provides a view of the National Standards from their introduction up until 2016, nearly a decade after they were first mooted. The issues covered: (i) offer retrospective insights, (ii) acknowledge continuing uncertainties, or (iii) ask questions that had become newly relevant by 2016. They include processes within the Ministry of Education, the role of advisory groups, the public release of National Standards data, and the origins and impact of the National Standards. They also include whether teachers and principals have been gradually won over to the National Standards, use of the National Standards in ‘social investment’, the Progress and Consistency Tool and possible wider political purposes of headline policies like the National Standards. A theme that connects the issues is concern about policy processes. The article concludes by calling for a more genuine commitment by Government to evidence-informed policy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Renata Sieiro Fernandes ◽  
Antonio Carlos Miranda ◽  
Irene Quintáns

Parte-se da ideia da cidade como campo da educação não formal. Dentre os usos e ocupações atuais do espaço público por contestação, manifestação, lazer, sob orientações políticas, étnicas, artísticas, ambientais, lúdicas, pelo público adulto, têm surgido experiências que envolvem as crianças, como sujeitos-cidadãos ativos e participativos na cidade, o que vem a constituir a experiência da cidade. O objetivo é apresentar e discutir aspectos educativos no campo da educação não formal que são desenvolvidos por meio de ações sociais e comunitárias, relacionando com o conceito de currículo e de currículo oculto no espaço da cidade. Metodologicamente, é um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa no campo da Educação, do tipo bibliográfico e documental e descritivo e analítico quanto aos seus objetivos. Parte do levantamento de práticas nacionais de educação não formal na cidade envolvendo crianças, tendo sido selecionados 5 projetos dentro de duas categorias denominadas projetos de revitalização do espaço público e projetos de escuta das crianças, para discussão. O referencial teórico baseia-se em Trilla, Sennett, Lefebvre e outros. Os dados mostram que, na ocupação dos espaços públicos, o currículo deixa de ser prescrito para ser construído pelas comunidades, na promoção das oportunidades de acesso aos bens sociais e culturais nas três dimensões em que a cidade educa: aprender da cidade, aprender na cidade, aprender a cidade. As crianças que participam dos projetos são entendidas como sujeitos sociais e públicos e que produzem cultura (não apenas a reiteram), promovendo processos de criação, reinvenção e modificação do entorno, do que é comum, das comunidades e da sociedade. Conclui-se que essa participação e as ações empreendidas dão margem a novas possibilidades de atuação no mundo, tirando os sujeitos das tiranias da intimidade.Palavras-chave: Educação não formal. Cidade educativa. Educação e cultura. Currículo.THE CITY AS A FIELD OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN Abstract This article starts with the idea of the city as a place of non-formal education. Among the current uses and occupations of the public space for contestation, demonstration, leisure, under political, ethnic, artistic, environmental and playful orientations by the adult public, experiences have arisen that involve children as active and participative citizen subjects in the city. This is what constitutes the experience of the city. The objective is to present and discuss educational aspects in the field of non-formal education that are developed through social and community actions, relating to the concept of curriculum and hidden curriculum in the universe of the city. Methodologically, it is an exploratory study, qualitative approach in the field of Education, bibliographic and documentary type and descriptive and analytical about its objectives. Part of the survey of national practices of non-formal education in the city involving children, 5 projects were selected within two categories called projects of revitalization of public space and projects of listening to children, for discussion. The theoretical framework is based on Trilla, Sennett, Lefebvre and others. The data show that, in the occupation of public spaces, the curriculum is no longer prescribed to be built by the communities, in promoting opportunities for access to social and cultural goods in the three dimensions in which the city educates: learning from the city, learning in the city , learn the city. The children who participate in the projects are understood as social and public subjects and that produce culture (not only reiterate it), promoting processes of creation, reinvention and modification of the environment, of what is common, of communities and of society. It is concluded that this participation and the actions undertaken give rise to new possibilities of action in the world, taking the subjects from the tyrannies of intimacy.Keywords: Non-formal education. Educational city. Education and culture. Curriculum.LA CIUDAD COMO CAMPO DE LA EDUCACIÓN NO FORMAL Y LAS EXPERIENCIAS DE LOS NIÑOSResumenSe parte de la idea de la ciudad como lugar de educación no formal. En el caso de los niños, como sujetos ciudadanos activos y participativos en la ciudad, entre los usos y ocupaciones actuales del espacio público por contestación, manifestación, ocio, bajo orientaciones políticas, étnicas, artísticas, ambientales, lúdicas, por el público adulto, han surgido experiencias que involucran a los niños, lo que viene a constituir la experiencia de la ciudad. El objetivo es presentar y discutir aspectos educativos en el campo de la educación no formales que se desarrollan a través de acciones sociales y comunitarias, relacionándose con el concepto de currículo y de currículo oculto en el universo de la ciudad. Metodológicamente, es un estudio exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo en el campo de la Educación, del tipo bibliográfico y documental y descriptivo y analítico en cuanto a sus objetivos. Parte del levantamiento de prácticas nacionales de educación no formal en la ciudad que involucra a niños, se seleccionaron 5 proyectos dentro de dos categorías denominadas proyectos de revitalización del espacio público y proyectos de escucha de los niños, para discusión. El referencial teórico se basa en Trilla, Sennett, Lefebvre y otros. Los datos muestran que, en la ocupación de los espacios públicos, el currículo deja de ser prescrito para ser construido por las comunidades, en la promoción de las oportunidades de acceso a los bienes sociales y culturales en las tres dimensiones en que la ciudad educa: aprender de la ciudad, aprender en la ciudad , aprender la ciudad. Los niños que participan en los proyectos son entendidos como sujetos sociales y públicos y que producen cultura (no sólo la reiteran), promoviendo procesos de creación, reinvención y modificación del entorno, de lo que es común, de las comunidades y de la sociedad. Se concluye que esa participación y las acciones emprendidas dan lugar a nuevas posibilidades de actuación en el mundo, sacando a los sujetos de las tiranías de la intimidad.Palabras clave: Educación no formal. Ciudad educativa. Educación y cultura. Currículo.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Umar Abdullahi ◽  
Musa Sirajo

It seems that educational system in Nigeria has undergone only quantitative improvement in terms of number of schools and students’ enrolment. However, there has been little effort in respect to the capacity to manage them through provisions of adequate financial, human, material and physical resources. Physical and material resources in secondary schools were discovered to be inadequate and poorly equipped. Some of the secondary school buildings were dilapidated, also the allocated financial resource, teaching and non-teaching staff are grossly inadequate compared with the students’ enrolment. The public, the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders in education are expressing serious concern about the consistency of the poor performance of secondary school students especially in mathematics. Increase in population and the government’s free education programs make people want to take advantage of the education provided. Provision of both professionally qualified and non-qualified teachers by government and non-state providers of education also appear not to ameliorate the problem of declining performances in mathematics. The effect of all these on the public secondary school student academic performance in mathematics concern the researchers of this study. It is against this background that the study sought to empirically investigates effect of resource factors and quality of instruction on performance in mathematics of Nigeria secondary school students.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2671
Author(s):  
Mateus Santana Sousa ◽  
Camila Silveira Silva Teixeira ◽  
Jamacy Costa Souza ◽  
Priscila Ribas de Farias Costa ◽  
Renata Puppin Zandonadi ◽  
...  

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community restaurants (CRs), managed by the Government of the State of Bahia/Brazil, for the dimension of access to food. The study used secondary data obtained from the public opinion survey Profile of users of community restaurants in Salvador. The nutritional information was accessed through the analysis of CRs’ menus. Adequate effectiveness of access to food was considered when the CR served meals to 50% to 70% of the users considered the target audience (individuals served by the two CRs located in the city of Salvador/Bahia/Brazil). The participants (n = 1464; 778 as low-income individuals) were adult CR users from Salvador/Brazil. Most of the respondents were male, 40 to 54 years old, not white, had up to 9 years of formal education, without a partner, and living in the municipality of Salvador. The evaluated CRs are effective in serving 53.1% of the target population in their total service capacity. Meal provision only reached an estimated 0.7% of the socially vulnerable community in the district. The average energy value of the meal served by the CR units was 853.05 kcal/meal, with a mean energy density composition classified as average (1.15 kcal/g). The effectiveness of the evaluated community restaurants showed that these instruments were minimally effective in promoting access to food for the low-income population within their total daily service capacity, and the current quantity of these facilities was insufficient. However, these instruments stand out in the fundamental role of promoting the daily distribution of meals to the Brazilian population with the highest social vulnerability levels.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larita Killian

ABSTRACT Due to fiscal constraints and demands for increased accountability, scholars and public officials are reviewing the structure and reporting practices of local governments. These efforts are often incomplete, however, because they bypass special districts, which now comprise over 40 percent of all local governments. The proliferation of special districts has the potential to increase government costs, redirect the allocation of scarce resources, remove debt and expenditure practices from the public eye, and reduce democratic controls over elected officials. This paper highlights some of the public interest concerns related to these entities to inform future, localized research. For decades, scholars have approached special districts from two opposing theoretical perspectives: institutional reform and public choice. Literature from these opposing perspectives is used to analyze special districts along three dimensions: efficiency and economy of operations, policy alignment and allocation of resources, and democratic accountability. This paper uses the U.S. Census Bureau definition of special districts, though alternative definitions are discussed. Efforts by four states (Florida, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and New York) to improve local government, and their varying approaches to special districts, are reviewed, leading to the conclusion that the complex issues related to special districts must be resolved within state contexts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Sameer Shdaifat ◽  
Jaafar Abusaa

The present study aimed to identify the occupational stress level of occupational education female and male teachers. It also aimed to identify whether there is any difference between the respondents’ occupational stress levels which can be attributed to their (gender, experience or school stage). The study’s population consists from all the all the occupational education female and male teachers who work at the public schools affiliated with the first and second directorates of education in Irbid (i.e. 320 teachers). As for the sample, it consists from 100 female and male teachers. Those teachers were selected through using the random stratified sampling method. Those teachers were selected from the public schools affiliated with the first and second directorates of education in Irbid. The researchers chose a descriptive survey research design. They developed an instrument (i.e. a questionnaire) for measuring the occupational stress level of teachers. It was found that the occupational stress level of the occupational education female and male teachers is high. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the respondents’ occupational stress levels which can be attributed to gender. The latter difference is for the favor of males.  It was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the respondents’ occupational stress levels which can be attributed to experience. The latter difference is for the favor of the ones who possess moderate experience. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the respondents’ occupational stress levels which can be attributed to the school stage. The latter difference is for the favor of the lower primary teachers. In the light of the aforementioned results, the researchers recommend exerting effort to reduce the occupational stress level of occupational education female and male teachers. Such efforts include creating convenient psychological and occupational environments. The researchers also recommend providing the lower primary teachers with attention by the Ministry of Education in Jordan. That can be done through providing those teachers with training & development programs. That can be also done through raising their socio-economic levels and providing them with financial & moral incentives & rewards.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-113
Author(s):  
Anna Pawlikowska-Piechotka

The tradition of school sports facilities has its roots in ancient civilizations, primarily in ancient Greece. The preserved ruins of gymnasiums at Delphi, Olympia, Millet, Priene, Dedina, Pergamon, Ephesus or Thermessos, document well that sports facilities were a major part of the education system. They served not only for students and sports training but were opened to the public, used for social gatherings, political meetings and disputes. Contemporary school sports facilities derived from the 19th-century concept of the school’s educational program. It also included the indoor and outdoor physical education classes and facilities used for ‘body-building exercises’ - as it was named. In Poland, according to the current basic curriculum of the Ministry of National Education, the goal of physical education is to shape the long life habit of physical activity. The school activities should develop the appropriate interests and attitudes of students. Therefore, school activities should meet the needs, interests and abilities of the individual student as fully as possible. The present regulations of the Ministry of Education demand, that such classes should take place in a well-equipped sports hall or on a school playground.


2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (28) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Solomon Ozemoyah Ugheoke

<p>Abstract</p> <p>A principal concern express among organizational researchers is to understand why some organizations irrespective of size, location and sector outperform others. High performance work system (HPWS) offers an explanation for this phenomenon. The implementation of unique practices leads some organizations to outperform others and give organizations the competitive advantage over others. While it has been well established that HPWS practices affect organizational performance within a large and complex organizations, less have been empirically established if they also create benefit for public organizations and this has generated concerns among researchers in the field of HPWS.  Following this argument, this study examines this theoretical gap with a survey data collected from employees in the public sector. Overall, three dimensions of HPWS were identified by the researchers and the level of awareness was assessed on a seven point Likert scale. We found that two out of the three dimensions of HPWS identified in this have a positive relationship with organizational performance.</p> <p>Keywords: HPWS, organizational performance, selective training and development, PMS, individual role.</p> <p> </p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ali Tas ◽  
Serap Akcan

Abstract Businesses establish supply chains in order to continue their activities. Choosing the suppliers to take part in these supply chains poses many challenges in rapidly changing conditions. Environmental concerns in the public, competitive market structures, and developing technological opportunities affect the decision-making processes. Different criteria are taken into consideration instead of traditional criteria such as cost and service. In this study, green, agile, and Industry 4.0 dimensions and the criteria under these dimensions are defined. According to these, the problem of selecting the supplier that responds to the expectations of the markets and enables them to increase their competitiveness was discussed. Fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy BMW methods were applied in an integrated way to solve the supplier selection problem under these three dimensions. A real case study was also presented. In the study, the results obtained by creating different scenarios were compared and sensitivity analysis was made. The results obtained show that the hybrid method developed in this study is effective in supplier selection problems. As a result of the study, the most important evaluation dimension is "agile" and the most important criterion is "delivery speed".


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Rosyidatuzzahro Anisykurlillah

Illiteracy is a global issue that must be addressed immediately. In Malang Regency, there were 18,535 people who were illiterate. The effort of the Malang Regency Education Office to improve AMH is through Non-Formal Education Program (PNF). The assessment of the literacy development program through the PNF Program can use Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation assessments. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the evaluation of literacy education through the PNF Program in Malang Regency using the CIPP methods. Data analysis techniques used in this study are interactive model analysis of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. Based on the evaluation results using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) method, there are still obstacles that must be resolved for the success of the PNF program. These obstacles include learning time that is not on schedule, lack of awareness of citizens in following the program, incapability of citizens, the difficulty of convincing the public, data collection of prospective citizens who fail to meet expectations. Abstrak Isu permasalahan buta huruf merupakan isu global yang harus segera ditangani. Pendidikan keaksaraan (belajar membaca dan menulis) diukur dengan Angka Melek Huruf (AMH) dapat menggambarkan jumlah orang yang memperoleh akses pendidikan sebagai hasil pembangunan. Di Kabupaten Malang terdapat 18.535 orang yang buta huruf. Upaya Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Malang untuk meningkatkan AMH adalah dengan Program Pendidikan Non Formal (PNF). Untuk menilai pembangunan pendidikan keaksaraan melalui Program PNF dapat menggunakan penilaian evaluasi Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP). Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah interactive model analysis Miles, Hubermana, dan Saldana. Jika dilihat dari hasil Evaluasi menggunakan metode CIPP (Context, Input, Process, dan Product), masih ada hambatan-hambatan yang harus diselesaikan demi keberhasilan program PNF. Hambatan tersebut diantaranya waktu pembelajaran yang tidak sesuai jadwal, kurang kesadaran warga Belajar (WB) dalam mengikuti program, ketidakmampuan Warga Belajar (WB), sulitnya meyakinkan masyarakat, pendataan calon warga belajar yang tidak sesuai harapan.


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